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The naturally occurring heat inside the earth is renewable and sustainable and is known as geothermal energy. It is a renewable energy source that may be used in various applications, including milk pasteurization. This research focuses on the design considerations for developing geothermal-assisted milk pasteurization equipment which is first of its kind in Gujarat, India in direct application of geothermal energy. The novelty of this device is that it utilizes geothermal water (63 °C) from a self-flowing well to pasteurise milk. The utilization of direct heat energy from geothermal resource reduces the operational cost of milk pasteurization process. It discusses the various aspects of the design process, including efficiency calculation, heat exchange principles, system components, and control strategies. The study also discusses the result of the laboratory analysis of pasteurized milk considering microbiological and chemical parameters. The unit reduces the total plate count to 28,000 cfu/ml, within the recommended range for the WHO (30,000 cfu/ml). The paper concludes by discussing societal benefits and techno economic aspect of geothermal-assisted milk pasteurization equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy is crucial to the global growth of sustainability. Milk business amongst many other food industry divisions requires a significant amount of energy, making the meal processing business one of the most energy-intensive industries. As of right now, more than 30 percent of the dairy produced in India is processed. In distant parts of India, milk spoiling is more common due to the delay among milking and storing; as a result, facilities for quick pasteurization and storage are needed. Heated is necessary for pasteurization. Since for a long time, the Indian milk industry has relied on nonrenewable energy sources, that are not only becoming much more costly but are also to blame for significant environmental issues including greenhouse gases and health issues. Consequently, scientific communities, environmental and social organizations, and the governments have all pushed the use of green energy. Solar energy has been shown to be the most viable among various sustainable and renewable energies given the geographical position of India. Solar energy can be used to pasteurize milk because of the energy intensity and range of temperature requirements. Adsorbent refrigerator is recommended here since it is powered by waste/solar heat and can store (200 liters of milk) at low temperatures until it is distributed after the pasteurization process (easily available from farm waste). The solar collector of evacuated tube is used for minimizing heat loss and pasteurizing milk. The outcome demonstrates that milk can be simply pasteurized at 73°C for 25minutes at a flow rate of 5 liter per minutes. A solar energy adsorbent refrigeration system has been constructed and described for keeping 200 liters of milk at 10-15°C for 9–11 hours. Investigation findings indicate that the specific cooling power of the system is sufficient to store 200 liters of milk at 5.8 kW/kg and 5.5 kW/kg for 500 liter per hours hot water supplied at 92°C, 32°C condenser temperatures, and 5°C evaporator temperatures. The heat loss of evacuated tube collector is compared to solar concentrator. The study results provide evacuated tube collector is better for pasteurizing milk since to its highly efficient, longevity, and compactness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic and carcinogenic metabolite secreted in milk of dairy animals which have consumed the aflatoxin B1 contaminated feedstuff. In this study, 230 different types of milk samples comprising raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature treated milk were collected from three different geographical sites of Punjab during different seasons and analysed for the presence of AFM1 by using ELISA as screening, and HPLC with fluorescence detection as confirmatory method. Of total, 51% samples were detected positive for AFM1, while 45% and 38% samples were found with AFM1 levels higher than the tolerance limits established by the European commission and Food safety and standard authority of India respectively. Results of study indicated a high incidence and levels of AFM1 in different types of milk during all seasons. Owing to this, there is a potential risk of liver cancer in people of Punjab, India especially children due to milk consumption. Therefore, strict regulatory actions are urgently required to control AFM1 level in milk below the legal standard limits. There is need to initiate routine examination of dairy animal feeds for aflatoxins to reduce animal and consequently human exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite found in the milk of lactating animals which have consumed feedstuffs contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Ultra high temperature treated (UHT) milk is a product which is becoming popular in developing countries like India as there is a lack of proper cold storage or refrigeration facilities. In this study, 45 samples of UHT milk of popular brands prevalent in the market were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 by reversed phase HPLC using fluorescent detector after cleanup of sample with immunoaffinity columns. All samples of plain UHT milk were positive for AFM1 and 38% of these contained levels more than 0.5μg/kg, the maximum permitted limit prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and by the mandatory regulations of the country, the FSSAI Regulations, 2011. In 62.5% of flavored UHT milk, AFM1 was below detectable levels (0.02μgL−1). However, 12.5% of these samples also contained levels exceeding the maximum permitted limits. AFM1 was present in 61.6% of the 52 raw milk samples analyzed from the two states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu with a range of 0.1–3.8μgL−1. 17.3% of these samples also exceeded the regulatory limits of the country. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]