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In Britain, during the nineteenth century the process of identity formation of a female performer was conditioned by a challenge towards the pre-existing gender norms that underwent a paradigmatic shift owing to the 'new performative turn'. The story of Vera Holme popularly known as 'Jacko', emanates from this very shift. Holme was an actress born in Lancashire in 1881. Often known as the 'first female chauffeur of Britain', she not only embodied the social, political and the sexual, but also imparted it through personal and dramatic means thereby challenging the ideology of separate gendered spheres much before the ideas of the 'new Sapphic woman' and 'female masculinity' came into being. Using the case study of Vera Holme, I study the socio-political identity of a stage actress who embodied gendered transgression across a time that permeated from her public life to private life and vice versa. Themes such as performativity, political theatre, deconstruction of sexuality and body politics become intrinsic in order to decipher the sexual lexicon of the time that fettered women on the condition of being socially and morally deviant. Utilizing the personal papers of Vera Holme, I posit her forays into theatre and politics, within this context, that will not only complicate the understanding of gendered transgressions but simultaneously will throw light on how theatricality socio-economically 'enabled' many women to break away from the existing normative patriarchal structures including Holme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comments on an article written by Gary Saxonhouse and Gavin Wright in which the records of most of Lancashire, England's textile machinery makers from 1878 to 1920 were used to document investment in alternative spinning technologies in Lancashire prior to World War I. Saxonhouse and Wright argued that in prewar Lancashire, organizational structure did not constrain the diffusion of ring spinning. The availability of ring-frames that could spin yarn on paper tubes made it unnecessary to incur the heavy expenses of shipping ring yarn on wooden bobbins. With their focus confined to the constraint imposed by wooden bobbins, both the writers failed to explore a related, but more profound problem: the ring-frame was not cost-effective in spinning shuttle-ready weft for Lancashire's looms. Indeed, from the 1880s well into the interwar period, Lancashire's textile engineers devoted considerable inventive effort to the development of a ring-spinning machine that, like the mule, could spin shuttle-ready weft on the bare spindle, but without commercial success. In contrast to weft spinning, ring-frames were often used for warp spinning in specialized coarse and medium spinning mills in prewar Lancashire. Given the available evidence, it is reasonable to conclude that in cases where ring spinning would have been adopted anyway, a firm may well have opted to use paper tubes instead of wooden bobbins.

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Copyright of Estudios Humanisticos. Filologia is the property of Universidad de Leon, Area de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Placing today's anti-fracking protests amongst previous social struggles in Lancashire, this paper explores how radical environmental movements resist a capitalist drive for cheap Nature that endangers human and extra-human reproduction. Hydraulic fracturing encroaches on parts of nature that in the common sense of people have not yet completely lost their ontology of a commons. Clean water, air, silence and accessibility are not yet ontologically detached from the conditions for healthy lives and a vibrant community. Like the peasants who revolted in early-modern England because enclosures deprived them of access to firewood and land for grazing cattle, today local communities revolt to the new enclosures that deprive them and future generations from a clean environment, necessary for a healthy life. One of the more subtle and underexposed strategies of radical environmental movements is to emphasize and (re-)create an ontological unity between nature and humanity-in-nature as a reaction to the duality of modernity. This paper's approach, which combines the political economic history of enclosures with anthropologically inspired research on changing conceptions of nature, shows how radical environmental movements object to material conditions that result from ontological dualisms. This helps to better understand the strategies and aspirations of radical "environmental" movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of skills and human capital during England's Industrial Revolution is the subject of an old but still ongoing debate. This paper contributes to the debate by assessing the artisanal skills of watchmakers and watch tool makers in southwest Lancashire in the eighteenth century and their links to apprenticeship. The flexibility of the training regime and its evolution are discussed, as is the decline of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As communities and law enforcement officers across the globe grapple with the ever-increasing spread of cyber-crime combined with child sexual exploitation a myriad of strategies are emerging to combat the escalating crimes. This paper presents the development, implementation, and results of an educational intervention strategy applied by Lancashire Police. The strategy underpinned by comprehensive research of existing factors in the Lancashire community and determining an intervention to target the potential victim demographic culminated in a school-based education programme. The results of the pilot programme revealed positive early trends in self-assessed increased knowledge of potential risks, potential positive improvements in reducing the vulnerability of children, increase in avoidance mechanisms, and increasing personal safety. For the wider policing and general community, the intervention model is replicable and offers an additional tool to build the immunity of the most vulnerable victims, children in the global fight against arguably one of the most inhumane criminal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For most of the time everyday life is composed of a variety of mundane activities that go almost unnoticed and unrecorded. Many of these will follow a regular rhythm or routine that may vary over the life course as personal and family circumstances change. They may also change over a weekly or seasonal cycle. Although individually such activities could be viewed as trivial, collectively these routines and rhythms construct the fabric of all societies, economies and communities. Studying everyday life in the past is hard because few sources record mundane activities in their entirety or over a whole life span. In this paper the diaries of one woman who lived in north Lancashire (UK) from 1928 to 2018 are analysed to chart the changing rhythms and routines of everyday activities over her life course. She began writing a diary at the age of 13 and completed a detailed daily account of her activities every year until shortly before her death. By sampling the extensive run of diaries, I identify the ways in which her activities changed over her life course, and how they fluctuated over weekly and seasonal cycles. I identify seven key life-course stages during which her commitments to employment, housework, caring and leisure activities varied in response to her changing circumstances. The paper uses both quantitative and qualitative evidence from the diaries to illustrate a rarely seen aspect of change over the life course, and relates this