Search

This correction notice addresses an error in the legend for Figure 1 and Figure 4 in the original publication titled "Deindustrialization, Tertiarization and Suburbanization in Central and Eastern Europe. Lessons Learned from Bucharest City, Romania." The mistake occurred when the numbers in the figures were replaced by their explanations, but the explanations were not included below the figures in the version uploaded on September 6, 2023. The authors request that these two figures be replaced with their variant, where the legend is explained in the text. The correction does not affect the scientific conclusions of the publication. [Extracted from the article]

In capitalist Eastern Europe, surplus population is created at the intersection of economic restructuring, leading to the decline of jobs, the absorption of housing in broader circuits of capital accumulation, and the state's disinvestment in social housing. Drawing on the lived experiences of the impoverished Roma from Baia Mare (Maramureș county, Romania), I analyze how racialization produces them as surplus-as-laborer and surplus-as-tenant. The article explores the historically constituted labor-housing nexus. Capitalist enterprises are interested in having permanent access to a cheap and flexible labor force that reproduces in housing conditions that are as low cost as they are inadequate. Private real estate capital excludes those who cannot afford the fast-rising level of the ground rent while the post-socialist state refuses to invest in public housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to delve deeply into the current understanding of the ways in which the transition from a central-based economy to an economy relying on free competition has led to changes in the big urban centers, bringing about a change in the relationships with the suburban areas. The authors take into account the high population density, the lack of space, and the elevated price of land within the big cities, which leads to urban functions migrating beyond the administrative boundaries, thus favoring the process of suburbanization. Given the context, commercial forces shift, migrating from the center to the urban peripheries or even outside them. This research is based on a comprehensive process of participative investigation (2012–2022) in Bucharest, Romania's capital city. The research relies on field investigation, statistical and quantitative analyses and bibliographical sources. The conclusions rely primarily on the idea that political changes cannot be separated from economic, cultural and environmental ones, highlighting globalizing flows and the development of big cities. Industrial activities, strongly developed within a central-based economy, have significantly declined, which is partly compensated for by the development of the tertiary sector and, in particular, of commercial services leading to a functional reconversion of the urban peripheries and of suburban areas. The conclusions suggest that it is very important to be highly careful regarding the dilemmas and challenges ensuing from uncontrolled urban growth; therefore, several measures of urban planning should be taken with a view to achieving a better cooperation between urban stakeholders and those from the metropolitan areas so as to attain some common objectives in infrastructure in order to reach an integrated regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how deindustrialization as economic restructuring and housing regime changes evolved interconnectedly in Romania during the Great Transformation from state socialism to neoliberal capitalism. This article also explores how they acted as conditions for the emergence of a real-estatedevelopment-driven housing regime (REDD-HR) alongside other factors. The analysis is from the perspective of the geographical political economy on the variegated pathways of these phenomena across borders and secondary statistical data collected by two research projects conducted in Romania in the past two years. In the Eastern semiperiphery of global capitalism or a country oftheGlobal Easts with a socialist legacy, after 1990, the state restructured the economy by privatizing industry and public housing. During state socialism, the housing regime supported industrialization-based urbanization, whereas deindustrialization-cumprivatization in emerging capitalism facilitated the appearance of real estate development. On the one hand, the article enriches studies on deindustrialization by highlighting the role of housing in the transformation of industrial relations; on the other hand, the paper revisits housing studies by analyzing deindustrialization as a process with an impact on the changing housing regime. Altogether, deindustrialization-cum-privatization and the changing housing sector are analyzed as prerequisites of the REDD-HR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 1990, rapid deindustrialization generated economic difficulties and a negative demographic evolution that was more strongly felt at the level of small towns in Romania. The purpose of the work is to analyze the effects generated by the deindustrialization process at the level of the municipality of OrȘOva in demographic and economic terms. Special attention was paid to the impact generated on the development of tourism as a result of the fact that Orşova presents an extraordinary tourist potential. In order to highlight these changes, the analysis was focused on establishing the importance and implications of the population structure (in this case the share of the young and adult population) and economic activities (especially tourism) on the local economy. The authors used a series of indicators (economic, demographic and tourist), based on which they tried to determine the degree of adaptability of the locality to the changes that occurred in the context of deindustrialization, as well as the impact produced on tourist activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the 20th century, in Romania, an industry that was to perform, especially during the communist regime, became increasingly strong. The role of industrialization was to turn Romania from a rather agrarian country into a country with an industrial profile. We can say that the communist period was marked by a forced industrialization, which even created an industrial tradition that characterized the centralized economy of the country. Twenty-six years ago, the entire industry was wiped out, and only now our country is considered a Western competitor. Otherwise, we could not export Romanian products to Western countries. Only now people try to recreate the phrase "Made In Romania", a shadow of what was once. Today, after the period of the communist regime characterized by strong industrialization, Romania has become a powerful trade center. This research aims to highlight the evolution of trade activity in Romania, starting with the issue of deindustrialization of Romania and subsequently with the transformation of Romanian economy into a tertiary one, accompanied by the simultaneous development of the economy based on consumption. This article aims to analyse the dynamic evolution of Romania from an industrial perspective, to go through all the stages of evolution for a better understanding of the country's special industrial environment, but at the same time it aims to analyse Romania's dynamic attempt to become a functional body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the main aspects of energy area throughout a period of 25 years, in the context of transition of the Romanian economy to a functioning market model, the de-industrialization process and geo-political changes in the area. The issues refer to the evolution of energy consumption, the price of energy supply, turning to account of renewable resources, dependence on imported energy, energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After remodeling the economies of the Western world all along the 1980s, deindustrialization abruptly hit the former socialist countries in the early 1990s. Deindustrialization with destructuring meant the disintegration of the economic structure and industrial