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This study conducted a comparative analysis of fatty acids (FAs) concentration derived from polar (PL) and non-polar (NPL) lipids in the liver and muscle tissues of rats and mice. The objective was to elucidate species-specific differences in tissue FA distribution. Employing targeted GC/MS-based methodology, the study aimed to provide insights into conserved and species-specific aspects of lipid metabolism, thereby enhancing future experimental design, linked with comprehension of the interactions between diet, metabolism, and health. Results revealed markedly higher levels of total fatty acids (TFAs) derived from PL in mice skeletal muscle compared to rats and elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels in mice. Unsaturated fatty acid levels, mainly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were substantially higher in mice muscle across all lipid classes, resulting in a higher PUFA/TFA ratio in mice muscle. Detailed analysis of specific unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C22:6n3) indicated elevated levels in mice relative to rats. Conversely, rats exhibited higher SFA levels derived from the NPL fraction in the liver, particularly in myristic (C14:0), stearic (C18:0), and tricosanoic (C23:0) acids. Mice liver PL fractions displayed significantly elevated unsaturated FA levels, with notably higher MUFAs and lower PUFAs in NPL fractions compared to rats. Analysis of specific unsaturated FAs revealed higher levels of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) in mice, while rats exhibited increased linoleic (C18:2n6c) and linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. In conclusion, significant differences in FAs tissue distribution between rats and mice underscore the importance of considering species-specific FAs variations when utilizing these animal models and interpreting experimental results related to FA metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoperiod is an important ecological factor synchronizing the endogenous rhythms of growth and development of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. The changes in the FA content of phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG) during the growth and development of Atlantic salmon juveniles (fingerlings, parrs, and smolts) at different lighting and feeding regimes in aquaculture of the southern region (North Ossetia, Alania) were studied. A high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a consistently high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in PL (more than 40% of the total FA) were detected. An increase in the content of PUFA in TAG both in the salmon liver and in muscles during development from fingerlings to smolts indicated the biochemical changes in the fish organism preparing for smoltification and the transition to living in sea water. Among PUFA, n-3 PUFA dominated, while the content of n-6 PUFA was no more than 5% both in PL and TAG of juvenile salmon. At the same time, among PUFA the content of eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5(n-3) (EPA) in the muscles of both parrs and smolts was higher than in the liver, where docosapentaenoic acid 22:5(n-3) (DPA) dominated. The results of quantitative and qualitative changes in the FA components of lipids in juvenile salmon depending on changes in the lighting and feeding regimes are important for understanding the mechanisms of ecological and biochemical adaptations that determine the early development of salmon and its transition to the smoltification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are a large group of natural compounds, together with proteins and carbohydrates, and are essential for various processes in the body. After death, the organism's tissues undergo a series of reactions that generate changes in some molecules, including lipids. This means that determining the lipid change profile can be beneficial in estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). These changes can also help determine burial sites and advance the localization of graves. The aim was to explore and analyze the decomposition process of corpses, focusing on the transformation of lipids, especially triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acids (FAs), and the possible application of these compounds as markers to estimate PMI and detect burial sites. A systematic review of 24 scientific articles from the last 23 years (2000–2023) was conducted. The results show that membrane glycerophospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, among others) are the most studied, and the most promising results are obtained, with decreasing patterns as PMI varies. Fatty acids (FAs) are also identified as potential biomarkers owing to the variations in their postmortem concentration. An increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, were observed. The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in decomposition is also observed. Finally, as for the burial sites, the presence of fatty acids and some sterols in burial areas of animal and human remains can be verified. In conclusion, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids are good markers for estimating PMI. It has been observed that there are still no equations for estimating the PMI that can be applied to forensic practice, as intrinsic and extrinsic factors are seen to play a vital role in the decomposition process. As for determining burial sites, the importance of soil and textile samples has been demonstrated, showing a direct relationship between saturated fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and some sterols with decomposing remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid profiles of the oyster Crassostrea gigas cultured in Khanh Hoa coast at three locations and harvested in different months throughout the year were compared. Seasonal and locational changes in total lipid (TL) content, phospholipid content, free fatty acid content, fatty acid (FA) composition, and thrombogenicity index were found. The total lipid content and n-3/n-6 ratio in oysters from Ninh Hoa were higher compared to those from Cam Lam and Van Ninh. For oyster from all three farming areas, the total lipid content was the lowest during the two spawning seasons (May and September). Lipids from C. gigas were separated into neutral and polar lipid fractions using silica gel column chromatography. The amount of neutral lipids recovered from the oyster muscle was significantly higher than that of the polar lipids. The FA composition showed that C. gigas was abundant in saturated fatty acids (30.89-39.16 g/100 g TL), followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (28.13-35.88 g/100 g TL), and monounsaturated fatty acids (19.32-23.75 g/100 g TL). The dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids of oysters from the three farming areas were eicosapentaenoic acid (9.09-13.77 g/100 g TL) and docosahexaenoic acid (6.71-16.47 g/100 g TL). Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that the Pacific oyster C. gigas cultured in Khanh Hoa, Vietnam is a promising source of highly nutritious exploitable lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold plasma (CP) is a non-thermal preservation technology that has been successfully used to decontaminate and extend the shelf life of aquatic products. However, the preservation effect of CP treatment is determined by several factors, including voltage, time, and gas compositions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of gas composition (GasA: 10% O2, 50% N2, 40% CO2; GasB: air; GasC: 30% O2, 30% N2, 40% CO2) on the lipid oxidation of tilapia fillets treated after CP treatment. Changes in the lipid oxidation values, the percentages of fatty acids, and sensory scores were studied during 8 d of refrigerator storage. The results showed that the CP treatment significantly increased all the primary and secondary lipid oxidation values measured in this study, as well as the percentages of saturated fatty acids, but decreased the percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipid oxidation values were significantly increased in the GasC-CP group. After 8 d, clearly increased percentages of saturated fatty acids, a low level of major polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially linoleic (C18:2n-6)), and a decrease in the percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) were found in GasC-CP; that is, the serious oxidation of lipids was found in the high O2 concentration group. In addition, the sensory score was also lower than that of the hypoxia CP group. Therefore, high O2 concentrations can enhance lipid oxidation and the changes in the fatty acid concentration. Controlling the O2 concentration is reasonable to limit the degree to which lipids are oxidized in tilapia after the in-package CP treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of sausage worldwide increases every year; because of this increase, artisanal products have appeared and are intended to be perceived as natural and healthy. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases associated with consuming meat and meat derivatives have been estimated to be the leading cause of death in several countries. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality, lipid content, and presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, contributing to demonstrating the real nutritional value of artisanal sausages produced in Ecuador. Sausages from 10 factories in Ambato, Pelileo, and Píllaro, located in Tungurahua, Ecuador, were evaluated. The pH and acidity, color, proximal, sensory, microbiological, and lipid content were assessed. The pH and acidity showed a slight variation in all of the samples. Proximal analysis (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) established that the artisan sausages did not differ from the type of sausages reported in the literature. Microbiological analyses showed a good microbial quality, and there was no presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteria, molds, or yeasts. The sensory attributes were similar for all of the sausages; the panelists did not notice any strange taste or odor. The lipid content showed that the artisanal sausages contained the highest percentage of palmitic, stearic, elaidic, and linolelaidic fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids were the most prevalent in all of the sausages collected from different locations. The results showed that the nutritional, microbiological, and sensory quality of the artisanal sausages did not show any parameter that would allow them to be classified as different or as having a better nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprouted grains are gaining popularity as functional food ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid and fatty acid composition of eight sprouted grains (millet, amaranth, quinoa, wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, and oat). The method used was germination for up to 72 h at temperatures ranging from 19–23 °C. In general, the lipid content increased in the various grains sprouted, providing a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The % oil yield ranged from 1.17 ± 0.02% in sprouted rye to 5.71 ± 0.26% in sprouted amaranth. Germinated oat showed the greatest increase in fat content, 54.3%, compared to the control. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent in whole grains (46.9–75.6%) than saturated fatty acids (10.1–25.9%) and increased with sprouting. The primary fatty acids detected in the grains, in order of abundance, were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic, and stearic acids. Millet sprouts contained the lowest total saturated fatty acids and the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids. Amaranth had the highest amount of saturated fatty acids, while buckwheat contained the lowest quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lowest omega-6/omega-3 ratio was 7 to 1 in sprouted rye and 8 to 1 in sprouted barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of diets high in saturated fatty acids and/or refined carbohydrates are associated with neuroinflammation, cognitive dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. We have previously shown that high fat diet (HFD) consumption increases saturated fatty acids and decreases polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hippocampus. We have further shown that HFD elicits exaggerated neuroinflammation and reduced synaptic elements, and results in robust memory deficits in aged rats. Here, we examined the impact of palmitate, an abundant dietary saturated fat, on a variety of cellular responses in BV2 microglia and HippoE-14 neurons, and the extent to which the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), would buffer against these responses. Our data demonstrate that DHA pretreatment prevents or partially attenuates palmitate-induced alterations in proinflammatory, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial damage-associated gene expression in both cell types. Furthermore, we show that synaptoneurosomes isolated from aged, HFD-fed mice are engulfed by BV2 microglia at a faster rate than synaptoneurosomes isolated from aged, chow-fed mice, suggesting HFD alters signaling at synapses to hasten their engulfment by microglia. Consistent with this notion, we found modest increases in complement proteins and a decrease in CD47 protein expression on synaptoneurosomes isolated from the hippocampus of aged, HFD-fed mice. Interestingly, palmitate reduced BV2 microglial phagocytosis, but only of synaptoneurosomes isolated from chow-fed mice, an effect that was prevented by DHA pretreatment. Lastly, we measured the impact of palmitate and DHA on mitochondrial function in both microglial and neuronal cell models using the Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer. These data indicate that DHA pretreatment does not mitigate palmitate-induced reductions in mitochondrial respiration in BV2 microglia and HippoE-14 neurons, suggesting DHA may be acting downstream of mitochondrial function to exert its protective effects. Together, this study provides evidence that DHA can ameliorate the negative impact of palmitate on a variety of cellular functions in microglia- and neuron-like cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigated the effect of five in-house cooking methods (grilling, oven-cooking, frying, microwaving, and boiling) on lipid content and fatty acid composition in red mullet (Mullus barbatus). Moreover, the nutritional quality of the lipid fraction was evaluated by determining a number of lipid nutritional quality indices (LNQI). Moisture content of red mullet decreased after cooking, with the exception of boiled fish, while the lipid content significantly increased after microwave treatment and frying. After the latter, a ten-fold increase in lipid content was noted compared to fresh fish (from 2.1 to 21.1 g/100 g wet matter). All cooking methods caused significant changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile of M. barbatus. The content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) varied significantly between raw and cooked fish with the lowest values determined for fried sample. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content increased after oven cooking and frying, while polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content showed an opposite trend. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) were the dominant fatty acids among n3 acids in all samples. EPA+DHA contribution in total FAs was significantly lower in the samples after oven cooking (19.6% total FAs) and frying (4.99% total FAs) than in the raw (25.5% of total FAs) fish. The n3/n6 ratio (range 1.25-3.65) decreased significantly after cooking; however, it remained above the recommended values for a healthy human nutrition (1:5). The PUFA/SFA ratio was between 0.69 in fried and 1.02 in boiled fish, both being greater than those recommended by the WHO/FAO [2003]. Atherogenicity index value decreased significantly after the cooking particularly in fried fish. The polyene index (PI), as a measure of PUFA damage, was in the range of 0.42-1.18. Although all cooking methods affected the FA profile, based on LNQI, it can be concluded that barbecue-grilling and boiling were the best cooking methods for healthy eating, due to their lowest effect on essential FAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques, including liquid chromatography coupling, shotgun lipidomics, MS imaging, and ion mobility, are widely used to analyze lipids. However, with enhanced separation capacity and an optimized chemical derivatization approach, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) can be a powerful tool to investigate some groups of small lipids in the framework of lipidomics. This study describes the optimization of a dedicated two-stage derivatization and extraction process to analyze different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in plasma by two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS) using a full factorial design. The optimized condition has a composite desirability of 0.9159. This optimized sample preparation and chromatographic condition were implemented to differentiate between positive (BT) and negative (UT) boar-tainted pigs based on fatty acid profiling in pig serum using GC×GC–TOFMS. A chemometric screening, including unsupervised (PCA, HCA) and supervised analysis (PLS–DA), as well as univariate analysis (volcano plot), was performed. The results suggested that the concentration of PUFA ω-6 and cholesterol derivatives were significantly increased in BT pigs, whereas SFA and PUFA ω-3 concentrations were increased in UT pigs. The metabolic pathway and quantitative enrichment analysis suggest the significant involvement of linolenic acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of fatty acids in the general lipid balance of Dracocephalum palmatum Steph. Ex Willd that is found in extreme climatic conditions (Northern Pole of Cold) was researched by thinlayer and gas-liquid chromatography. This research aims to study the fatty acid profile of the perennial species Dracocephalum palmatum used as a medicinal herb in traditional medicine. We established that polyunsaturated fatty acids [FA], and more specifically linoleic and alpha-Linoleic acids, are prevalent in the lipidic constitution. The exceptional resilience of arctic and boreal plants is attributed to their flexible energy system that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The latter are crucial in the energy balance of plants because they function as the main accumulator of spare energy and can create optimal conditions in cell membranes, unlike carbohydrates and proteins. Polyunsaturated fatty acids [PFA] present in the lipid layer allow the membranes to stay in the liquid state. Fat oxidation releases an amount of water that is considerably greater than that released by the combustion of carbohydrates and proteins. This research reveals that the fluidity of membranes in the arctic plant in question is optimal due to a high level of unsaturated lipids. The high amount of unsaturated FA in Dracocephalum palmatum lipids is attributed to the plant adapting to its poor growing conditions. We assume that late flowering plants with a higher than average level of PFA (linoleic and linolenic acids) higher than average play an important role in the conservation of reaction energy resources of animals in the northern environment.

Whey-based beverages could be an effective way of reusing a by-product of th cheese industry, mitigating environmental hazards and, at the same time, profiting a useful food with high nutritional and antioxidant properties. In this study, a traditional Ecuadorian beverage (Colada) was prepared combining sweet whey, Maracuyá and barley. Antioxidant properties before and after an in vitro digestion using the INFOGEST method were determined, and relationships with intestinal transformations of the lipid and protein fractions were analyzed. The digestive process had a positive effect on antioxidant properties based on increased values of ABTS and FRAP located in the bioaccessible fraction (BF), together with strong increments of total polyphenols. Moreover, pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with the BF of Colada significantly reduced ROS generation (p < 0.001) measured by the dichlorofluorescein assay. Substantial changes of the fatty acid profile occurred during digestion, such as a fall of saturated fatty acids and a rise of polyunsaturated. The protein profile, examined by SDS-PAGE and exclusion molecular chromatography in the BF, showed that the major part of the proteins were digested in the intestinal phase. Analysis of NanoLC-MS/MS revealed 18 antioxidant peptides originated from whey proteins, but also 16 peptides from barley with potential antioxidant properties. In conclusion, combining sweet whey with Maracuyá and barley constitutes an excellent nutritional beverage with a strong antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to determine the major and minor nutritional constituents of Sorbus domestica L. fruits. It was revealed that palmitic acid was the most commonly occurring saturated fatty acid, while linoleic acid represented the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. The sterol fraction consisted mainly of β-sitosterol. Small amounts of lipophilic pigments were quantified. Potassium, iron, and boron were the most abundant macro-, micro-, and ultra-trace elements. The amino acid composition analysis suggested that the non-essential amino acids predominated over the essential ones. Soluble sugars (fructose and glucose) represented a large part of the total carbohydrate content, but pectin formed the major part of polysaccharides. Malic acid was the most abundant organic acid whereas quercetin-3-β-glucoside, neochlorogenic, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids were the major phenolic constituents. Fruits exhibited free-radical scavenging and protecting ability against peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. Service tree fruits provided valuable bioactive constituents having a high nutritional value and potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the heterotrophic growth of Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella kessleri cultivated in a fed-batch mode, using crude glycerol as the sole carbon source, was investigated. The effect of the mode of the organic carbon addition