evidence to theories of everyday life, including Lefebvre's work on 'rhythmanalysis'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents comments of authors on the criticism of their article on textile machinery by William Lazonick that was published in the February 1987 issue of the periodical "Economic History Review." The article used the records of most of Lancashire, England's textile machinery makers from 1878 to 1920--to document investment in alternative spinning technologies in Lancashire prior to World War I. Lazonick is correct in pointing out that the article on the persistence of the English mule did not include a comprehensive review and critique of his views on the decline of the Lancashire cotton industry. The central problem is that Lazonick does not use the term "constraint" in a consistent or rigorous way. Formally his analysis appears at first to be an attractive escape from the sterility of the debates over entrepreneurial failure: British managers made choices which were rational and appropriate given their constraints, but the industry collectively failed to transform its organization and technology so as to relax the constraints facing individual producers. The difficulties noted by Lazonick in his present comment relate exclusively to the case of existing spinning firms attempting to sell ring-spun weft yarn in the open market.

This paper examines the ways in which connections to family, community and associated activities changed following a residential move. Evidence is taken from a single diary written by a woman who lived in north Lancashire in the twentieth century. Initially the diarist retained quite strong links back to her home community, but these gradually weakened over time. However, the activities that she undertook changed relatively little, they were simply transferred to new locations and contacts. The diarist came from a farming family and one constant in her life was a strong interest in agriculture and rural life. This continued long after she ceased to be directly involved with farming. In conclusion we use a selection of other diaries to consider more general issues relating to the use of diary material to study migration and mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: UK national guidelines suggest women at high-risk of breast cancer should be offered more frequent screening or preventative medications. Currently, only 1 in 6 high-risk women are identified. One route to identify more high-risk women is via multifactorial risk assessment as part of the UK's NHS Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP). As lower socioeconomic and minority ethnic populations continue to experience barriers to screening, it is important that any new service does not exacerbate issues further. To inform service development, this study explored views of women from underserved backgrounds regarding the introduction of risk stratification into the NHSBSP.Methods: Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with British-Pakistani women from low socioeconomic backgrounds from East Lancashire, UK. Fourteen interviews were conducted via an interpreter.Results: Thematic analysis produced three themes. Attitudes toward risk awareness concerns the positive views women have toward the idea of receiving personalised breast cancer risk information. Anticipated barriers to accessibility emphasises the difficulties associated with women's limited English skills for accessing information, and their I.T proficiency for completing an online risk assessment questionnaire. Acceptability of risk communication strategy highlights the diversity of opinion regarding the suitability of receiving risk results via letter, with the option for support from a healthcare professional deemed essential.Conclusions: The idea of risk stratification was favourable amongst this underserved community. To avoid exacerbating inequities, this new service should provide information in multiple languages and modalities and offer women the opportunity to speak to a healthcare professional about risk. This service should also enable completion of personal risk information via paper questionnaires, as well as online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European volunteer workers have received comparatively little attention in the history of British post-war immigration, with greater coverage given to, for example, demobilised members of the Polish Resettlement Corps. This paper is based upon oral history interviews with a group of European immigrants, predominantly European volunteer workers, and local Lancastrians who started work in the Lancashire cotton industry between 1946 and 1951, and examines perceptions of how they integrated into British life in a variety of domains. The paper emphasises that 'blending-in' was context-dependent, with a sense of being welcomed and fitting-in applying to certain domains and in certain situations but not necessarily in others. It argues that migration fosters particular cultural attitudes and practices amongst both migrants and hosts as social identities are produced and reproduced, changed and challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration and potential extraction of shale gas – better known as fracking – has emerged as one of the most contentious dimensions to local environmental politics in the UK. Local residents and environmental activists have raised concerns about health, noise, ground water contamination, seismicity, environmental amenity, and other impacts of the industry on communities. Despite the complexities of shale gas extraction, an emphasis on the local has shaped key dimensions of the debate around the appropriate location for well pads to the relative exclusion of other issues. This paper draws on fieldwork in Lancashire, UK, to reflect on the political construction of scale in order to explore how an emphasis on "the local" can restrict political debate over shale gas to narrow concerns with land-use planning thereby obviating a fuller engagement with wider questions concerning risk, energy policy, and climate change. It is concluded that a more nuanced conception of scale is necessary for understanding how concerns with shale gas are diminished rather than strengthened through the current planning policy and regulatory regime operating in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Racism in football has generated much debate, research and scholarship. Dominant discourses underestimate the complexity, nuances and subtleties surrounding racism in sport/football. This paper examines therefore the extent to what racism in football may restrict recruitment of British Muslim players into the game. Whilst black representation is quite considerable, the Asian community continues its struggle for integration in the nation’s most popular sport. The present paper seeks to investigate and critically evaluate Study Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore and critically evaluate factors having an effect on British Muslim representation in professional football, as well as why it is difficult for this demographic to progress towards elite and high ranks of the game Method: A qualitative study of British Muslim football players’ experiences and views based on semi-structured interviews was carried out on members of the football club called Paak FC in the Lancashire area of Nelson. Results: Four main categories/barriers were identified; cultural, parental support, racial discrimination and perceived stereotypes. These categories/barriers promote or prevent discussion surrounding the issue of underrepresentation of British Muslims in professional football. Conclusion: The extent