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It is attempt to enhance the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/glass by introducing one-dimensional materials into the Al2O3/glass composite which are fired at 850 °C. The influences of AlN whiskers, carbon fibers and copper fibers on the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/30 vol% glass composites were studied by the laser thermal conductance instrument, XRD and SEM. The results show that the adding of one-dimensional materials with excellent thermal conductivity remarkably enhances the thermal property of the composites. The oxidation of AlN or copper was not detected when the composites were sintered at 850 °C with 25 MPa for 45 min in a nitrogen atmosphere. Fibers are more effective to enhance the densification of the composites than the whiskers. The highest value of the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/glass/copper fiber achieves 38.9 W (mK)−1, an increase of about 500%. The clear enhancement of the thermal conductivity is due to the bridging network formed by the one-dimensional materials.

In this paper, carbon fiber with high thermal conductivity was introduced into the alumina-based composites. To avoid oriented alignment of carbon fibers (Cf) and carbothermal reactions during the sintering process, the Al2O3/glass/Cf substrate was hot-pressed under a segmental-pressure procedure at 1123 K. Experimental results show that carbon fibers randomly distribute and form a bridging structure in the matrix. The three-dimensional network of Cf in Al2O3/glass/Cf substrate brings excellent heat conducting performance due to the heat conduction by electrons. The thermal conductivity of Al2O3/30%glass/30%Cf is as high as 28.98 W mK−1, which is 4.56 times larger than that of Al2O3/30%glass.

Ceramic-Al substrates with co-continuous ceramic and metal phases, which exhibit high thermal conductivity and compatible coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), have been widely investigated through the process of die-casting. In this research, a kind of powder sintering process was proposed for fabricating ceramic-Cu composite substrates with co-continuous phases. Copper fiber (Cuf) has excellent thermal conductivity and large aspect ratio, making it an ideal material to form bridging network structures in the ceramic-Cu composite. To maintain the large aspect ratio of Cuf, and densify the composite substrate, ZnO-SiO2-CaO glass was introduced as a sintering additive. Both Al2O3/glass/Cuf and Al2O3/30glass/Cup composite substrates were hot-pressed at 850 &deg, C under 25 MPa. Experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/30glass/30Cuf composite substrate was as high as 38.9 W/mK, which was about 6 times that of Al2O3/30glass, in contrast, the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/30glass/30Cup composite substrate was only 25.9 W/mK. Microstructure observation showed that, influenced by hot press and corrosion of molten ZnO-SiO2-CaO glass, the copper fibers were deformed under hot-pressing, and some local melting-like phenomena occurred on the surface of copper fiber at 850 &deg, C under 25 MPa. The molten phase originating from surface of Cuf welded the overlapping node of copper fibers during cooling process. Finally, the interconnecting metal bridging in ceramic matrix was formed and behaved as a rapid heat-dissipating channel, which is similar to substrates prepared through die-casting process by porous ceramic and melted Al.

The daily activity pattern of wild Francois' langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi francisi ) was observed in disturbed habitat at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province, China, between 1999 and 2000. The behaviors of wild adult Francois' langurs were recorded at a 5-min interval using an instantaneous sampling method. The results indicate that resting, foraging, traveling, huddling, playing and grooming activities account for 35.41%, 31.67%, 14.44%, 9.61%, 8.54% and 0.33%, respectively, in the daily time budget of these adult Francois' langurs during the study period. In comparison with the results in undisturbed habitat, the decreased food availability in disturbed habitat changes the foraging behavior of langurs, and also changes time budgets of other behaviors, such as the increase of the proportion of traveling and the decrease of the proportion of resting. At the same time, the higher frequency of human activity in the disturbed habitat influences the time budget of daily social behavior of the langurs including playing, huddling and grooming. The patterns of activity rhythms of wild adult Francois' langurs in the disturbed habitat show some seasonal differences which are also discussed.

A sample of 1768 participants was tested for seven different traits of lateral functional dominance (hand clasping, handedness, arm folding, leg folding, stride type, preferential foot, and preferential eye) in five populations (Oroqen, Ewenki, Daur, Mongol, and Han) from Inner Mongolia, China. The results are as follows. 1) Seven traits all show right dominance (RD) in Mongol. However, just arm folding of the seven traits shows left dominance (LD) in Oroqen and Ewenki. In addition, LD also present for hand clasping in Daur, and for hand clasping and stride type in Han. 2) Sexual characteristics are not obvious in the traits. 3) Significant ethnic characteristics are observed in stride type, preferential foot, and preferential eye. 4) Some relationships occur in the traits. Furthermore, leg folding has the mostly close correlation with other six traits, followed by between hand clasping and handedness, and, in the last place, preferential eye with other six traits. 5) From PCA and cluster analysis, it is shown that, compared with Oroqen that has relatively distinct distribution of RD and LD for most of the traits, Ewenki shows the most similar to Mongol, and the more to Daur and Han in the distributing pattern. On the whole, the result coincides with the known history data of ethnic origin of each population.