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The purpose of this research paper is to investigate how technology has influenced the economic growth of developing countries and what steps are needed to be implemented in the regions of the world such as Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reflects the arguments and the conclusions brought up during the discussion with a student roundtable answering the general research question; 'Are certain developing countries doomed to remain emerging'? In answering this question, the group identified four factors for economic growth: (1) human resources, (2) natural resources, (3) physical capital and (4) technology. Of the four factors technology was the single most significant factor for economic growth in developing countries, although the others are just as important. The group concluded that countries that lead the world in generating advanced technologies and leveraging their full productive capacity can gain a strategic comparative advantage and become an advanced country. Innovation and entrepreneurship are crucial for long-term economic development.

Since the 1980s, inequality has been rising in Europe, North America and parts of Asia. How does our understanding of global inequality dynamics change if coverage is extended to the rest of the developing world? To rebalance the perspective on global inequality trends, this paper surveys data and literature on recent inequality trends in Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. It finds that in these regions there are more countries with falling than rising inequality over the past 20 years, as measured by Ginis of income or consumption inequality. At the global level, therefore, there are signs of inequality convergence, as inequality has been falling in countries with high inequality in the 1990s (particularly Latin America), and rising in historically low-inequality countries. We discuss the political and economic drivers of inequality decline in countries with a steady fall in the Gini. This suggests some common trends across the globe, including the role of democratisation, the rise of new social movements, and the expansion of education and social safety nets and favourable commodity prices, in reducing income disparities. This paper calls for more country-level comparisons of inequality trends, to highlight the multiplicity of paths in this latest phase of globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1980s were both the lost decade of growth for much of Latin America and Africa and the period in which--through the new growth theory--macroeconomists returned to the study of growth and development. The new growth theory is production function driven and concerned primarily with steady states, and has paid little attention to the role of macroeconomic policy--as reflected for instance in the rate of inflation and the budget deficit--in determining growth. This paper presents a variety of evidence that macroeconomics policies matter for long-run growth. First, macroeconomic variables enter the typical new growth theory cross-country regressions with statistical significance and the expected signs. Second, evidence from large multicountry case studies, and from case studies of Chile and Côte d'Ivoire presented in the paper, shows that macroeconomic policy choices have had a significant impact on growth over periods of more than a decade. The conclusion is that macroeconomic policy choices, including the budget deficit, the exchange rate system, and those choices that determine the inflation rate, matter for long-term economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a descriptive analysis approach regarding the influence of some institutional variables on the economic growth in emerging countries. The sample consists of 20 countries covering different zones: European Emerging, Asia Pacific Emerging, Latin America, Middle-East and Africa. We analyze the evolution and the nature of the correlations of economic growth and some of its determinants such as corruption control, government stability and investment profile during 2000-2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural transformation is a key feature of economic development. Developed countries all followed the same process of structural transformation. This paper asks whether developing countries also follow a similar process. Three key findings emerge from the detailed analysis. First, developing countries are following different paths of structural transformation that deviate from those of developed countries in different ways. Second, the paths of the subcontinents of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are distinct, and there is great heterogeneity within each region. Third, many countries experience substantial structural transformation during periods of economic stagnation or even decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact high-quality cooperative research is having in helping countries improve nascent science infrastructure. It comments on collaborative science in Africa and mentions universities in South Africa generate nearly two-thirds of the fractional count (FC). It reports on how annual regional economic growth has helped bolster science in South and Central America. It presents charts of science networks in Central and Southern America, and in Africa.