to what each of these barriers exerts an impact on lack of participation in professional football by the British Muslim community is by no means straightforward. Barriers examined in this paper have a mutually complex interrelationship and exert different levels of impact on Asian community underrepresentation in football. As a result, one if often caught in a highly multifaceted and bidirectional racial and power struggle. It must also be concluded that mainstream discourses, dominant epistemologies and research agendas also make up part of the oppressive forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores health care in one Lancashire working-class community during the golden age of biomedicine. Both the biomedical and alternative medical services available in the town are examined. The services provided by one community ‘wisewoman’; ranging from the respectable, such as midwifery, to the illegal, including abortion are a key focus. This case study is used as a way to engage with a larger theme in the history of medicine, namely, the tension between orthodox biomedical science and more traditional and alternative approaches to health care. The ways in which during the early twentieth century, traditional healing networks found ways to survive despite the increasing power and reach of biomedicine are demonstrated. This evidence points to the complexity of working-class attitudes to medical authority and practice during the period in question. In Rochdale, the working-class community remained slow to accept the orthodox challenge to traditional beliefs concerning health and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For maternity services in Blackburn, Lancashire, the Changing Childbirth (Department of Health, 1993) document was a long awaited publication. Prior to 1993 there had been radical change in local maternity service provision facilitated by inspirational leadership and enthusiastic midwives. Small, under-utilized and expensive GP led maternity homes were closed with an aim to provide one equitable service by blending the philosophies and expertise of low and high risk caregivers. From that time the service has continually striven to improve the continuity of care for women through the development of midwifery led care and team midwifery. In early 2004 a midwifery group practice was established in Blackburn. The development was made possible through an effective partnership between a hospital Trust, a Primary Care Trust, a Sure Start local programme and a Higher Education Institution. This paper tracks the setting up of this midwifery group practice. Future papers will address the ongoing management of the project, impacts and outcomes associated with it, and the arguments used to mainstream, sustain and develop it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the conflict over shale gas exploration in Lancashire where the company Cuadrilla is preparing to horizontally drill and hydraulically fracture the first shale gas wells in England. At present, this is the only location in Europe where new commercial exploration for shale gas is underway, thus the outcome has wider significance. The initial planning applications were refused by Lancashire County Council in June 2015. The decisions were then appealed by Cuadrilla and there was a public enquiry in February and March of 2016. On 6 October 2016, the central Government over-turned the initial decisions at one site and gave Cuadrilla more time to address traffic concerns at the other. The paper uses the public enquiry to map the contours of the shale gas conflict. It is divided into three sections. The first explores public attitudes towards shale gas development in the UK and reveals growing public awareness and increasing opposition. The second presents the conceptual frame for the analysis, which includes both a critical assessment of the social licence to operate (SLO) and an introduction to a social, actuarial, and political risk and licensing model (SAP Model). The third deploys the SAP model to analyse the public enquiry. The model explains how Cuadrilla is able drill despite the absence of both a local political and social licence to operate. It is concluded that unless the industry and the government can address growing public concerns about shale gas development, continuing conflict could constrain commercial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flax Lane Bridge in Lancashire was reconstructed in 2011 using a proprietary arch bridge system. It won the ICE North-West Region Small Project of the Year Award in February 2012. This paper describes the damage suffered by the original, historic, single span, brick arch structure during the extreme winter of 2009-2010. The renewal options are discussed, together with how early engagement with the contractor allowed confidence in predicted out-turn costs by the use of the chosen system, allowing the most effective option to be identified. Long-term, whole-life maintenance issues are considered along with the ecological and environmental constraints on the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, the University of Central Lancashire developed a Foundation Degree in Community Leadership. This course was initially conceived to meet a demand within the female South Asian community of Burnley for a higher education programme that would build their capacity to be more effective community activists, and moreover, a requirement for a course that would be able to meet family, cultural and social needs. The purpose of this paper is to explore the value of widening participation to higher education for South Asian women from Burnley in terms of social capital, community cohesion and contribution to the local knowledge economy. The authors used an action research methodology as part of a reflective research process influenced by the work of Paulo Freire (Freire, 1996).This paper argues that widening participation to higher education for women from minority backgrounds is a valuable tool in addressing cultural and social segregation. Moreover, it demonstrates an added value that by broadening the knowledge economy of the Pakistani diaspora in Burnley there is a resulting resonance within the heritage domicile of Gujrat, Pakistan.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This symposium focussed on issues around peer review, dissemination, documentation and publishing of media research. A mix of papers, presentations and workshops provided stimuli for discussion and the opportunity to explore ways forward on peer review and use of media in publishing research. The debate centred on the problems of framing research questions for genuinely innovative work; of finding a way through the tensions between the requirements of our research, of funding bodies, and our own creative aspirations; on the ways in which dissemination needs to be considered as an integral part of the project, and how the different characteristics of forms of dissemination need to be carefully weighed up when making decisions around publishing. There is a tension between the open space that new media creates and the conventional gate-keeping process traditionally seen as one of the characteristics of the process to guarantee quality. There has been concern about the whole apparatus of peer review and evaluative criteria being brought to bear on media practice, and the ways in which the framing of the work for research application purposes may conflict with an exploratory approach. This symposium gave academics from a variety of higher education institutions the opportunity to further develop thinking on media practice research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the