on the lipid and protein content of the biomass, the fatty acid (FAs) distribution of the bio-oil and the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties was studied. The FAME properties namely, the saponification number, the iodine value, the cetane number and the higher heating value, were estimated from empirical equations. The duration all cultivations was 26 d and until the 20th day 800 mL glycerol were added in the cultivation medium (2.3% v/v). For C. sorokiniana, during the cultivation period, 400, 200 and 80 mL glycerol were added in the cultivation medium at 2, 4 and 10 equal intervals respectively. For C. kessleri 400, 200, 100 and 40 mL glycerol were added at 2, 4, 8 and 20 equal intervals, respectively. For C. sorokiniana lipid and protein content ranged from 35.1% to 47.5% and 16.4% to 21.8%, respectively. The percentage of short chain FAs (C10-C14), medium chain FAs (C16-C18) and long chain FAs (>C18) in the total FAs ranged from 6.6% to 19.8%, 80.2% to 91.3% and 0% to 13.1%, respectively. The percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the total FAs ranged from 25.9% to 37.2%, 38.4% to 60.0% and 14.1% to 24.4%, respectively. For C. kessleri lipid and protein content ranged from 27.7% to 35.1% and 21.5% to 29.8%, respectively. The percentage of short chain FAs, medium chain FAs and long chain FAs of the total FAs ranged from 15.8% to 30.6%, 66.2% to 76.8% and 1.9% to 14.7%, respectively. The percentage of SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs of the total FAs ranged from 38.7% to 54.1%, 40.7% to 53.1% and 5.2% to 16.3%, respectively. Although the treatment 2 × 400 mL of glycerol shows very good FAME properties for both species, the lipid productivities of C. sorokiniana are higher compared to those of C. kessleri and thus, C. sorokiniana is a better option compared to C. kessleri for potential use in biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the incidence rate and number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are increasing, which has become one of the greatest threats to human health. However, there is still no effective therapy and medicine so far. Silphium perfoliatum L. is a perennial herb native to North America, which is used to improve physical fitness and treat liver and spleen related diseases in the traditional medicinal herbs of Indian tribes. This herb is rich in chlorogenic acids, which have the functions of reducing blood lipids, losing weight and protecting liver. However, the effect of these compounds on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear. Clarify the therapeutic effects and mechanism of the extract (CY-10) rich in chlorogenic acid and its analogues from Silphium perfoliatum L. on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and to determine the active compounds. A free fatty acid-induced steatosis model of HepG2 cells was established to evaluate the in vitro activity of CY-10 in promoting lipid metabolism. Further, a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model in C57BL/6 mice was established to detect the effects of CY-10 on various physiological and biochemical indexes in mice, and to elucidate the in vivo effects of the extract on regulating lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation and hepatoprotection, and nontarget lipid metabolomics was performed to analyze differential metabolites of fatty acids in the liver. Subsequently, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the target of the extract and elucidate its mechanism of action. Finally, the active compounds in CY-10 were elucidated through in vitro activity screening. The results indicated that CY-10 significantly attenuated lipid droplet deposition in HepG2 cells. The results of in vivo experiments showed that CY-10 significantly reduce HFD-induced mouse body weight and organ index, improve biochemical indexes, oxidation levels and inflammatory responses in the liver and serum, thereby protecting the liver tissue. It can promote the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in the liver and reduce the generation of saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, it is clarified that CY-10 can promote lipid metabolism balance by regulating AMPK/FXR/SREPB-1c/PPAR-γ signal pathway. Ultimately, the main active compound was proved to be cryptochlorogenic acid, which has a strong promoting effect on the metabolism of fatty acids in cells. Impressively, the activities of CY-10 and cryptochlorogenic acid were stronger than simvastatin in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, it is clarified that the extract rich in chlorogenic acids and its analogues in Silphium perfoliatum L. have good therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is confirmed that cryptochlorogenic acid is the main active compound and has good potential for medicine. [Display omitted] • Chlorogenic acids CY-10 from Silphium perfoliatum L. has excellent therapeutic effect on NAFLD. • CY-10 improves lipid metabolism and inflammatory response, prevent liver damage. • CY-10 promotes lipid metabolism balance by regulating the AMPK/FXR signaling pathway. • Cryptochlorogenic acid may be the key ingredient of CY-10 regulating lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has examined the influence of various photoperiods, light intensities, and pH on the biomass, total lipids, triacylglycerol (TAGs), biodiesel conversion, and fatty acid composition of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) for sustainable fuel production. Of the L/D photoperiods tested, biomass yield was low in the 10:14 h grown culture of about 0.94 g/L, while a high biomass yield of 1.486 g/L was recorded in the 16:08 h grown culture on the 20th day. Of the 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 lx light irradiation tested, higher biomass production of 1.613 g/L was achieved in the 2000 lx-grown cells. However, initial pH levels of medium such as 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 did not have an impact on the biomass yield. Regarding the lipid content, the high total lipid content of 29.85 % and 30.85 % was obtained from the culture grown at 16:08 h L/D photoperiod and 2500 lx, respectively. Concerning the TAG proportion in the total lipids, the maximal TAG of 46.83 and 44.47% (100g total lipids) were from the 16:08 h L/D cycle and 2500 lx condition, respectively. The high biodiesel yield of about 68.58 % and 65.98% was noticed from 16:08 h L/D and 2500 lx, respectively. Further, the fatty acid profile analysis of the biodiesel produced from the optimal conditions indicated that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) levels were 54.37 and 45.63% under 16:08 photoperiod, respectively, while they were 52.74 and 47.26%, respectively under 2500 lx light illumination condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Blood lipid concentrations display high interindividual variability in response to dietary interventions, partly due to genetic factors. Existing studies have focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed individually, which only explain a limited fraction of the variability of these complex phenotypes. Objective We aimed to identify combinations of SNPs associated with the variability in LDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) concentration changes following 5 dietary interventions. Design In a multicenter randomized crossover trial, 92 participants with elevated waist circumference and low HDL cholesterol concentrations consumed 5 isoenergetic diets for 4 wk: a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from cheese, SFA from butter, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and a diet higher in carbohydrates (CHO). The association between 22 candidate SNPs in genes involved in lipid and bile acid metabolism and transport and changes in LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations was assessed with univariate statistics followed by partial least squares regression. Results Endpoint LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly different (cheese: 3.18 ± 0.04, butter: 3.31 ± 0.04, MUFA: 3.00 ± 0.04, PUFA: 2.81 ± 0.04, CHO: 3.11 ± 0.04 mmol/L; P  < 0.001) while endpoint TG concentrations were not (P  = 0.117). Both displayed consistently elevated interindividual variability following the dietary interventions (CVs of 34.5 ± 2.2% and 55.8 ± 1.8%, respectively). Among the 22 candidate SNPs, only ABCA1- rs2066714 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms exhibited consistent significant effects, namely on LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, several SNPs were significantly associated with changes in LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations in a diet-specific fashion. Generated multivariate models explained from 16.0 to 33.6% of the interindividual variability in LDL cholesterol concentration changes and from 17.5 to 32.0% of that in TG concentration changes. Conclusions We report combinations of SNPs associated with a significant part of the variability in LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations following dietary interventions differing in their fatty acid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The present work stands as an endeavor to uncover the ideal harvesting time of leaves in which they exhibits the maximum contents of bioactive molecules such as essential fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids. METHODS: A large scale investigation was carried out for the leaves of Pistacia atlantica involving a large number of populations collected over a period of four months during the growing season. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using both DPPH and β-carotene assays. The chemical percentage variability of the fatty acids was investigated using statistical analysis methods (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering "AHC", also cited as CAH). OBJECTIVE: During the growth period, the effects of harvesting date on the total contents of lipids, tocopherols, carotenoids, fatty acids composition and also the antioxidant activities of the lipids were investigated. RESULTS: The content of myristic acid and other saturated fatty acids increased during leaf development, while linoleic, linolenic acids and unsaturated fatty acids decreased. The highest percentages of both linolenic C18:3 (27.25±5.92%) and linoleic acids C18:2 (17.68±3.80%) were obtained for the month of May at the first stage of leaves development (young leaves), but higher percentage levels of C18:1, were obtained for both consecutive months of August & September (28.83±6.50%; 27.79±8.63%, respectively) at intermediate developing stage. The lipids, tocopherols, carotenoids contents and the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were dependent on the harvest time. The antioxidant activity showed higher powers at the first developing stage (May). Two main clusters and two sub-clusters of the fatty acids were distinguished and were also depending clearly on the period of the collection. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the FA were dependent on the period of collection of the leaves. The main result of this study illustrate the nutritional potential (richness in MUFA such as C18:1, 2, 3) of the oil of P. atlantica leaves, which can provide opportunities for rational exploitation in the food industries or for medicinal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrient removal, biomass production and nutritional value of the halophyte Salicornia ramosissima were evaluated in the context of an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. The experiment consisted of an indoor fish RAS whose effluent was used to feed two different halophyte hydroponic systems: a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system or a Deep Water Culture (DWC) system. The highest yield of S. ramosissima was observed in the DWC (320 g m−2 day−1), this system showed significantly higher yields compared to the NFT. Both hydroponic systems were effective in removing nutrients from the fish RAS wastewater, contributing to the wastes valorization process. Maximal nutrient uptake efficiencies were: 82.8% and 68.6% NO 3 − in the DWC and the NFT, respectively; 72.6% PO 4 3− in the DWC and 82.9% in the NFT; 63.6% NO 2 − in the DWC vs 56.4% in the NFT; and 89.2% NH 4 + in the DWC vs 94.1% in the NFT. The lipid profile of the halophytes in the DWC was analysed. The total lipid content ranged from 2.99% to 3.83%. The fatty acids (FA) profile in the leaves was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 66%), which were represented by α-linolenic acid (41%) and linoleic acid (24%), followed by saturated fatty acids (28%) with palmitic acid (22%) as the major component. A small component of monounsaturated fatty acids accounts for about 12% of total FA. Regarding lipid classes, pigments were the most abundant compounds followed by glycolipids, phospholipids, flavonoids and sterols. The study supports the potential of S. ramosissima to valorise aquaculture wastes and its high nutritional interest. The experimental systems minimized waste and maximized resources utilization. Such integrated approaches can contribute to the sustainability and resilience of aquaculture systems while providing additional economic opportunities through the production of high value halophyte products. • Salicornia ramosissima was hydroponically cultivated in a NFT system and in a DWC system with fish RAS effluents. • The DWC system provided the best yield (320 g m−2 day−1). • Both systems removed >75% of DIN and 80% of DIP present in the effluent. • The lipid profile of S. ramosissima is affected by nutritional stress and cultivation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant number of pancreatic cancer cases are due to modifiable risk factors, with many being attributed to increased body fatness. This has sparked investigators to examine the role played by high dietary fat intake in pancreatic cancer development and the mechanisms driving this connection. However, there is currently no consensus on how dietary fat quantity and composition specifically affect pancreatic carcinogenesis. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the link between high total fat consumption and fatty acid composition (saturated, mono-, or poly-unsaturated fats) with pancreatic cancer incidence and progression. Following our detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of recent preclinical and human studies, we discuss existing research gaps and opportunities, and provide recommendations for future studies. Numerous studies suggest that diets high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk. However, the current evidence appears insufficient for a general conclusion regarding the impact of other types of fat in pancreatic carcinogenesis, with many studies providing inconclusive findings due to study limitations. Thus, we recommend future studies to include detailed methodology of the animal experiments, not limited to the diet composition, type of ingredients, formulations, and administration of the diets. Moreover, human studies should include a diverse population and well-characterized biomarkers for accurate determination of dietary fat intake. Ultimately, this will aid the study rigor, and improve our understanding of the impact of fat quantity and composition in pancreatic carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: It is hypothesised that the use of processed soybean for feedlot beef cattle improves feed efficiency and produces beef with a better fatty acid profile for human health. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate average daily gain, feed efficiency, carcass traits, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and colour in the beef of young bulls fed diets with ground or extruded soybean. Methods: A total of 60 young Zebu bulls (Nellore or Nellore crossed with other Zebu breeds) with an average initial liveweight of 320 ± 8.12 kg and an average initial age of 20 ± 2 months were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets for 84 days: dehulled and defatted soybean meal (3.22% of ether extract), ground soybean (6.51% of ether extract) or extruded soybean (6.37% of ether extract). The fatty acid profiles of these animals were analysed using high-resolution gas chromatography. The CIE L*a*b* colour space model was used to numerically describe the colour during the aging period (0, 7, 14 and 21 days). Key results: Diet had no effect on the average daily gain, feed efficiency or carcass traits of the animals (P > 0.05). Protein, ether extract and ash composition of the Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle were not affected (P > 0.30) by the use of processed soybean grains. The ground soybean diet decreased oleic acid and C18:2 c9, t11 concentrations, but increased C18:2 t10, c12 and trans-octadecenoic acid isomer concentrations in the LL muscle compared with those in the dehulled and defatted soybean meal and extruded soybean diets (P < 0.05). Muscle from bulls fed processed soybean exhibited greater concentrations of stearic acid and saturated fatty acids, and a lower concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as a decreased unsaturated fatty acids : saturated fatty acids ratio (P < 0.05). Processed soybean grains did not affect (P > 0.05) the LL muscle pH or colour. Conclusions: The use of ground or extruded soybean did not affect the performance, carcass traits, LL protein, ether extract or ash composition, and had no impact on beef colour compared with the diet containing soybean meal. Processed whole soybeans in the diet did not increase unsaturated fatty acids or conjugated linoleic acid in beef compared with a diet without soybean meal. Implications: Up to 20% of ground or extruded soybean in feedlot beef cattle can be used as a replacement for soybean meal and corn. Nutrition is a tool used in feedlots to improve beef quality. This study evaluated the performance and beef quality in young bulls fed diets with processed soybean. The results show that the use of extruded or ground soybean does not affect performance, and that most beef quality traits using this diet were comparable to those using a diet with defatted soybean meal as the protein source. Therefore, the use of processed whole soybean in feedlots is recommended, depending on the market price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐fat diet (HFD) feeding is deleterious to hypothalamic tissue, leading to inflammation and lipotoxicity, as well as contributing to central insulin resistance. Autophagy is a process that restores cellular homeostasis by degrading malfunctioning organelles and proteins. Chronic HFD‐feeding down‐regulates hypothalamic autophagy. However, the effects of short‐term HFD‐feeding and the saturated fatty acid palmitate (PA) on hypothalamic autophagy and in neurones that express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti‐related peptide remains unknown. Therefore, we assessed hypothalamic autophagy after 1 and 3 days of HFD‐feeding. We also injected PA i.c.v and analysed the modulation of autophagy in hypothalamic tissue. Both interventions resulted in changes in autophagy‐related gene profiles without significant differences in protein content of p62 and LC3B‐II, markers of the autophagy pathway. When we assessed native NPY neurones in brain slices from PA‐treated animals, we observed increased levels of Atg7 and LC3B protein in response to PA treatment, indicating the induction of autophagy. We then tested the direct effects of fatty acids using the immortalised hypothalamic NPY‐expressing neuronal cell model mHypoE‐46. We found that PA, but not palmitoleate (PO) (a monounsaturated fatty acid), was able to induce autophagy. Co‐treatment with PA and PO was able to block the PA‐mediated induction of autophagy, as assessed by flow cytometry. When the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway was blocked with myriocin pre‐treatment, we observed a decrease in PA‐mediated induction of autophagy, although there was no change with the toll‐like receptor 4 inhibitor, TAK‐242. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids can differentially regulate hypothalamic autophagy and that ceramide synthesis may be an important mediator of those effects. Understanding the mechanisms by which dietary fats affect autophagy in neurones involved in the control of energy homeostasis will provide potential new pathways for targeting and containing the obesity epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences between factory and wild juvenile salmons (fingerlings at the 0+ age and 1+ parrs) in the content of physiologically significant fatty acids and their ratios are shown. Factory juveniles (age 0+ and 1+) have a very low content of physiologically significant 18:3n-3 and 20:4n-6 fatty acids when compared with wild individuals, whereas relatively high amounts of 22:6n-3 (age 0+) and 18:2n-6 fatty acids (age 1+) were noted. Simultaneously, the factory juveniles (age 0+ and 1+) differ from wild juveniles in a lower ratio of 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 essential fatty acids (by 7.9 and 6.4 times, respectively). The ratio of total polyunsaturated n-3/n-6 fatty acids is reliably equal in wild and factory fingerlings (age 0+), whereas it is 2 times lower in parrs than in factory fish. A relatively high content of oleic 18:1n-9 fatty acid and minor 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11 fatty acids are found in the factory juveniles, but the level of saturated fatty acids decreases due to 16:0 and 18:0. The high metabolic rate of fatty-acid metabolism in wild juveniles is evidenced by a higher ratio of 16:0/18:1n-9 compared to that in the factory fish (1.50 and 1.47 vs 0.84 and 0.46 for fingerlings (age 0+) and parrs (age 1+), respectively). The lower metabolic rate of fatty acid metabolism in factory juveniles, especially for parrs (age 1+), is accompanied by a high accumulation of their body mass (in fourfold) when compared with wild individuals of the same age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated linoleic acid was detected in rabbit caecotrophs, due to the presence of microbial lipid activity in rabbit cecum. However, the effect of CLA as a functional food in growing rabbit is not well established. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of CLA on production, meat quality, and its nutrigenomic effect on edible parts of rabbit carcass including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Therefore, seventy five weaned V-Line male rabbits, 30 days old, were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments receiving either basal control diet, diet supplemented with 0.5% (CLAL), or 1% CLA (CLAH). Total experimental period (63 d) was segmented into 7 days adaptation and 56 days experimental period. Dietary supplementation of CLA did not alter growth performance, however, the fat percentage of longissimus lumborum muscle was decreased, with an increase in protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) percentage. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were not increased in CLA treated groups. There was tissue specific sensing of CLA, since subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression of PPARA was downregulated, however, CPT1A tended to be upregulated in liver of CLAL group only (P = 0.09). In skeletal muscle, FASN and PPARG were upregulated in CLAH group only (P ≤0.01). Marked cytoplasmic vacuolation was noticed in liver of CLAH group without altering hepatocyte structure. Adipocyte size was decreased in CLA fed groups, in a dose dependent manner (P <0.01). Cell proliferation determined by PCNA was lower (P <0.01) in adipose tissue of CLA groups. Our data indicate that dietary supplementation of CLA (c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12- CLA) at a dose of 0.5% in growing rabbit diet produce rabbit meat rich in PUFA and lower fat % without altering growth performance and hepatocyte structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperatures delay aging and promote longevity in many organisms. However, the metabolic and homeostatic aspects of low-temperature–induced longevity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that lipid homeostasis regulated by Caenorhabditis elegans Mediator 15 (MDT-15 or MED15), a transcriptional coregulator, is essential for low-temperature–induced longevity and proteostasis. We find that inhibition of mdt-15 prevents animals from living long at low temperatures. We show that MDT-15 up-regulates fat-7, a fatty acid desaturase that converts saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), at low temperatures. We then demonstrate that maintaining a high UFA/SFA ratio is essential for proteostasis at low temperatures. We show that dietary supplementation with a monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (OA), substantially mitigates the short life span and proteotoxicity in mdt-15(-) animals at low temperatures. Thus, lipidostasis regulated by MDT-15 appears to be a limiting factor for proteostasis and longevity at low temperatures. Our findings highlight the crucial roles of lipid regulation in maintaining normal organismal physiology under different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dinoflagellates from the Symbiodiniaceae family and corals have an ecologically important endosymbiotic relationship. Scleractinian corals cannot survive for long periods without their symbionts. These algae, also known as zooxanthellae, on the other hand, thrives outside the coral cells. The free-living populations of zooxanthellae are essential for the resilience of the coral to environmental stressors such as temperature anomalies and ocean acidification. Yet, little is known about how ocean acidification may affect the free-living zooxanthellae. In this study we aimed to test morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of zooxanthellae from the Symbiodinium genus isolated from the coral Mussismilia braziliensis, endemic to the Brazilian coast, to acidification led by increased atmospheric CO2. We tested whether photosynthetic yield, cell ultrastructure, cell density and lipid profile would change after up to 16 days of exposure to pH 7.5 in an atmospheric pCO2 of 1633 μatm. Photosynthetic yield and cell density were negatively affected and chloroplasts showed vesiculated thylakoids, indicating morphological damage. Moreover, Symbiodinium fatty acid profile drastically changed in acidified condition, showing lower polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher saturated fatty acids contents, when compared to the control, non-acidified condition. These results show that seawater acidification as an only stressor causes significant changes in the physiology, biochemistry and ultrastructure of free-living Symbiodinium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) inflammation is implicated in the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFAs and PUFA) can influence adipose tissue inflammation. We investigated the influence of dietary patterns, with emphasis on dietary fat type, and statin therapy, on EAT fatty acid (FA) composition and inflammatory gene expression. Thirty-two Ossabaw pigs were fed isocaloric amounts of a Heart Healthy (high in unsaturated fat) or Western (high in saturated fat) diets +/- atorvastatin for 6 months. EAT FA composition reflected dietary fat composition. There was no significant effect of atorvastatin on EAT FA composition. Total and long-chain SFAs were positively associated with inflammatory signaling (TLR2) and a gene involved in lipid mediator biosynthesis (PTGS2) (P<.0003). Medium-chain SFAs capric and lauric acids were negatively associated with IL-6 (all P<.0003). N-6 and n-3 PUFAs were positively associated with anti-inflammatory signaling genes (PPARG, FFAR4 and ADIPOQ) and long-chain n-3 PUFAs were positively associated with a gene involved in lipid mediator biosynthesis (ALOX5) (all P<.0003). These data indicate that dietary patterns, differing in fat type, influence EAT FA composition. Associations between EAT SFAs, PUFAs, and expression of genes related to inflammation provide a link between dietary quality and EAT inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the association between obesity and osteoarthritis used to be solely regarded as a result of increased mechanical loading, systemic factors also likely play a role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nutrient excess leading to obesity may result in lipotoxicity, which might be involved in the development of osteoarthritis. The different fatty acid types have distinct effects on inflammation. This review focusses on the currently available studies, summarizing the effects of the different fatty acid types on osteoarthritis and involved joint tissues. In animal studies omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced the expression of inflammatory markers, cartilage degradation and oxidative stress in chondrocytes. In contrast, these markers were increased upon omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid stimulation. Additionally, a decrease in pain and dysfunction was observed upon omega-3 supplementation in cats and dogs. In line, most human in vitro studies show pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory actions of saturated fatty acids. While all polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced markers of oxidative stress, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids additionally decreased prostaglandin production. Human intervention studies with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may indicate a beneficial effect on pain and function and might be associated with less structural damage. In contrast, an adverse effect of saturated fatty acids on osteoarthritis has been observed. Monounsaturated fatty acids have been infrequently studied and findings are inconclusive. Existing studies indicate a promising effect of especially omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoarthritis signs and symptoms. However, more human intervention studies are warranted to draw robust conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present two-year study, an attempt was made to estimate the grain yield, grain nutrient uptake, and oil quality of three commonly grown maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids fertilized with varied levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Results obtained from both the experimental years indicated that application of 125% of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) recorded maximum grain yield (10.37 t ha-1; 124% higher than control). When compared with 100% RDF, grain yield reduction with nutrient omission was 44% for N omission, 17% for P omission, and 27% for K omission. Nitrogen uptake was increased with increasing NPK levels up to 150% RDF that was statistically at par (p ≥ 0.01) with 125% RDF. Increasing trend in P and K uptake was observed with successive increase in NPK levels up to 125% RDF, above which it declined. The protein content was significantly higher in grains of var. P 3396 with 125% RDF. Nutrient management has significant (p ≤ 0.01) role in the grain oil content. Saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic and arachidic acid) content decreased, and unsaturated fatty acid (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid) increased with increasing NPK levels. The average oleic acid desaturation and linoleic acid desaturation ratios were increased with increasing NPK levels up to 100 and 125% RDF, respectively. However, average monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA): poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), saturated: unsaturated as well as linoleic: linolenic acid ratios were increased on receiving 75% RDF, and beyond that it showed decreasing trend. The omission of K had the highest inhibitory effect on corn oil quality followed by N and P omission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera Abel (C. oleifera) absorb nutrients from surrounding soils and its yield is highly influenced by these nutrients and by fertilizer application. Thus, the soil nutrients play a central role in C. oleifera production. This study investigated the effects of biogas slurry applications on soil nutrients and economic traits of C. oleifera fruits. Five different amounts of biogas slurry (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 kg/plant/year, three applications per year) were used as fertilizer for C. oleifera plants in 2015 and 2016. The nutrients of rhizosphere soil and the economic traits, including fruit yield, seed rate, and oil yield of C. oleifera fruit, were measured each year. The results showed that fertilization with biogas slurry significantly increased soil organic matter, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) both in 2015 and 2016. Increases in soil available N, P, and K were maximal in the highest slurry application group followed by the second highest application group. The oil yield correlated with the content of soil available P in both 2015 and 2016, and with soil organic matter in 2015. Fertilization with biogas slurry decreased the saturated fatty acid content in fruit but had no effect on the unsaturated fatty acid content. In conclusion, fertilization with biogas slurry increased rhizosphere soil nutrients and fruit economic traits of C. oleifera and rates of at least30 kg/plant/year had the most positive effects. This study expands the knowledge of fertilization with biogas slurry in C. oleifera production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytogenic additives such as thymol are encountering growing interest in the poultry industry. However, there are still questions concerning dynamics of their bioavailability, biological action, optimal dosage and duration of supplementation