cities, and regions entered a downsizing spiral of population loss after the breakdown of traditional industries, outmigration and suburbanization. Post-socialist Europe forms a new 'pole of shrinkage'. Set within the regional context, deindustrialization and urban shrinkage show a solid cause-effect relationship in the Romanian case. The industrial change of cities creates a pattern of uneven growth which stays at the core of understanding the emerging urban shrinkage. The paper finds out that 122 out of 260 towns had an above average Location Quotient (LQ) of industrial employment in 1992 and about 5 million urban dwellers were under the threat of forthcoming deindustrialization. Towns of all demographic sizes were above average industrialized but mostly were medium-small and medium-big towns. They lost more than one quarter of the 1992 population number, significantly higher than in towns with below average LQ of industrial employment. At a large extent, the mix of urban, regional and industrial policies failed to reduce the social costs of deindustrialization. The policy response of spatial strategies, while avoiding the 'one size fits all' perspective, should be focused on place-based approach and should be built on economic diversification, complementarity and cooperation within the specific territorial context of small and medium-sized towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition from centralized to market economy has led to deep restructuring of urban land use. It is particularly important for the shift between the two trends: deindustrialization of the 1990s and economic tertiarization of the 2000s. Post-communist built-up space dynamics has manifested in two phases: a) before 2000, with industrial destructuring and insular appearance of commercial spaces within big residential zones; b) after 2000, with extending residential areas on city's periphery and in suburbs, as well as with logistic and commercial facilities in sub-and peri-urban areas. Dynamics of built-up space has been evaluated using spectral mixture analysis of remotely sensed data, extracted from two Landsat5TM images (acquired in 1988 and 2010). Comparative analysis of the results has led to identification of the areas with increasing and decreasing density of built-up spaces. This analysis was realized in order to verify the hypothesis, according to which peri-central areas are more preferable for new buildings, even when there is enough free space in central area. These results, reflecting the dynamics of built-up spaces in Bucharest city, are the effect of certain processes, frequently chaotic, reflected on the urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the municipality area of Bucharest, the capital of a former socialist state, shows profound changes in landscape structure as a result of economic transition towards market economy and the consequent conversion of certain spaces to different uses (more commerce, less industry for example). The approaches regarding the dynamics of the industrial landscape and how conversion process is taking place is however limited. The purpose of the present paper is to define the industrial landscape, current trends and evolution of this landscape type within the urban tissue. Also, models of conversion in the post-industrial landscape are pointed out in this article. The methodology used is based on evaluation sheets that have been applied in several industrial areas in Bucharest. The results obtained from the survey showed that the industrial landscape is experiencing a quick transition, many industrial units are transformed into supermarkets, malls or business buildings, and often the investors choose to demolish the industrial artifacts instead of preserve and use them. These changes are affecting the urban tissue and the communities, not always being good examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abolishment of the communist regime, the establishment of a democratic legal and institutional system brought important changes regarding Romania's labor market. Deindustrialization and the restructuring processes that occurred in the late nineties have had a negative effect that took shape not only in the rise of unemployment, but also in the directional change of the internal migration. For the regions that adapted more effectively to the new conditions of the market economy, surviving this period marked by industrial restructuring and privatization was much easier than for those with a weak infrastructural development and a small or no industry. The study focuses on the disparities regarding the Romanian internal migration. It is mainly concerned with the emphasizing of regional inequalities resulted from earlier analyses based on indicators used for measuring disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial activities are part of the urban environment and oftenly they are considered to be determinants for urbanisation. The process of industrialisation in Câmpulung Depression, started since the beginning of the XX century and reached its climax during the communist period, amplifying the role of Câmpulung city in its territorial relations as a convergence center for human and material flows and at the same time as a difusion center for information flows. During the totalitarian period car maufacturing became the core of economic development in Câmpulung city. Considered by some researchers the main qualitative leap and an expression of human genius, the industrialisation remains the main modelling element for geographic space. This process imposed important functional changes and being at the same time a main trigger for social instability during the transition towards the market economy. After december 1989 car industry prooved to be very important as the social and economic decline or success in this area depended on its evolution. Unfortunately the company ARO S.A. in Câmpulung, manufacturing off-road cars, suffered a continuous decline due to an inappropriate management unadapted to the needs and requirements of the market. In a similar way economic activities in the rural areas had a dynamic evolution imposed by the changes occurred in the political system. The passage at first from a capitalist system to a socialist one and the return to the market economy determined each time an organisatoric restructuration and generated radical changes in economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the impact of excessive industrialization during the centralized economy era on urban spatial identity, as well as the disruption of this identity through political-administrative decisions, a phenomenon characteristic of the Central and Eastern European region during the era of centralized economies. The tendency to rebalance urban territorial systems is achieved through deindustrialization, together with reindustrialization and tertiarization. All these changes affect functionality, physiognomy as well as urban culture, and can be quantified through the changes in the memory of places. Urban toponyms related to industrialization are disappearing and are replaced by toponyms that illustrate the historical past of the city and, in general, its spatial identity. The paper aims to contribute to the development of research on the impact of oversized industrialization on the memory of places, in the context of the transition from industrial to service-based economies, a process that affected the states of the former Communist Bloc after 1990. Based on bibliographic sources and field research conducted between 2008 and 2020 in two cities in Romania (Bucharest, the country's capital, and Galați, the largest river and seaport and the main centre of the steel industry in the country), we have evaluated quantitatively these changes with the help of indices resulting from the toponymic changes resulting from these processes. The study shows that the functional disturbances due to the oversized industrialization that characterized the communist period only managed to a small extent to affect the correlation between the spatial identity of the two cities and their toponymy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]