This paper reflects on 'late development', or more precisely, 'late industrialization': the idea that the industrialization of one part of the world altered the possibilities for industrialization elsewhere, such that later industrializations would take different forms from the original industrial revolution. For half a century, following Alexander Gerschenkron's account of late Tsarist Russia, the leading role of the state has been seen in the literature as the major characteristic of late industrialization in Latin America, Asia and Africa. The paper endorses the emphasis on the importance of the role of the state, but argues that a gap has emerged between the economic historiography of late industrialization before the First World War, and the political economy literature on the more recent industrializations, written by Alice Amsden and others. A number of issues are identified for further research, in the direction of a unified analysis of the history of late industrialization. The paper goes on to argue that the study of 'late industrialization' needs to be given a thematically wider and chronologically deeper frame. This possibility arises from the approach to very long-term economic development developed over the last decade or so by Kaoru Sugihara. In his view, Asian development was distinguished from Western development not just by the greater role of the state but by greater labour (increasingly accompanied by skill) - intensity. The paper explores the significance and problems of Sugihara's distinction of plural 'paths' of very long-term economic development, defined by characteristic technical and institutional responses to relative factor endowments. Questions arise, for example, in the context of the different experiences of Latin America and Africa, as well as from variations across Asia. It is suggested that a research agenda emerges that may allow us to enrich the analysis of 'late industrialization', and set it firmly in the context of longer-term economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poorer countries are generally believed to be more vulnerable to climate change than richer countries because poorer countries are more exposed and have less adaptive capacity. This suggests that, in principle, there are two ways of reducing vulnerability to climate change: economic growth and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Using a complex climate change impact model, in which development is an important determinant of vulnerability, the hypothesis is tested whether development aid is more effective in reducing impacts than is emission abatement. The hypothesis is barely rejected for Asia but strongly accepted for Latin America and, particularly, Africa. The explanation for the difference is that development (aid) reduces vulnerabilities in some sectors (infectious diseases, water resources, agriculture) but increases vulnerabilities in others (cardiovascular diseases, energy consumption). However, climate change impacts are much higher in Latin America and Africa than in Asia, so that money spent on emission reduction for the sake of avoiding impacts in developing countries is better spent on vulnerability reduction in those countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many parallels between the development of Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Recent literature on this is reviewed. It is argued in the paper that the key to long-term development is the shift from inward (import substitution) to outward (export-oriented) growth. This shift involves both tariff reduction and significant investment in infrastructure and human capital accumulation. Given that much of Latin America (historically) and Sub-Saharan Africa (currently) has depended or depends on trade taxes for revenue, an outward orientation poses a significant fiscal problem, which makes it extremely difficult to switch to an export-oriented growth path. East Asian experience points to the importance of broad-based agricultural growth in making the fiscal transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A regression analysis of 92 Asian, African, and Latin American countries during 1970-85 produced the following results: (1) The effect of external debt on industrial growth is positive and statistically significant at high levels of state coercive capacity. (2) This effect is negative and statistically significant at low levels of state coercive capacity. (3) At middle levels of state coercive capacity external debt registered no effect. Based on these findings this paper puts forward the following three arguments: First, the "modernization" hypothesis of a positive relationship between external debt and industrial growth is more likely if state institutions are strong and capable. Second, the "dependency" hypothesis of a negative relationship between external debt and industrial growth is more likely when state institutions are weak and relatively incapacitated. Finally therefore, these two perspectives may be studied as special cases of a grander theory of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature on spatial interdependence in FDI flows has primarily focused on developed economies as hosts, with these hosts economically tied together via good infrastructure and historically strong/significant trade flows. In contrast, we explicitly test for the presence of spatial interdependence in developing hosts (Africa, Latin American and the Caribbean) where such ties are not as strong. For US outbound FDI between 1995 and 2007, our empirical results confirm third-country effects do matter even when controlling for spatial and time-period fixed effects. Based on the signs of the market potential and spatial lag coefficients, we find US FDI strategies into these regions as consistent with complex vertical specialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the macroeconomic impact of remittances and some control variables such as openness of the economy, capital/labor ratio, and economic freedom on the economic growth of African, Asian, and Latin American-Caribbean countries using newly developed panel unit-root tests, cointegration tests, and Panel Fully Modified OLS (PFMOLS). We use annual panel data from 1985-2007for 64 countries consisting of 29 from Africa, 14 from Asia, and 21 from Latin America and the Caribbean region, respectively. We find that remittances, openness of the economy, and capital labor ratio have positive and significant effect on economic growth for all regions as a group and in each of the three in study. While the economic freedom index also has a positive and significant effect on growth in Africa and Latin America, however, its effect on the economic growth of Asia is mixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A century after Weber's famous essay, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Protestantism has changed dramatically. Today, there is an affinity between Pentecostalism-a movement vibrant in Latin America and Africa-and modern economic development. Analogues to the Protestant ethic can be found in eastern Asia and these may be looked upon as 'functional equivalents.' Other examples include Opus Dei in Spain and the Old Believers in Russia. Something like the Protestant ethic is a necessary though not sufficient causal factor if a population is to move successfully from poverty to a reasonably decent standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research bridges two well-established bodies of literature; democratization literature and development literature. Scholars in the first camp frequently focus on the relationship between democracy and economic performance, whereas researchers adhering to the second camp often attempt to establish the link between good governance and sustainable economic and social development. However, both groups fall short of systematically linking the effect of democracy to good governance. Focusing on Africa and Latin America this research fills this gap by examining whether democracy and democratization lead to more responsible and effective governance. Through pooled time-series analysis this article reveals a strong significant effect of democracy on good governance. This article also illustrates that a state's move toward democracy immediately triggers improved governance practices, albeit with a stronger effect on Africa than on Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa and Latin America secured independence from European colonial rule a century and half apart: most of Latin America by the 1820s and most of Africa by 1960. Despite the distance in time and space, they share important similarities. In each case independence was followed by political instability, violent conflict, and economic stagnation lasting for about a half-century. The parallels suggest that Africa might be exiting from a period of postimperial collapse and entering one of relative political stability and economic growth, as did Latin America almost two centuries ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a series of articles about poverty, development and budget systems.