Search

In November 2019, the Smithsonian hosted the "Transatlantic Seminar for Museum Curators and Educators: Museums as Spaces for Social Discourse and Learning." The program brought together German and American museum professionals and was co-sponsored by the Leibniz Institution, the Smithsonian Institution, and Fulbright Germany. On July 20, 2020 Britta Horstmann and Barbara Stauffer, two of the seminar participants, had the pleasure of sitting down with museum directors from two of the sponsoring organizations: Volker Mosbrugger, Director General of the Senckenberg Society for Natural Research, a member of the Leibniz Institution, and Kirk Johnson, Sant Director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. The lively conversation covered a variety of topics, ranging from the imperative of sharing stories about an object's provenance to the power of harnessing citizen scientists to the importance of digitization, and suggested ideas for how U.S. and German museums might create a cooperative network for the future. While their perspective(s) are based on their experience(s) with large natural history museums, many of these themes are relevant for smaller, non-science museums as well.

Background: Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945. Six months later, the Allies tried the surviving leaders of Nazi Germany at the first Nuremberg trial. Later, the United States conducted 12 additional trials. The first one, The Unites States of America versus Karl Brandt et al., has been dubbed the Doctors' Trial. During the trial, the prosecution relied on the testimony of Dr. Andrew Ivy and Dr. Leo Alexander. At the end of the trial, Judge Sebring enunciated 10 principles needed to conduct human subject research-the Nuremberg Code. Authorship of the Code has been the subject of dispute, with both Ivy and Alexander claiming sole authorship.Methods: In the summer of 2017, I visited Duke University Medical Center's Archives and surveyed the contents of boxes labeled "Alexander's papers." I also explored online databases with information on the Doctors' Trial. Pertinent documents were compared across collections, and against scholarly works on the topic.Results: Box 3 of Alexander's papers at Duke University Medical Center's Archives contains a three-page document with six principles that, nearly word for word, were included in what is known as the Nuremberg Code. Alexander's name and appointment are typed at the end of the document.Conclusions: Although the Nuremberg Code is likely to have been an unplanned collaboration among members of the prosecuting team and the judges, I present evidence suggesting that Alexander drafted the blueprint and was the main contributor to the final version of the Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study documents the news reporting of Edward J. Meeman (1889–1966), who was among the first reporters from the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain to visit Germany after the Nazis consolidated their power in the summer of 1933. The completeness of the record surrounding Meeman's month-long visit makes his reporting from Germany an excellent way to examine the issues that visiting US journalists faced in the earliest days of the Nazi dictatorship and the quality of information they could obtain about the regime. This paper, in particular, contributes to our understanding of how much of Nazi Germany's anti-Semitic foundations were evident to visiting American journalists in 1933. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897) is seen as a vital link between the European nature cure movement of the 19th century and American naturopathy. He promoted a holistic treatment concept founded on five pillars: hydro- and phytotherapy, exercise, balanced nutrition, and regulative therapy. Kneipp attempted to bridge the gap with allopathic medicine, and many modern treatments that are based on his methods indeed blend wellness elements with naturopathic medicine and biomedicine. Because Kneipp's approach to health and healing today are mainly covered in German literature, this paper aims to provide a broader international audience with insights into his life and his treatment methods and to highlight the profound influence Kneipp has had to this day on natural and preventive medicine. The paper emphasizes in particular the continued popularity of Kneipp's holistic approach to health and well-being, which is evident in the many national and international Kneipp Associations, the globally operating Kneipp Werke, postgraduate qualifications in his treatment methods, and the existence of more than 60 accredited Kneipp spas and health resorts in Germany alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper seeks to compare different national PR histories in order to unfold the degree of abstract reflection in PR history writing. It aims to provide some suggestions for a future PR historiography, based on this comparison. Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares British, German, and US American PR historiography. The study is based on a comparison of 36 PR histories. A triple matrix of theoretization is used in order to differentiate the histories. Findings – Within the comparison American PR historiography accounts for 24 public relations history approaches, whereas Great Britain (1) and Germany (11) offer fewer histories. However, this richness in quantity does not lead to theoretical diversification. Owing to the paradigmatic obligation to a progressivist understanding, American PR historiography actually entails only one theoretic approach, while its German equivalent includes three different theoretic approaches and British PR historiography – being at its start – at least contains one explicitly non-progressivist, methodologically well-informed, fact-oriented example. Paradoxically, the prevailing American PR historiography, on the one hand, conceptualizes PR as a modern phenomenon but, on the other hand, claims even ancient beginnings. Research limitations/implications – The corpus of analysis contains only studies that attempt to supply an encompassing overview of (national) PR history. Practical implications – Public relations managers may use these findings to achieve a more nuanced critical understanding of the history of their occupation, and thereby reflect on its current state, which may lead to intensified ethical endeavours. Originality/value – The paper presents a pioneer systematic comparison of the three national PR histories, which may lead to enhanced national and general PR historiography. Another value is the establishment of a theoretically informed comparative measuring instrument, which (in future) can also be applied in order to compare and improve other national PR historiographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1917, the German-American scientist Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) published a short essay, entitled 'Biology and War', that summarized his disagreement with World War I. He was deeply saddened by the break-up of the international scientific community as a consequence of the actions of bellicose politicians. These actions were in direct opposition to his efforts to promote social reform, mechanistic biology and scientific internationalism. The aim of this paper is to examine Loeb's activities aimed at these efforts before, during and after the war. It attempts to explain how Loeb's scientific work was formed, what was special about it and why it was both successful and attacked. Particular emphasis is placed on how Loeb reacted to the War and the subsequent forced disintegration of his international scientific network. Loeb's attempts to integrate his interpretation of biology into post-war Europe's approach to the life sciences is analysed in connection with his social commitment. It is argued that his emigration to the USA, the circumstances of World War I, the reaction of his German colleagues to it and the demolition of the international scientific community changed: (1) Loeb's feelings towards his old home; (2) the direction of his scientific endeavours; and (3) his engagement in science politics. His correspondence with eminent scientists from all over the world serves as a key to Loeb's efforts in the context of the social elements of scientific networks and perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern discourse about the history of science, it seems to be widely accepted that at the end of the nineteenth century, Germany was one of the leading countries in the production of science. In the past, historians of science tried to trace back a specific ‘German style’ of science that—in combination with other factors—determined this German dominance around 1900, especially in the life sciences. Considering the theoretical concept of ‘national styles’, it has to be kept in mind that around 1900, contemporaries already proclaimed ‘national styles’ of science as representations of national identity. Thus, the question arises as to how far existing historiographical conceptions of national styles may include earlier claims and prejudices. Careful reconstructions of contemporary discourses on national styles and inquiries into the ‘stylisation’ of a dominant, successful ‘German style’ are necessary. One of the contemporary critics of a ‘German style’ of science was the physiologist Jacques Loeb (1859–1924), who emigrated to the USA in 1891. Loeb corresponded regularly with the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Ernst Mach can be considered Loeb's intellectual father with whom he corresponded about strategic, philosophical, and epistemological questions. Using the Loeb–Mach correspondence, the aim of the paper is to reconstruct Loeb's conception of a ‘German style’ of science and its differences to an ‘American style’. Changes in his views are discussed as well as the roots of his views and some of their consequences. Finally, Loeb's ideas on national styles and his working profiles before and after his emigration are compared to historiographical analyses of ‘American’ or ‘German’ styles of science around 1900. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the role of German-speaking nuclear scientists in the creation of the atomic bomb at the Los Alamos Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico during World War II. It notes that these scientists emigrated from several countries including Germany, Austria, and Hungary. Scientists discussed include Hans A. Bethe, Otto R. Frisch, and Edward Teller. The author considers fears of espionage and security measures faced by these scientists, noting that scientist Klaus E.J. Fuchs later passed on nuclear information to the Soviet Union. The scientists' training, motivations, and experiences with National Socialism are also considered.