needed to achieve meaningful effects, as well as persistence of induced changes after supplement withdrawal. We studied the link between the dynamics of free thymol concentration and the changes in fatty acids composition in quail egg yolk, both during a month-long chronic dietary supplementation and after 3 weeks of supplement withdrawal (post-supplementation). Fifty, 85 days-old, female quail of homogeneous body weights (251±1g) in egg-laying peak were used. To evaluate potential dose-dependent effects, three increasing doses 2, 4, and 6.25 g of thymol/kg of feed (THY2, THY4 and THY6, respectively) and two controls were evaluated (n = 10). In parallel, we assessed the concomitant changes in free thymol excretion, potential liver histopathological changes, and birds´ performance traits. Egg yolk and droppings show a dose-dependent increase in THY concentration after 9 days of supplementation and a decrease after post-supplementation. In egg yolk, these changes were accompanied by reduced saturated fatty acid concentrations achieved by 28 days of supplementation in THY2 and 14 days of supplementation in THY4 and THY6. However, after post-supplementation the aforementioned effect disappeared in THY2 but not in THY4 and THY6. While THY2 failed to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids, THY4 and THY6 increased polyunsaturated fatty acids by day 14 of supplementation and remained increased after post-supplementation. Fatty acids changes induced by thymol are consistent with improved nutritional quality of eggs. No treatment effects were observed in liver histopathology and female performance. Findings suggest that both dose of thymol and duration of supplementation modulate thymol and fatty acids concentrations in egg yolk and thymol concentration in droppings. Furthermore, the persistence of those effects after post-supplementation period is also a dose-dependent phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Borrelia sp. is a causative pathogen of Lyme disease which has become a worldwide health concern. Non-toxic approaches especially directed toward latent persistent forms of this pathogen are desired. Lipids in the form of volatile and non-volatile oils, and fatty acids with proven anti-borreliae efficacy could become an additional support or an alternative for consideration in treatment approaches. Methods: In this study we investigated 47 lipids (30 volatile and non-volatile oils, and 17 fatty acids) of plant and animal origin against typical motile, knob/round-shaped persisters, and biofilm-like aggregates of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. and Borrelia garinii, which are identified as pathogenic factors of Lyme disease in the USA and Europe, using direct microscopic counting and spectrofluorometric measurements. Results: Out of all examined lipids, 5 oils (Bay leaf oil, Birch oil, Cassia oil, Chamomile oil German, and Thyme oil) at or below 0.25%, and 3 fatty acids (13Z,16Z Docosadienoic acid, erucic acid, and petroselinic acid) at or below 0.75 mg/ml, showed bactericidal activity against typical motile spirochetes and knob/round-shaped persisters. Only Bay leaf oil and Cassia oil, including their major constituents, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, showed to target biofilm-like aggregates of both tested Borrelia spp. at the same concentration, although with 20–30% eradication mark. Conclusion: Based on obtained results, volatile oils were more potent than non-volatile oils, and unsaturated fatty acids were more effective than saturated fatty acids. Among all tested oils, Bay leaf oil and Cassia oil, with their major components eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, seem to have the highest anti-borreliae efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, but scant work examines the impact of SFA type upon these outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that an obesogenic diet prepared with medium chain SFA (MCSFA), mostly as lauric acid-derived from coconut oil, reduces obesity-induced outcomes compared to obesogenic diets prepared with increasing amounts long chain SFA (LCSFA), primarily palmitic acid. Mice were fed (16 weeks) a control, low fat diet or obesogenic diets prepared with differing content of MCSFA or LCSFA in which polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; MUFA) were kept constant. Inclusion of MCSFA in an obesogenic diet prevented hepatic lipid accumulation and lowered indices of insulin resistance. Obesogenic diets reduced hepatic levels of de novo lipogenesis proteins (SCD1 and FASN) but elevated the adipose levels of mRNA for the pro-inflammatory markers Mcp-1 and Tnfα. Lipidomic analysis of plasma indicated that MCSFA intake resulted in a different lipidomic signature than LCSFA intake, prevented elevation of pro-inflammatory ceramides, but elevated concentrations of some lipids associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk. Intake of the obesogenic diets in an SFA-type dependent manner elevated plasma concentrations of several phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids having the long chain PUFA (LCPUFA) arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), altered phospholipid ethers, and changed the triacylglyceryl environments of these LCPUFA. Our data indicate that (1) MCSFA reduce the severity of some obesogenic co-morbidities, (2) SFA-type modulates lipidomic signatures associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and (3) dietary SFA type impacts LCPUFA metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to assess the effects of dietary flaxseed on the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation, colour and flavour of the longissimus thoracis muscle of double-muscled Piemontese young bulls. Compared to a control diet, the flaxseed diet had no significant effect on the moisture, protein or ether extract content. Flaxseed modified the fatty acid composition of beef. A more than doubled n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content (from 21.1 to 46.7 g/kg of total fatty acids – TFA – in control and flaxseed beef, respectively; p <.001) and a lowered n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (13.13 versus 5.60; p <.001) were observed. The total trans-octadecadienoic acids were also increased by flaxseed (7.8 vs 12.1 g/kg TFA; p =.001). The total saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids and PUFA contents, as well as the PUFA/SFA ratio, remained unaffected by the treatment. Lipid oxidation stability tended to be negatively affected by flaxseed (p =.096). Such a negative effect was more pronounced as the ageing period advanced. The malondialdehyde content was ≤0.72 mg MDA/kg meat, and was therefore below the threshold values for rancidity. Meat colour was not influenced by dietary treatment. The inclusion of flaxseed in the diet increased beef flavour intensity perceived by consumers and did not negatively affect flavour acceptability. Properly combining the choice of animal breed and diet allows a slight improvement of the nutritional value of meat for human consumption. Proximate composition, colour and flavour of Piemontese beef are not affected by dietary flaxseed Dietary flaxseed increases ALA and long-chain n-3 PUFA and lowers the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of Piemontese beef Flaxseed unprotected from ruminal biohydrogenation does not allow labelling Piemontese beef as source of n-3 FA in the European Union [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Five diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich lipids had similar lipolysis degrees during digestion. • Unsaturated fatty acids showed higher release percentages in DAG-rich lipids. • Glycerolipid profiles of DAG-rich lipids and lipolysis extents were closely related. • DAGs with higher unsaturation degrees exhibited higher digestibility. • SaSa-DAGs might show good potential to control obesity by prolonging digestion. This study aimed to support the pursuit of healthy oils and investigate the relationships between lipid compositions and digestion fates of diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich lipids using an in vitro digestion model. Soybean-, olive-, rapeseed-, camellia-, and linseed-based DAG-rich lipids (termed SD, OD, RD, CD, and LD, respectively) were selected. These lipids exhibited identical lipolysis degrees (92.20–94.36 %) and digestion rates (0.0403–0.0466 s−1). The lipid structure (DAG or triacylglycerol) was a more important factor affecting the lipolysis degree than other indices (glycerolipid composition and fatty acid composition). For RD, CD and LD with similar fatty acid compositions, the same fatty acid had different release levels, probably due to their different glycerolipid compositions (causing different distributions of the fatty acid in UU-DAG, USa-DAG and SaSa-DAG; U: unsaturated fatty acids, Sa: saturated fatty acids). This study provides insights into the digestion behaviors of different DAG-rich lipids and supports their food or pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, e-cigs) have become the most sought-after alternative to the traditional cigarettes, partly due to the widespread perception of safety. However, the high temperature reached by e-cig solutions can generate toxic compounds, some of which are listed as known human carcinogens. To evaluate the impact of e-cig aerosol on rat brain lipid profile, twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 11 cycles/day (E-cig group), to consume 1 mL/day of e-liquid, for 5 days/week up to 8 weeks. Ten rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks (4w) and ten at the end of treatment (8w). The composition of total fatty acids, sterols and oxysterols of the lipid fraction of rat brains, was analyzed. The results of the E-cig group were compared with those of the control group (not exposed). After 8 weeks, the saturated fatty acids significantly raised up to 7.35 mg/g tissue, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased reaching 3.17 mg/g. The e-cig vaping increased both palmitic (3.43 mg/g) and stearic acids (3.82 mg/g), while a significant decrement of arachidonic (1.32 mg/g) and docosahexaenoic acids (1.00 mg/g) was found. Atherogenic (0.5) and thrombogenic (1.12) indices also increased in 8w treated animals. The e-cig aerosol significantly impacted the cholesterol homeostasis, since the latter at 8w (21.57 mg/g) was significantly lower than control (24.56 mg/g); moreover, a significant increase of 7-dehydrocholesterol (1.87 mg/g) was also denoted in e-cig group. The e-cig aerosol also reduced the oxysterol formation (19.55 μg/g) after 4 weeks of exposure, except for triol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol (α-EC). The principal component analysis (PCA) separated all E-cig from control groups, evidencing that oxysterols (except triol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC)) were inversely correlated to 7-DHC and TI. The present research revealed that e-cigs aerosol affected the lipid and cholesterol homeostasis in rat brain, which could contribute to the new occurrence of some neurodegenerative diseases. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The effect of electronic cigarette (e-cig) aerosol on rat brain lipids was studied. • E-cig aerosol exposure significantly increased saturated fatty acids (stearic acid). • Brain cholesterol homeostasis was significantly impacted by e-cig aerosol exposure. • Cholesterol reduction led to oxysterols decrease in rat brain. • Principal component analysis separated the control group from e-cig exposed rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The magnitude of postprandial lipemia is influenced not only by the amount but also the type of fat and carbohydrate consumed. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in postprandial glucose and lipid responses after a mixed meal containing low- or high-glycemic-index (GI) carbohydrate and three different types of fat varying in the degree of saturation in healthy subjects.Methods: A randomized, controlled, single-blinded crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy Chinese men. Subjects consumed in random order six experimental isocaloric meals that differed in carbohydrate and fat quality, and contained 40 g of either saturated fat (SFA, butter), monounsaturated fat (MUFA, olive oil) or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA, grapeseed oil), and 50 g of either low-GI (basmati rice) or high-GI (jasmine rice) carbohydrate. Glucose, insulin, c-peptide, triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured over 4 h.Results: For all substrates evaluated, there were no significant interactions between fat and carbohydrate. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for TG was significantly lower after the SFA and PUFA meals compared with the MUFA meal, irrespective of GI. No significant difference was found for NEFA iAUC in all treatments. Glucose, insulin and c-peptide iAUCs were significantly lower after ingestion of low-GI than high-GI meals, independent of the type of fat.Conclusions: A carbohydrate-rich meal (of either low or high GI) that contains butter or grapeseed oil results in lower postprandial TG concentrations relative to olive oil in healthy Chinese males. Glucose, insulin and c-peptide responses, however, are directly dependent on the GI of the meal and not on the degree of saturation of dietary fat.The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02585427. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of diseases, ranging from hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver failure. The etiology of NAFLD remains unclear but is thought to relate to increased fatty acid flux within the liver that results in toxic fatty acid metabolite production. One source of increased fatty acid flux is fructose/sucrose-induced hepatic lipogenesis. Current treatment for NAFLD encompasses dietary modifications. However, little scientific evidence exists on which to base many dietary recommendations, especially the intake of different types of carbohydrates and fats. We hypothesized that lipid mixtures of unsaturated fatty acids would inhibit lipogenesis and subsequent hepatic steatosis induced by high carbohydrate diets. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different complex mixtures of fatty acids upon the development of fructose/sucrose-induced hepatic steatosis. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were randomized to normocaloric chow-based diets that varied in the type of carbohydrate (starch, sucrose, fructose). Animals in each carbohydrate group were further randomized to diets that varied in lipid type (no additional lipid, soybean oil, fish oil, olive/soybean oil, macadamia nut oil). These oils were chosen based upon their content of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, or omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid flux in the liver was determine by assessing hepatic lipid content (steatosis). We also assessed fatty acid levels in the plasma and liver of the animals, hepatic lipogenesis activity, hepatic stearoyl-CoA-1 desaturase activity, and hepatic elongase activity. Results: Animals consumed similar amounts of the diets and maintained normal body weights throughout the study. Both sucrose and fructose induced hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis, with fructose being more potent. All mixed lipids similarly inhibited steatosis, limiting lipid content to levels found in the control (starch) animals. Lipogenesis and stearoyl-CoA-1 desaturase activity were increased in the sucrose and fructose groups. Levels of these enzymatic processes remained at baseline in all of the lipid groups. Conclusion: This is the first study to compare various complex lipid mixtures, based upon dietary oils with different types of long-chain fatty acids, upon development of sucrose/fructose-induced steatosis. Both carbohydrate source and lipid content appear important for the modulation of steatosis. Moderate intake of complex lipids with high unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios inhibited both lipogenesis and steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health-conscious consumers following dietary fat recommendations require meat that is low in saturated fat with preferably high levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. This review summarizes the influence of dietary lipids from red meat on human health and examines the potential to enhance lipid composition through pasture-feeding. The role of fatty acids in plant and ruminant metabolism is discussed to highlight the complexity of ruminal digestion when trying to enhance fatty acids in meat. Generally, ruminants that consume pasture diets have been shown to produce a more desirable fatty acid composition than those fed grain and offer potential to be further enhanced by using specific plant species. Elevated polyunsaturated fat content in meat, however, tends to increase susceptibility to oxidation, which influences other meat quality characteristics including shelf-life and color. The use of specific plant species may mitigate these negative effects due to vitamin E or other antioxidants in these plants, which protect polyunsaturated fats from oxidation. When assessing the potential of plants as a natural dietary fat source, consideration must be given to environmental influences on plant fatty acid composition to ensure consistent production of meat products with high nutritive value under a range of management practices. This review also explores the potential impact of climate change on plant fatty acid composition, and the potential implications of this for meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Hypothesis: Reduced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity is a feature associated with sustained exposure to excess saturated fatty acids (SFA), whereas mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA) not only improve insulin sensitivity but blunt SFA-induced insulin resistance. The mechanisms by which MUFAs and PUFAs institute these favourable changes remain unclear, but may involve stimulating insulin signalling by counter-modulation/repression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). This study investigated the effects of oleic acid (OA; a MUFA), linoleic acid (LOA; a PUFA) and palmitate (PA; a SFA) in cultured myotubes and determined whether changes in insulin signalling can be attributed to PP2A regulation. Principal Findings: We treated cultured skeletal myotubes with unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and evaluated insulin signalling, phosphorylation and methylation status of the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Unlike PA, sustained incubation of rat or human myotubes with OA or LOA significantly enhanced Akt- and ERK1/2-directed insulin signalling. This was not due to heightened upstream IRS1 or PI3K signalling nor to changes in expression of proteins involved in proximal insulin signalling, but was associated with reduced dephosphorylation/inactivation of Akt and ERK1/2. Consistent with this, PA reduced PP2Ac demethylation and tyrosine307phosphorylation - events associated with PP2A activation. In contrast, OA and LOA strongly opposed these PA-induced changes in PP2Ac thus exerting a repressive effect on PP2A. Conclusions/Interpretation: Beneficial gains in insulin sensitivity and the ability of unsaturated fatty acids to oppose palmitate-induced insulin resistance in muscle cells may partly be accounted for by counter-modulation of PP2A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different processing methods (marinated and smoked) on proximate compositions and fatty acids of thornback ray ( Raja clavata) and spiny dogfish ( Squalis acanthias) were investigated. Total lipid content was 3.39% in thornback ray and 5.90% in spiny dogfish. The lipids of raw fish consisted mainly of polyunsaturated fatty acids in thornback ray and saturated fatty acid in spiny dogfish. The n−3/ n−6 ratio of thornback ray (3.78) was higher compared to spiny dogfish (2.87). After processing, water content decreased significantly while crude protein, lipid, and ash contents increased in both fishes. In general, processing techniques significantly ( p < 0.05) affected fatty acid fractions; in both species, SFA content increased, MUFA and PUFA content decreased. In addition, after processing n−3/ n−6 ratios increased although total n−3 and n−6 contents decreased. The results indicated that heat treatment and acidic medium during processing had considerable affects on the proximate and fatty acid composition of the final products. Marinated and smoked products prepared from both fish species offer a balanced fatty acid composition for human nutrition. In terms of fresh and processed products, while the spiny dogfish appears to have a higher PUFA content, the thornback ray is a richer source of EPA + DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are a complex group of biomolecules whose precise functions remain poorly understood. As a result of this poor understanding, it is difficult to make mechanistically based recommendations for appropriate dietary intakes. It is equally difficult to develop methods that are capable of diagnosing functional impairments because of insufficiencies or excesses in particular fatty acids. Lipids are abundant building blocks of cellular membranes, supply components for lipid particle assembly and substrates for metabolic fuel, and provide a precursor pool for an astonishingly diverse range of signalling molecules. In each of these broad functions, the functional consequences of different structures of fatty acids are not fully understood. According to research on membrane functions through early evolution, docosahexaenoic acid provides two biophysical properties to membranes - accelerating the lateral motion of lipids and proteins within the plane of the membrane and simultaneously slowing the rate of diffusion/leakage of charged species across the plane of the membrane. The range of fatty acid structures used as substrates for assembly of either lipoproteins or milk fat globules is broad, yet the functional consequences of differences are not known. Different lipids signal into a remarkable range of biological processes. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are becoming recognized as signal molecules in their own right. The complex composition of human milk lipids implies that diets with a diversity of fatty acids in complex lipid forms and structures is more beneficial than a narrow range of any particular group of fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A comparative study has been conducted of the major lipid classes composition, as well as the fatty acid and carotenoid content in the yolk of conventional eggs from five avian species (ostrich, turkey, quail, duck and goose); the nutritional indices were calculated. The neutral lipids were the major yolk fractions but their proportions varied among species. All yolks and especially ostrich’s yolk were found to be an excellent source of dietary lecithin. Quail yolk displayed the lowest fat and cholesterol content and the lowest values for the cholesterol index (CI) and cholesterol-saturated fat index (CSI). It is therefore more appropriate for a healthier diet. Turkey and goose yolks contained significantly (P< 0.05) higher ω-3 fatty acid proportion and ω-6/ω-3 ratio. The turkey yolk was characterised by the lowest AI and TI values, which are recommended for a healthy diet. Quail yolk lipids contained a favourable PUFA/SFA ratio. All the examined yolks contained highly bioavailable functional nutrients, such as lutein and zeaxanthin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential value of hepatic lipids of the white sea bream, Diplodus sargus, as a source of important biomedical components. Fatty acid compositions of hepatic neutral (triacylglycerols) and polar (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, or phosphatidylethanolamine) lipid fractions were determined. In order to verify the influence of a season on the fatty acid compositions of liver lipid fractions, fish were captured and analyzed in winter, spring, summer and autumn. Eighteen different fatty acids were identified in the analyzed lipid fractions. The major constituents of total fatty acids were saturates: palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), monounsaturated fatty acids: oleic (18:1 n-9) and palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7), while arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) were the major constituents among polyunsaturated fatty acids. Their amounts and ratios differed significantly among seasons in different lipid fractions. Total unsaturated fatty acids in all analyzed lipid fractions were the highest in the winter period. Saturated fatty acids were the highest in the spring period in all lipid fractions. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid achieved the highest values in triacylglycerols in the winter period. Unsaturation indices and n-3/n-6 values were also influenced by the season. This study revealed a seasonality pattern of D. sargus hepatic fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on lipid lowering diets have focused on the total content of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. However, the distribution of these fatty acids on the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecule and the molecular TAG species generated by this stereospecificity are characteristic for various native dietary TAGs. Fat randomization or interesterification is a process involving the positional redistribution of fatty acids, which leads to the generation of new TAG molecular species. A comparison between native and randomized TAGs is the subject of this review with regards to the role of stereospecificity of fatty acids in metabolic processing and effects on fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia. The positioning of unsaturated versus saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of TAGs indicate differences in early metabolic processing and postprandial clearance, which may explain modulatory effects on atherogenecity and thrombogenecity. Both human and animal studies are discussed with implications for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma, platelet, and erythrocyte lipids were measured as a function of time. Healthy adults consumed a diet rich in saturated fat (18% total energy, TE) for 19 d and then crossed over, without washout, to a diet rich in (n-6) polyunsaturated fat (10% TE) for a further 19 d. The fatty acid composition of plasma and blood cell lipids was measured in blood samples collected from fasting subjects on d 0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, and 19 of consuming the diet rich in (n-6) polyunsaturated fats. The linoleic acid composition of all plasma, platelet, and erythrocyte lipids increased to a plateau within 19 d, reaching at least 70% of maximum within 5 d. The maximum increase in linoleic acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine was 3.8 mol% at d 12; the increase at d 1 was 2 mol% and at d 5 was 3.2 mol%. The decrease in pentadecanoic acid composition followed a similar time course in all lipids with the exception of plasma phospholipids. Our results show that the time course of dietary-induced changes in erythrocyte fatty acid composition is similar to that in plasma and platelet lipids. These results provide convincing, albeit indirect evidence that the exchange of fatty acids from plasma to erythrocytes and platelets is a major determinant of their membrane fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decapods have successfully colonized changing coastal habitats throughout the world by adapting their behavior, physiology, and biochemistry. Biochemical reserves, such as lipids and fatty acids (FAs), play fundamental roles in this adaptation process. These energy reserves are key for the development of decapods and their composition mainly depends on the type and quality of food available in their habitats. This study evaluated the lipid content and FA composition of three tissues (hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle) in two widely distributed, semi-terrestrial coastal crab species in Chile, Cyclograpsus cinereus from the upper intertidal and Hemigrapsus crenulatus from estuaries. This evaluation aimed to assess the physiological role of the bioenergetic reserves of these crabs, which tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions. Our results showed that both species had a higher lipid content in the hepatopancreas and a lower lipid content in its gills and muscle. All three of the evaluated tissues in C. cinereus showed high contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and its hepatopancreas displayed the highest contents of monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In turn, H. crenulatus had the highest contents of MUFAs and PUFAs in its gills and muscle tissues, including an important amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The FA content of C. cinereus may indicate an adaptive physiological response aimed at maintaining its cellular fluid balance during periods of desiccation in the upper intertidal zone. In contrast, the FAs found in H. crenulatus may be linked to the high activity of the sodium‑potassium pump in its gills, in order to maintain osmoregulation in estuaries. [Display omitted] • Lipids and fatty acids are important to tolerate fluctuating coastal environments. • The habitat type determine the availability of lipid and fatty acid. • Cyclograpsus cinereus from the upper intertidal showed a high content of SFA. • Hemigrapsus crenulatus from the estuary showed a high content of PUFAs in its gills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different organisms (mainly poikilotherms) are subject to environmental fluctuations that could affect their normal physiological functioning (e.g., by destabilization of biomembranes and rupture of biomolecules). As a result, animals regulate their body temperature and adapt to different environmental conditions through various physiological strategies. These adaptations are crucial in all organisms, although they are more relevant in those that have reached a great adaptive diversity such as scorpions. Within scorpions, the genus Urophonius presents species with winter activity, being this a peculiarity within the Order and an opportunity to study the strategies deployed by these organisms when facing different temperatures. Here, we explore three basic issues of lipid remodeling under high and low temperatures, using adults and juveniles of Urophonius achalensis and U. brachycentrus. First, as an indicator of metabolic state, we analyzed the lipidic changes in different tissues observing that low temperatures generate higher quantities of triacylglycerols and fewer amount of structural lipids and sphyngomielin. Furthermore, we studied the participation of fatty acids in adaptive homeoviscosity, showing that there are changes in the quantity of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at low temperature (mainly 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2). Finally, we observe that there are quantitative and qualitative variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons (with possible water barrier and chemical recognition function). These fluctuations are in some cases species-specific, metabolic-specific, tissue-specific and in others depend on the ontogenetic state. • In Scorpions that are active in autumn-winter the acclimatization to cold, generates higher quantities of triacylglycerols in hepatopancreas and 'rest of the body'. • The acclimatization to cold generates fewer amount of structural lipids and sphyngomielin. • The acclimatization to cold generates changes the fatty acids patterns, with more unsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acids. • The acclimatization to cold generates differences in the quantity and quality of cuticular hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) can reduce adiposity and lessen the co-morbidities of obesity. Mice consuming obesogenic high-fat (HF) diets develop insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, but have elevated indices of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) that may be beneficial. While TRF impacts lipid metabolism, scant data exist regarding the impact of TRF upon lipidomic composition of tissues. We (1) tested the hypothesis that TRF of a HF diet elevates LCPUFA indices while preventing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis and (2) determined the impact of TRF upon the lipidome in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue. For 12 weeks, male, adult mice were fed a control diet ad libitum, a HF diet ad libitum (HF-AL), or a HF diet with TRF, 12 hours during the dark phase (HF-TRF). HF-TRF prevented insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis resulting from by HF-AL treatment. TRF-blocked plasma increases in LCPUFA induced by HF-AL treatment but elevated concentrations of triacylglycerols and non-esterified saturated fatty acids. Analysis of the hepatic lipidome demonstrated that TRF did not elevate LCPUFA while reducing steatosis. However, TRF created (1) a separate hepatic lipid signature for triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine species and (2) modified gene and protein expression consistent with reduced fatty acid synthesis and restoration of diurnal gene signaling. TRF increased the saturated fatty acid content in visceral adipose tissue. In summary, TRF of a HF diet alters the lipidomic profile of plasma, liver, and adipose tissue, creating a third distinct lipid metabolic state indicative of positive metabolic adaptations following HF intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]