idea that the Lancastrian regime of the late 1450s was distinctive for its reliance, from the midlands, on the principality of Wales and the palatinate of Chester. The common emphasis on its association with Cheshire is a product of the late sixteenth century, and, beyond that, contemporary and near-contemporary perceptions even of a link with the midlands were limited. When the court moved to the midlands in 1456 the resources of the principality and earldom were far from easily accessible, and even thereafter the efforts made to draw on them were limited in their ambition and impact. Financial flows to the regime were restricted, and the political networks established, especially in the North and in Cheshire, were limited and highly dependent on the Stanleys. By 1459–60, therefore, the regime found little to rely on there, and the Yorkists were able to supplant them with relative ease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The success of Tory Democracy in Lancashire heightened its influence in Conservative party debates about tariff reform and India. New Delhi’s imposition of tariffs from 1917 prompted Lancashire Conservatives to gradually modify their position on free trade, so that by 1931 they supported imperial preference. India’s reluctance to lower tariffs led many to criticise the 1933 India white paper. Historians have examined front bench and die-hard conservative efforts to win over Lancashire, but they have overlooked the extent to which local feeling and activism on India was native to the county and not imported from Westminster. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers the tourist's sense of place as experienced at Morecambe, Lancashire; it is concerned with emotional connections and reactions to place. This struggling traditional British seaside resort has seen the ebb and flow of visitors over the years and more recently regeneration. The qualitative research that underpins this paper consisted interviews with 55-74 year old repeat visitors from the North of England, reflecting the resort's visitor demographics. This paper therefore reflects a perspective rather than the views of a wider population. The interviews reveal the important role of the sea and seascape to these visitors, this coastal environment lies at the heart of their sense of place. It facilitated a distinctive experience which centred around the inter-related themes of nostalgia, wellness and spirituality. Exposure to the open space of the seafront allowed a connection to something more substantial and enduring than themselves; this was considered thought provoking, uplifting and even spiritual. The respondents valued their seaside visits and percieved them as enjoyable, beneficial and a part of their identity. The tradition of seaside visits was part of their childhood, family narrative and something to be shared with children and grandchildren now and into the future. Their attachment to Morecambe fed into a positive sense of place, referred to here as seasideness, which relied on the distinctive socio-cultural and physical elements of the resort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First systematic instrumental analysis of a rhotic Anglo-English accent. • /r/ is weakening in non-prevocalic position as a change over time: younger speakers display much weaker /r/s. • Non-prevocalic /r/ is still present for most speakers but weaker than the rhotics reported for Standard Scottish English and General American English. This paper presents the first systematic acoustic analysis of a rhotic accent in present-day England. The dataset comprises spontaneous and elicited speech of 28 speakers from Blackburn in Lancashire, Northern England, where residual rhoticity remains, having never been lost in the earlier sound change which rendered most of England non-rhotic. Although sociolinguistic studies of rhoticity in England exist, we have almost no description of its phonetic properties. Moreover, most sociolinguistic studies focus on the South West of England and relatively little is known about rhoticity in the North. Our study is timely because Northern rhoticity is predicted to disappear in the next few generations, a process which is now complete in many areas of the South West. Our results demonstrate that rhoticity is still present in Blackburn, although non-prevocalic /r/ is weaker when compared to other rhotic varieties of English such as those in Scotland and North America. We find that non-prevocalic /r/ is phonetically weakening in apparent time, with the F3-F2 difference being larger for younger speakers as well as females. We present additional social and linguistic factors affecting its potential demise, and discuss how our results contribute to our understanding of historical /r/-loss in Anglo-English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linking historical census data is an important task for the study of the social, economic, and demographic aspects of families and society in the past. Although various (semi-) automatic linking methods have been proposed, state-of-the-art methods have only been targeted at linking records that correspond to individuals. In this paper, we introduce an automatic method aimed at linking both individuals and households across several historical census datasets. The proposed method contains several steps, including data quality analysis and enhancement, household identity detection, as well as individual and household record linking. We have applied this method to a set of six census datasets collected from the district of Rawtenstall in North-East Lancashire in the United Kingdom between 1851 and 1901. Experimental results show that the proposed method can greatly reduce the ambiguity arising from the individual record linkage, and facilitate the accurate matching of households across several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an empirical extension of and theoretical commentary on Foucault's work on governmentality, this paper takes the liberal governance of women, specifically mothers, as its focus. In Britain at the turn of the twentieth century, high infant mortality rates sparked widespread concern. Working-class mothers were blamed for infant deaths and became the target of social intervention. Analysing the knowledge which shaped the understanding of infant death, the paper highlights the geography of the problem and traces the creation of a particular subjectivity: the bad mother. Using the case study of the BoRon School for Mothers in Lancashire, the paper excavates the political rationalities informing infant welfare work. Finding a biopolitical concern for the quality and quantity of the British race at the heart of the work of the Bolton School, the article demonstrates the ways in which the working-class maternal body was appropriated as a tool of population revitalisation. The study also interrogates the practices of control used in infant welfare work and suggests the entanglement of different types of power as characteristic of infant welfare as a regime of biopolitical governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concrete filler-joist floor was a form of fireproof flooring developed in the second half of the 19th century that came to be used quite extensively in industrial and commercial buildings. Iron, later steel, joists embedded in concrete provided a crude form of reinforcing. This form of flooring came to be adopted in Lancashire cotton spinning mills from the late 1870s, but there has been some confusion over the issue, which this paper seeks to clarify. The Bolton architect J.J. Bradshaw was the first known user. Some mill architects followed this lead, but