CONNOLLY C. Nursing Inquiry 2004; 11: 138 –147 Pale, poor, and ‘pretubercular’ children: a history of pediatric antituberculosis efforts in France, Germany, and the United States, 1899–1929 An international consensus emerged in the years between 1900 and 1910 regarding the need to refocus antituberculosis efforts away from treating tuberculosis in adults and toward preventing active disease in children. This paper uses social history as a framework to explore pediatric health experiments in France (foster placement of city children with rural farm families), Germany (open-air schools), and the United States (preventorium) for children considered ‘pretubercular’. The scientific, social, and political variables that reshaped prevailing ideas and practice with regard to TB prevention during those years are described. The creation of the first preventorium in the United States is explained and the way in which French and German pediatric prevention strategies were adapted to address a specific population considered at high risk in the United States, indigent immigrants, is detailed. For each of these three nations, nurses were central actors. Their efforts provide a unique vantage point to study the cultural dimensions of risk and prevention embedded in nursing care and the interplay between science, culture, nurses, and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the ways that news of African Americans was presented to white readers in the United States during the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. A content analysis of articles and photographs from 83 daily newspapers from 24 states found that whereas newspapers throughout the country exhibited a number of forms of racism, those in the Deep South were particularly aggressive in their anti-African American message. This was accomplished by minimizing and censoring news of Jesse Owens and other successful African American athletes, and by depicting African Americans as Coons, Mammies, and Bucks-minstrel character roles that had been used for decades to marginalize and humiliate blacks. Balanced or conflicting coverage was never offered to readers in the Deep South. Although the story of Jesse Owens remained temporarily unavailable to most readers there, African Americans made the news when they were associated with crime. Meanwhile, readers outside of the Deep South were able to see more of Jesse Owens, the iconic figure who "defeated whites at their own game" while remaining humble and dignified. As such, he was perhaps the first African American athletic figure who defied the traditional minstrel character stereotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The pharmaceutical industry adopted technology in markedly different ways in Germany, the United States, and Britain. During the early 20th century, useful knowledge became a commercial asset, but British intellectual property and drug regulation laws created neither pressures nor rewards for growth. Key differences emerged in the ways in which intellectual property was used, in the development of testing and standardization, and in the links between researchers and industry. We show how firms sought to control the new knowledge assets that built the business of health. This also helps to explain the choices made in the three countries as to what forms of investments best further industry goals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The widely accepted belief in a Production Era implies that serious and sophisticated marketing is a recent phenomenon. Analyzing conditions in Britain, Germany, and the United States, the author shows that the Production Era concept obscures the extent and level of development of earlier marketing practice, as do the Sales Era and Marketing Era concepts. A new model of marketing's evolution is used to propose a more accurate periodization of modern marketing's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy years after the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial, health professionals and lawyers working together after 9/11 played a critical role in designing, justifying, and carrying out the US statesponsored torture program in the CIA "Black Sites" and US military detention centers, including Abu Ghraib, Bagram, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. We analyze the similarities between the Nazi doctors and health professionals in the War on Terror and address the question of how it happened that health professionals, including doctors, psychologists, physician assistants, and nurses, acted as agents of the state to utilize their medical and healing skills to cause harm and sanitize barbarous acts, similar to (though not on the scale of) how Nazi doctorswere used by the Third Reich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, German scholarship represented a model that deeply inspired sociologists across the United States. It is therefore surprising that the institutionalization of sociology within American universities took place much earlier and faster than in their German counterparts. This raises the question as to how these different pathways towards formal academic establishment of the discipline might be explained. A comparative analysis suggests the answer lies in the diverging conceptions of what constituted “sociology” at the time, set against the background of tensions between abstract social theory and policy-relevant empirical research in the context of social reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The images of campus protests and street battles of 1968 are deeply ingrained in public memory and have been the subject of many academic writings. However, the courtroom as a site of protest has been neglected as a serious field of inquiry. By comparing the ‘Chicago 8’ trial of 1969 in the USA with the proceedings against the members of the West German Kommune 1 of 1967, this article not only demonstrates the importance of the legal process as part of a wider movement strategy, but it also reveals striking similarities between the two cases – in the defendants’ protest strategies, and in the repertoires of ‘social control’ by the legal authorities. In spite of the different legal systems in which the trials took place – and without any transnational exchanges of legal strategies between participants – the dynamics of contention were almost identical in both countries. When asking how contention happens, evolves, and escalates, it seems that similar goals and strategies of the contending parties and the interaction between them mattered much more than the structural or institutional differences between the two legal systems. This interaction determined the very nature of the trials and established their central role in the history of the era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stepping to the podium for the last medal ceremony on August 2, 1936, day one of athletics competition at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, were the three Americans that swept the men's long jump: Cornelius Johnson (gold), David Albritton (silver) and Delos Thurber (bronze). Johnson and Albritton were black. That ceremony formed a watershed for those Games: Hitler had personally congratulated all of the earlier winners on August 2, 1936; but, he left before that medal ceremony and ceased to congratulate winners starting on day two, rather than congratulate all future winners. Hitler was told to congratulate all winners or no winners by the IOC President after his non-attendance at the men's long jump medal ceremony. It was on day two that Jesse Owens won the 100-meter run and was not congratulated. Public attention then shifted to Owens, removing attention from the actual snub of Johnson, Albritton, and Thurber that had led to action by the IOC President. This paper interprets two photos of the three Americans saluting in unison, but with two different postures: an American military salute and a straight-armed salute with palms turned upward. To understand their salute, three contexts were studied: salutes performed at the Games, activities leading up to that moment on August 2, 1936 and the American flag-saluting practice of that era. Johnson, Albritton, and Thurber were arguably making an elegant yet forceful statement of solidarity and defiance in performing the Bellamy or Flag Salute, a unique-at-those-Games act of patriotism little known in the present but, none-the-less an act deserving of recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manner in which President Karimov's roles were recognized in the global arena affected how Uzbekistan's international relations developed – a perspective that highlights both the form and the content of bilateral relationships. While mutual interests are crucial to beginning a relationship, it is also important to understand how those relations were recognized in public and dealt with in private. If partners managed to recognize Karimov's agenda publicly, or at least act with discretion, this tended to create an atmosphere favouring cooperation. As such, recognition and discretion reveal much about Karimov's concerns with international equality and self-reliance, pointing to the reasons why Uzbekistan's relations fluctuated more with some actors than others. The United States and Germany are ideal examples of that ambivalent situation: Washington often cooperated with Uzbekistan on security matters, but then saw its military personnel excluded from Qarshi-Qanabad after the 2005 Andijan crisis; whereas Berlin witnessed little change in its relationship with Uzbekistan and continued to lease a base in Termez after 2005. This difference in outcomes can be explained in part by a dynamic of recognition and discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article anatomizes the 'productivity race' between Nazi Germany and the US over the period from the Great Depression to the Second World War in the metalworking industry. We present novel data that allow us to account for both the quantity of installed machine tools and their technological type. Hitherto, comparison of productive technologies has been limited to case studies and well-worn narratives about US mass production and European-style flexible specialization. Our data show that the two countries in fact employed similar types of machines combined in different ratios. Furthermore, neither country was locked in a rigid technological paradigm. By 1945 Germany had converged on the US both in terms of capital-intensity and the specific technologies employed. Capital investment made a greater contribution to output growth in Germany, whereas US growth was capital-saving. Total factor productivity growth made a substantial contribution to the armaments boom in both countries. But it was US industry, spared the war's most disruptive effects, that was in a position to take fullest advantage of the opportunities for wartime productivity growth. This adds a new element to familiar explanations for Germany's rapid catch-up after 1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the effects of globalisation on the organisation of family philanthropy. It aims to assess whether the increased visibility and social and economic relevance of foundations connected to entrepreneurial families and family firms, has also involved the adoption of similar organisational models internationally over the last three decades. The article examines the interplay between family philanthropy and its institutional framework in the US, Germany and Spain by identifying two basic models of relationship between the entrepreneurial family, the family foundation, and the family firm: the non-controlling model, which continues to characterise most US foundations; and the controlling model, characteristic of most German foundations. In Spain, where large family foundations have traditionally adopted the controlling model, newer foundations have tended to adopt the non-controlling model. This reveals the mixed effects of globalisation and national cultural and institutional patterns on the organisational structure adopted by family philanthropy across Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses antisemitism in the U.S. and Germany during the early 20th century. According to the author, the extreme social and political conditions which led to the Jewish Holocaust of 1939-1945 were not inevitable or unique to German society and could have occurred in the U.S. under different circumstances. Particular focus is given to criticism of the administration of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and of the Weimar Republic government in Germany. It is suggested that widespread, low-level antisemitism as well as radical antisemitism existed in both countries and that extreme antisemites critical of the U.S. government could have gained power had the U.S. suffered a second crisis following the Great Depression.

The article focuses on the views of Polish-American lawyer Raphael Lemkin regarding the Genocides in America, Poland and Germany as he only coined the term Genocide in 1944. It cites some of the paragraphs from the book "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress " written by Lemkin regarding the laws and international order at his time. It informs that Lemkin's most known place is Poland and the least known is Australia It mentions that Lemkin reviews the measures related to judiciary, currency and property and also affects these.