others preferred forms of brick-arch flooring. Filler-joist floors ceased to be used, both generally and in Lancashire cotton mills, after around 1909 as other forms of reinforced flooring became available. Spinning mill construction moved towards the freestanding steel frame, although reinforced concrete framing was not adopted in Lancashire. Lancashire architects have been seen as conservative. However, it is argued that this was not necessarily a bad thing, and that they were willing to use new methods where these were seen as advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peter Walken (1684-1769) was a small farmer resident near Chipping in Lancashire. Somewhat unusually, he was also minister of a small Nonconformist congregation, and even more unusually, he was a compulsive diarist. Most of his diaries have been lost, but one of two surviving volumes, for fourteen months in 1733-34, was published in 2000. The extant volume offers a detailed account of Walkden's farming activities, his income and expenditure, role as an employer and describes his struggle to secure credit. It also sheds light on the economic activity of his wife and the female sphere within his household. All of these aspects of his life are explored in this paper which offers a fine-grained account of farming life in Lancashire in the second quarter of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Inebriates Acts of 1879 and 1898 which facilitated the formal provision of institutional care for inebriates. The Acts'' permissive character produced an uneven geography of provision of institutions that meant that inebriate treatment varied markedly across the counties and county boroughs of England and Wales. The vast majority of those committed under the Acts were women. Using two exemplary case studies from Lancashire, a private retreat created under the 1879 Act and a council run reformatory created under the 1898 Act, the paper considers how debates about liberty and control shaped the regulation of problem drunkards. It shows that geography was as important as class, religion, and gender in determining who was subjected to regulation. The paper argues that the failure to reform inebriates helped the recoding of inebriety within a broader discourse of mental deficiency that encouraged the permanent segregation of problem populations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The UK has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates worldwide and in recent years the Government has made breastfeeding promotion one of its priorities. The UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative is likely to increase breastfeeding initiation but not duration. Other strategies which involve provision of support for breastfeeding mothers in the early weeks after birth are therefore required to encourage UK mothers to breastfeed for the recommended duration. This paper examines the effects of maternal socio-demographic factors, maternal obstetric factors, and in-hospital infant feeding practices on breastfeeding cessation in a peer support setting. Methods: Data on mothers from Blackburn with Darwen (BwD) and Hyndburn in Eastern Lancashire who gave birth at the Royal Blackburn Hospital and initiated breastfeeding while in hospital were linked to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). The data were analysed to describe infant feeding methods up to 6 months and the association between breastfeeding cessation, and maternal factors and in-hospital infant feeding practices. Results: The mean breastfeeding duration was 21.6 weeks (95% CI 20.86 to 22.37 weeks) and the median duration was 27 weeks (95% CI 25.6 to 28.30 weeks). White mothers were 69% more likely to stop breastfeeding compared with non-White mothers (HR: 0.59; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.67 [White mothers were the reference group]). Breastfeeding cessation was also independently associated with parity and infant feeding practices in hospital. There were no significant associations between breastfeeding cessation and marital status, mode of delivery, timing of breastfeeding initiation and socio-economic deprivation. Conclusion: In this study ethnicity, parity and in-hospital infant feeding practices remained independent predictors of breastfeeding cessation in this peer support setting. However other recognised predictors such as marital status, mode of delivery, timing of breastfeeding initiation and socio-economic deprivation were not found to be associated with breastfeeding cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify two contrasting, yet successful, ways of conducting CPD training specific to the regeneration sector; looking at the different delivery methods of the two courses and the benefits associated with each. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides an overview and analysis of contrasting courses available through Coventry University and the University of Salford through literature and participants' experience. Findings - For professionals in the regeneration sector traditional CPD courses from HE institutions are not the most effective. Regeneration covers a variety of different activities and is practically based; as a result flexible work based courses are more effective. Two contrasting examples of effective delivery methods are individual study based around existing projects and workplace based training to support tailored company development. Originality/value - This paper will be of interest to regeneration professionals, managers and HR officers looking for effective ways to develop the workforce while maintaining business relevance. It looks at two new courses which take different approaches to work-based CPD and discusses the differences and benefits of the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to chart the development of new method of applying HACCP for the hospitality industry developed by the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) in conjunction with the University of Salford. It is the fourth article in the second Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes issue of the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management presenting a new method of HACCP for the hospitality industry and proof of its utility. Design/methodology/approach - The project utilised an action research methodology that involved an iterative process of development, piloting, evaluation and review conducted over a three-year period. In total over 300 practitioners, researchers and stakeholders were involved in the process. Findings - This was the first attempt, anywhere in the world to empirically develop a food safety management system for food businesses within the hospitality industry and prove that it worked, It remains the only adaptation of "classical" method that has been demonstrated to have utility and also contribute to improvements in food safety management. In particular, the output demonstrates that there are valid alternatives to the "classical" Codex method and that businesses can comply with HACCP principles without ever having to "hear" or "use" the HACCP jargon. Originality/value - The new method has been extended and published as Menu-Safe, a system that can be used for hospitality businesses of all types and sizes. Its shortened version, Safer Food Better Business (SFBB), has been developed. These products will be of value to practitioners, enforcement officers and educators as they attempt to improve the management of food safety across the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary •Clients and staff at a service called Calderstones talked to the authors about self injury. •Clients said that