The article focuses on the history of the sabotage that occurred on Black Tom Island, now known as Liberty State Park, in New Jersey on July 30th, 1916. The author provides an overview of the explosions that occurred at the location, including building damages, the mass media's reaction to the explosions and German agents' role in the execution of the explosions. The author discusses the German agents' mission to destroy the armaments stored on the island, in order to prevent them from arriving to American allies overseas during World War I, in a statement against the U.S. support of Britain and France in the war. The author emphasizes the similarity of the incident with the terrorist attacks of 9/11, asserting that both incidences revealed the U.S. vulnerability to attacks.

The article focuses on the history of the nuclear research and development program The Manhattan Project and the impact of the technological device the uranium-enrichment gas centrifuge. The author traces the development of the technology by German scientists in the Soviet Union, explores the role of tactic knowledge and technological change in the production of the device, and discusses how the centrifuge affected The Manhattan Project. He analyzes how the centrifuge impacted nonproliferation policy and led to the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

The rivalry between two centers of German Pietism, Halle and Herrnhut, shaped the development of both the Lutheran Church and the Moravian Church in America. The conflict began in Germany, but Pennsylvania became a major battleground in the 1740s. After years of sometimes violent controversy, the Moravians and Lutherans eventually developed as separate denominations. The most famous episode was the encounter on December 30, 1742, between Zinzendorf and Henry Melchior Mühlenberg, but that was just the first skirmish. Mühlenberg continued to oppose the Moravians after Zinzendor's departure for Europe. In Philadelphia, Lancaster, and Tulpehocken Mühlenberg fought publicly with the Moravians over who would supervise Lutheran ministry in America. Mühlenberg intervened in several Lutheran congregations that had pastors friendly to the Moravians and asserted his own authority over them. Both sides used law courts and the press to assert their claim to be considered true Lutherans and convince the public that the others were heterodox "Pietists." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and the divergence in economic policy between the U.S. and Germany since then. Particular focus is given to how the historical understanding of the Great Depression shaped economic policy in each country following the 2008 financial crisis. An overview of the responses by Germany and the U.S. to the economic crisis, including the German government's subsidizing of short-time work and the American government's providing of economic stimulus for infrastructure programs, tax cuts and economic assistance, is provided.

The last fifty years have seen the further expansion of the role of media during times of war. Although no longer dominated by large-scale propaganda agencies as during the two world wars, the media nevertheless have become ever more integral to the planning and conduct of wars. This article applies the concept of mediatization in an attempt to capture the ever-increasing role of the media during war times as part of an ongoing and accelerating historical process. It uses a comparative analysis to highlight the commonalities of this process as well as to emphasize national particularities. The article argues that the mediatization of war has significantly accelerated over the past fifty years and has established the media as the "fourth branch" of military operations, just as essential as the army, navy, and air force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased interest in the potential societal benefit of incorporating health economics as a part of clinical translational science, particularly nutrition interventions, led the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health to sponsor a conference to address key questions about the economic analysis of nutrition interventions to enhance communication among health economic methodologists, researchers, reimbursement policy makers, and regulators. Issues discussed included the state of the science, such as what health economic methods are currently used to judge the burden of illness, interventions, or healthcare policies, and what new research methodologies are available or needed to address knowledge and methodological gaps or barriers. Research applications included existing evidence-based health economic research activities in nutrition that are ongoing or planned at federal agencies. International and US regulatory, policy, and clinical practice perspectives included a discussion of how research results can help regulators and policy makers within government make nutrition policy decisions, and how economics affects clinical guideline development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year following the end of the second world war in Europe, various high-ranking Wehrmacht officers agreed to work for a co-ordinated US, British, and Canadian military intelligence operation called the ‘Hill Project’. This endeavor, which eventually expanded to almost 200 German prisoners of war, conducted research and analysis of the German Military Document Section at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, and produced over 3600 pages of reports for the Western Allied governments. The Hill Project constitutes a little-known aspect of the interesting postwar relationship between the West and their former enemies.This article examines the main goals of this program and the kind of information these research projects provided to Western Allied military intelligence. It contends that during its operation at Camp Ritchie, the main body of work completed by the Hill Project studied Wehrmacht methods as a means to potentially improve the structure and procedures of the Western Allied armies. Moreover, a select group of the Hill Project prisoners later transferred to Fort Hunt, Virginia, and assisted in preparing a defense of Western Europe against a potential invasion by the Soviet Army. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents an exploration into the treatment of history within the writing of the American author Mark Twain and the German author Günter Grass. The personal lives of the authors are reviewed in regards to their implicit cooperation with the historical injustices of American slavery for Twain and the Jewish Holocaust for Grass. Comments are given discussing the attitude changes within both figures as they perpetually dealt with memory of past mistakes. Further discussion is given reflecting upon the nature of memory and history in general, particularly with its uncomfortable aspects of personal responsibility.

The history of magazines - and particularly the history of magazine design in the 20th century - can be characterized as a mutual relationship with different media outlets influencing each other in their visual appearance. This article focuses on the cross-national diffusion of graphic design between German and American magazines in an early period of globalization. The explanatory framework for this dynamic is constituted through emerging "global players" in terms of publishers acting on both markets, through an orientation on national and international target groups, or through individual artists and art directors migrating between both countries. As a consequence, innovations in editorial content as well as in magazine layout traveled between both media systems, simulating an "international language" of modern magazine visuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discusses the role of industrialists in the German-American interactions after World War II. Contradictory attitudes and strategies that West German businessmen in the 1950s embraced; Industrialists' use of modern methods of public relations and human relations after the war; Uncertainty over what America had to offer as a model of democracy and cultural regeneration.

Copyright of Anaesthesist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Malaria has had an enormous impact on human history, not least in times of war. The disease has been treatable by a natural remedy, quinine, since the 17th century, but the production of synthetic antimalarial agents was first achieved in Germany in the wake of the Great War of 1914–1918, in which malaria had caused immense problems. In the 1920s research workers in the Bayer laboratories of the IG Farbenindustrie consortium developed the 8-aminoquinoline plasmoquine (the forerunner of primaquine). They went on to develop the acridine dye, atebrin (mepacrine) and the 4-aminoquinolines, Resochin (developed at the end of the Second World War in America as chloroquine) and Sontochin. British attempts to match the advances achieved by the Germans were at first unproductive, partly because collaboration between academic and industrial organizations in the UK was beset by concerns over patent rights. However, with the outbreak of World War II, when supplies of antimalarials were scarce, ICI succeeded in the large-scale production of mepacrine (essential to prosecution of the war, particularly in the Far East) and also initiated a programme of collaborative research that eventually led to the discovery of proguanil (Paludrine); this, in its turn led to the diaminopyrimidine, pyrimethamine. A massive cooperative screening programme in the USA during World War II eventually bore fruit in the realization of the therapeutic potential of chloroquine, and in the later development of amodiaquine and primaquine. Some of this work also influenced the subsequent discovery of mefloquine and halofantrine at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A study of contemporary book reviews and other notices enables us to trace the reception of the stethoscope and Laënnec's book between 1816 and 1826. It is quite clear from these that the stethoscope was welcomed with enthusiasm by most people who saw it as the first major diagnostic tool medicine had ever had. Laënnec's book was recognised as being the most important, interesting, accurate, and complete work on diseases of the chest that had ever been published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health of the U.S. and western European economies in the 1950s and 1960s and the development of nylon as the carpet fiber of choice, led to an unparalleled expansion of the textile floor covering industry. Batch dyeing could not keep pace with the demands of the market. The development of wider and wider woven processing equipment encouraged the development of open width carpet processing. Continuous carpet dyeing machinery was developed by a number of companies in the U.K. and Germany. In the end, the Kusters concept of a rolier turning in a thickened dye liquor with overflow delivery came to dominate the market. Thirty years after the initial development, over 4.5 million square meters of carpet are dyed worldwide every working day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author focuses on studies of American labor history in West Germany. The author refers to the report of the socialist Hartmut Keil on the evolving interest for American labor history in West Germany. Keil argued with cautious optimism that while American labor history could not be viewed as a major field in its own right, at least it found a place in German scholarship and university teaching as part of the more general study of American society. Keil pointed out German studies in American labor history overwhelmingly have their starting point in Germany history. This trend is still very evident. Most studies published during the last decade either deal with German immigrant workers in the U.S. or are comparative analyses that focus on historical problems and questions central to the German experience. Understanding the economic and social framework in which mass migration has occurred is a basic requirement for those historians who have examined the North American and European experiences of immigrant workers. All such investigations depend heavily on the immigrant press.