staff do not understand why they self-injure. Some clients feel punished when staff stop them self-injuring. All clients like talking to staff and said that telling their problems to staff helps them. Clients said that they should be allowed self-injure without staff being blamed. •Staff said they feel upset and worried when a client self-injures. They told the authors they would like more training about self-injury. Some staff would like clients to be allowed to self-injure, but don't want to be blamed for a client's injuries. This paper is the synthesis of two pre-existing studies. It details the experiences of nine people with mild/moderate learning disabilities who self injure, and those who work with them. At the time of this study the participants were living and working in a medium secure unit at Calderstones NHS Trust in Lancashire. A phenomenological approach was used, and during in-depth interviews, the participants gave rich descriptions of their experiences of self injury. The descriptions that emerged from the interviews detailed four main themes: understanding, communication, control and blame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Nurturing Ecologies research project the aim is to consider the emotional value of the Lake District landscape to mobile, translocal communities living in Lancashire and Cumbria. The research attempts to capture in the visual form of a set of paintings, the sensory responses to the English Lake District that these translocal communities have. The Lake District is a site where historically a singular narrative of English sensibility has been forged. This paper disrupts singular notions of 'love', 'hate' and 'fear', through the process of exploring issues of motion and emotion, power difference and identifications with cultures of landscape. Here, the translocal English participate in a visual methodology which makes tangible emotions figured through post-colonial mobility, secured in a landscape of national sensibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the article "Making good land from bad: the drainage of west Lancashire, c. 1650-1850," by A. Gritt, which appeared in the periodical "Rural History."

The ability to use methodologies is an essential ingredient in the teaching of Information System techniques and approaches. One method to achieve this is to use a practical approach where students undertake ‘live’ projects with local client organisations. They can then reflect on the approach adopted with the aim of producing a ‘reflective methodological practitioner’. This paper focuses on the use of experiential learning in a modular course at the University of Central Lancashire to produce these ‘methodological practitioners’ and is based on the experiences of the authors in running this module. A model is presented which outlines three viewpoints of the project. This is in line with a ‘soft systems’ perspective in analysing the three views of the project or problem situation. It reports the results of investigations into one of those viewpoints [that of the students]. This is approached by a survey undertaken amongst students to obtain their views on the determinants of project success and failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To report findings on ventilatory function and estimations of concentrations of personal breathing zone dust in Lancashire textile weavers. Weaving room dust is considered to be less harmful than that encountered in the cardroom or spinning room and weavers are generally thought to have less respiratory disability than carders or spinners. However, this occupational group has not been extensively studied.Methods: Each person was given a respiratory symptom questionnaire (modified Medical Research Council, UK, questionnaire on respiratory diseases). Ventilatory function tests, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were performed on each person. A representative sample of workers from each occupational group underwent dust sampling in their personal breathing zone. Dust concentrations and ventilatory tests were analysed statistically with the Student's t test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and forward step regression for relations with symptoms and environmental factors. Significance was p > or = 0.05.Results: The FEV1 and FVC were reduced in workers with respiratory symptoms (non-specific chest tightness, shortness of breath, persistent cough, and wheezing) as well as in preparation room workers, current and former smokers, Asians, those working with predominantly cotton fibre (> 50% cotton) and starch size. Mean total dust concentration (pd1) in the personal breathing zone was 1.98 mg/m3. The corresponding value for total dust with large fibres lifted off the filter paper (pd2) was 1.55 mg/m3. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001) between pd1 and pd2. Non-specific chest tightness was predicted by low dust concentrations and persistent cough by high dust concentrations. On regression analysis, impairment of ventilatory function (FEV1, FVC) was predicted by smoking, male sex, age, not working in the weaving shed, not being white, and personal dust concentrations.Conclusions: The FEV1 and FVC were impaired in smokers and those exposed to high dust concentrations in the personal breathing zone. Symptoms were inconsistently related to dust concentrations in the personal breathing zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to demonstrate that Keynes's practical writings on the crisis in the Lancashire cotton spinning industry in the 1920s were consistent with the 1930s theoretical conceptualisation of user costs in the General Theory. It is suggested that the key (common) link between these analyses is Keynes's concern with how uncertainty is distributed, in specific historical circumstances, between institutions at the levels of the firm, industry, the industry-financial institution interface, and the local and global economies. It is this concern which still has important, if not more, research and policy relevance today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracking has proven to be a contentious issue in Great Britain, receiving wide press coverage from the initial sale of exploration and development licences, to the current moratorium. This research tracks the public activity online related to this 'fracking' journey by analysing over 317 million geolocated tweets from 2015 to 2020, mapping their location to compare the spatial distribution against the shale gas exploration sites. To spatially normalise the results for population density a χ-squared expectation surface was generated revealing higher than expected levels of interest near the previously active fracking site of Preston New Road and licenced extraction blocks in Lancashire. The data granularity allows for peaks of activity to be identified and topics analysed at higher temporal and spatial resolution than previously possible with more traditional surveys. The paper demonstrates the use of χ-squared expectation surfaces for normalising geotweets and the value of social media spatial-temporal analysis for monitoring local involvement in environmental issues, and for monitoring the changing level of interest across different regions in reaction to political decisions. • This research investigates the ways that fracking social media discourse has evolved over time and across space in Great Britain • Spatial-temporal analysis of 5 years of fracking related geo-located tweets from Great Britain (317 million tweets) • Chi-squared expectation surfaces were used to find regions of greater online level of activity than would be expected • Time-sliced chi-squared expectation surfaces were used to monitor the level of sustained high/low activity over the 5 years • Named Entity Recognition was used to identify place names mentioned in tweets and used to create heat maps [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A high proportion of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders will at some point in their lives be assessed as not having the capacity to make their own decisions about pharmacological treatment or inpatient care ('capacity'). Few will be helped to regain it before these interventions proceed. This is partly because effective and safe methods to do so are lacking. Our aim is to accelerate their development by testing, for the first time in mental healthcare, the feasibility, acceptability and safety of running an 'Umbrella' trial. This involves running, concurrently and under one multi-site infrastructure, multiple assessor-blind randomised controlled trials, each of which is designed to examine the effect on capacity of improving a single psychological mechanism ('mechanism'). Our primary objectives are to demonstrate feasibility of (i) recruitment and (ii) data retention on the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Treatment (MacCAT-T; planned primary outcome for a future trial) at end-of-treatment. We selected three mechanisms to test: 'self-stigma', low self-esteem and the 'jumping to conclusions' bias. Each is highly prevalent in psychosis, responsive to psychological intervention, and hypothesised to contribute to impaired capacity. Methods: Sixty participants with schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses, impaired capacity and one or more mechanism(s) will be recruited from outpatient and inpatient mental health services in three UK sites (Lothian, Scotland; Lancashire and Pennine; North West England). Those lacking capacity to consent to research could take part if the key criteria were met, including either proxy consent (Scotland) or favourable Consultee advice (England). They will be allocated to one of three randomised controlled trials, depending on which mechanism(s) they have. They will then be randomised to receive, over an 8-week period and in addition to treatment as usual (TAU), 6 sessions of either a psychological intervention which targets the mechanism, or 6 sessions of assessment of the causes of their incapacity (control condition). Participants are assessed at 0 (baseline), 8 (end-of-treatment) and 24 (follow-up) weeks post-randomisation using measures of capacity (MacCAT-T), mechanism, adverse events, psychotic symptoms, subjective recovery, quality of life, service use, anxiety, core schemata and depression. Two nested qualitative studies will be conducted; one to understand participant and clinician experiences and one to investigate the validity of MacCAT-T appreciation ratings. Discussion: This will be the first Umbrella trial in mental healthcare. It will produce the first 3 single-blind randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions to support treatment decision-making in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Demonstrating feasibility will have significant implications not only for those seeking to support capacity in psychosis, but also for those who wish to accelerate the development of psychological interventions for other conditions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04309435. Pre-registered on 16 March 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the possibilities of developing a smart ecological urban corridor straddling the 36 miles long Manchester Ship Canal (MSC). Set within the historic counties of Cheshire and Lancashire (where the first planned industrial estate exists), the area is characterized by river and Canal settlements and centuries-old agricultural patterns that persist today. The MSC played a significant role during the industrial revolution. More recently the development of Media City UK at one end provides a smart typology that could expand along the length of the Canal to provide a contemporary new smart urban corridor. This paper examines a number of ecological scenarios that could create smart networks in different parts of the Canal with its overlapping industrial estates, farms, villages, business parks, and ports. Utilising a Delphi Technique, a series of cross-boundary multi-disciplinary meetings and workshops with key experts, partners from City Councils, key developers, industry partners and landowners were designed to identify consensus on potential future scenarios for the MSC. The research utilised a new multi-disciplinary participatory workshop approach to develop a number of ecologically based scenarios; a blue-sky approach was used in the workshops underpinned by data analysis of a number of pre-determined catalysts for the MSC. • Manchester Ship Canal ecological urban blue corridor • Smart ecological urban future • Catalysts for urban rural regeneration • Development of ecological based scenarios for smart urban futures • Data visualization in support of urban/rural development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Forensic Science is the property of Romanian Forensic Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article recognizes the significance of commercial entertainment producers in early modern England operating outside of London. In doing so, it offers fresh methodological approaches for understanding pre-modern social status. I explore the geographical and social places of independent bearwards – individuals who kept bears for the commercial sport of baiting. Regional figures involved in entertainment production have been little explored and left behind frustratingly few biographical details. Yet three generations of one family – the Whitestones of Ormskirk in Lancashire (1610s through the 1630s) – do leave substantial surviving documentary evidence about their activities, assets, and networks. I use the Whitestones's probate inventories and wills and their and their neighbours' court depositions and petitions to offer for the first time a holistic appraisal of the material, economic, and cultural circumstances of the bearward. By stepping inside the households and communities of several generations of independent entertainment producers, we can appreciate their complex and variable social status and the role of commercial recreation in social mobility. I finish by considering the human–animal relationships that underpinned the bearward's place in early modern England, offering fresh evidence of bears' living arrangements and a theoretical framework for discussing their exploitation in the blood sport industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ethnographic research at an anti‐fracking encampment at Preston New Road (PNR) in Lancashire, England, this article explores activists' perceptions of work and responsibility. I examine their protest activities and explore how work is understood, disrupted, and contested; what this means for my interlocutors' engagement with monetary compensation; and how this is reinforced by the extractive nature of the activity they are contesting. I show how through protesting, monitoring, and maintaining a presence on site, interlocutors worked to ethically and materially disentangle themselves from the reality fueled by hydrocarbon extraction. While paid work was deemed ethically problematic in this context, at stake for my interlocutors was the web of relationships in which financial and practical support was received and shared. By drawing on research on activism and dynamics of prefiguration, I show how the work of activism at PNR was predicated on balancing agency with responsibility in a complex and powerful web of responsible relationships. Reconciling agency and responsibility was integral to the ethical orientations on which the anti‐fracking community was built and the realities it aspired to create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the cost of farm labour in the UK remaining stable through 2020 and the cost of milk rising Reeve (2021) (AHDB, 2022), there is an increasing incentive to capitalise on these unique circumstances. Dairy farms have recognised for years, the vitality of providing the correct sustenance to cattle. It is recognised that correct levels of feed supplied to the cattle has an impact on milk yield. Another factor to consider, when it comes to feed, is the quality of the mix that is produced from a diet feeder. With diesel prices continuing rise, a more fuel efficient alternative to traditional feeding is being sought, without sacrificing quality. This report investigates the financial effects recorded when implementing a selfpropelled diet feeder into a 146 cow dairy farm in Lancashire. Using primary research, gathered from a series of tests, carried out between a self-propelled diet feeder and the conventional trailed machine. The results showed the benefits of the self-propelled machine outweighed the negative aspects. Due to the study only being carried out on a single farm the data cannot represent other farms. However, on this farm, the increased value of milk yield exceeded the additional cost of diesel fuel used and time taken by the self-propelled unit. As a conclusion an increased daily income of £61.10, when using the self-propelled, it would take a projected nine years to pay off the machine with current labour, diesel and milk prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach to seismic analysis has been introduced and demonstrated for a sequence of recent seismic events recorded in the Blackpool region of Lancashire, UK. The seismic activity, induced by an industrial hydraulic fracturing at a depth exceeding 2 km, had the extent of registered surface elastic vibrations reaching a distance exceeding 15 km. The analysis is based on the study of elastic fields, three-dimensional extrapolations of the landscape and the novel reconstruction of a three-dimensional digital model of seismic map boundaries and vertical profiles. The verification of the proposed approach is carried out via the comparison with published data of the Blackpool seismic events, combined with the new spectral analysis linked to the identified regions of seismic activity. The latter was accompanied by a finite-element simulation of vibrations for an elastic layer of variable thickness, approximating the test region. The analysis and numerical modelling have demonstrated consistency with the dynamic nature of structural stratification of the geological systems, and in addition, the predictive nature of the modelling work was demonstrated by the comparison of the model eigenmodes with the published parameters of registered earthquakes in the Blackpool area. This article is part of the theme issue 'Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imago Mundi is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the relationship between Christian clerics and Scandinavian-influenced 'pagan' laity in the Irish Sea region through the lens of furnished burials, considered here as an alternative to the traditional unfurnished 'Christian' burial in and around churches during the 9th to 11th centuries. It aims to highlight how the processes of Christianisation and settlement were even more complicated and diverse than previously portrayed, and how Viking Age furnished graves had parallels with unfurnished burials around the Irish Sea area, fruitfully complicating the idea of a distinct 'Christian/Pagan' divide. An analysis of the materials used to contain and cover the dead at the ecclesiastical sites of the Irish Sea region is conducted, with a case study on St. Peter's Church and St. Patrick's Chapel in Heysham, Lancashire. How these materials, graves, and sites embody the idea of glocalisation is then explored, particularly as burial practices were adapted, utilising materials and constructions found in both Irish Sea and Scandinavian cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a potentially life threatening, genetic developmental disorder that requires lifelong medical treatment and behavioral management. PWS has a major impact on the patient's social environment. In this study, we have explored traumatic life events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in family members of individuals with PWS. We have also assessed quality of life in relation to trauma manifestations. In addition, we have evaluated demographic characteristics such as living setting of PWS patients as well as PWS symptom severity. Methods: Data of this observational study were obtained by means of the Life Events Checklist DMS-5, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist DSM-5, the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile questionnaire, and a short demographic inventory. The study sample includes 98 adults aged 19 to 80 years (M = 49, SD = 15), who are relatives of 69 individuals with PWS aged 0 to 58 years (M = 19, SD = 13). Participants were recruited via the two Dutch patient associations PWS and the Dutch Digital Center of Expertise PWS. Results: Life time prevalence of traumatic events (93%) was higher in family members of PWS patients ("PWS relatives") than in the general Dutch population (81%). Of those who reported any traumatic event, almost half reported PWSrelated events. The prevalence of probable PTSD was higher in PWS relatives (12.1%) than the general lifetime prevalence of PTSD (worldwide, and in the Netherlands 7.4%). Predominant trauma symptoms in PWS relatives were "negative changes in arousal and reactivity" and "negative changes in cognition and mood;" both significantly negatively related to quality of life. Symptom severity of PWS individuals, as well as the associated trauma symptom severity of their relatives increased with age of the PWS individual. The presence of trauma symptoms was less frequent among relatives of PWS individuals living in a care facility. Conclusions: Having a relative with PWS is associated with higher prevalence of traumatic experiences and greater vulnerability to PTSD. Raising awareness in health care professionals of trauma symptoms in PWS relatives may contribute to effective treatment of their psychosocial stress. In addition, timely interventions might prevent family members from developing psychopathology like PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare Chalcolithic rolled-gold bead-like ornament dated to c. 2400-2200 cal. BC was found in association with sherds of early Beaker ware in an Early Bronze Age Collared Urn burial dated to c. 1545-1450 cal. BC. The grave was located at Pendleton, Lancashire. This paper reports on the AMS radiocarbon dates for the burial context along with X-ray composition analysis of the gold ornament, which shows the object had a high platinum content consistent with alluvial, placer, deposits possibly originating in Brittany, France rather than the British Isles. This unparalleled rolled-gold ornament is compared to the corpus of British and French rolled-gold ornaments and contemporary goldwork and a provenance, manufacture and biography of the find is explored. Both curation and fragmentation are considered in the context of a dated Beaker ware assemblage from the local domestic site of Lower Brockholes, Preston, as well as existing corpora of Beaker and Collared Urn ware from the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]