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2. Free Primary Education, Fertility, and Women's Access to the Labor Market: Evidence from Ethiopia. Policy Research Working Paper 9105
- Author
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World Bank and Chicoine, Luke
- Abstract
This article investigates the causal relationship between women's schooling and fertility by exploiting variation generated by the removal of school fees in Ethiopia. The increase in schooling caused by the reform is identified using both geographic variation in the intensity of its impact and temporal variation generated by the timing of the implementation. The model finds that the removal of school fees led to an increase in schooling for Ethiopian women and that each additional year of schooling led to a reduction in fertility. An investigation of the underlying mechanisms linking schooling and fertility finds that the decline in fertility is associated with an increase in labor market opportunity and a reduction in women's ideal number of children. [This paper is a product of the Knowledge and Strategy Team, Development Economics.]
- Published
- 2020
3. Early Mathematics Counts: Promising Instructional Strategies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0055-1807
- Author
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RTI International, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, and Platas, Linda M.
- Abstract
This paper examines common instructional strategies in early grade mathematics interventions through a review of studies in classrooms in low- and middle-income countries. Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion, and analyses reveal four sets of instructional strategies for which there is evidence from multiple contexts. Of the 24 studies, 16 involved the use of multiple representations, 10 involved the use of developmental progressions, 6 included supporting student use of explanation and justification, and 5 included integration of informal mathematics. Based on the review, we provide conclusions and recommendations for future research and policy.
- Published
- 2018
4. Effectiveness of Teachers' Guides in the Global South: Scripting, Learning Outcomes, and Classroom Utilization. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0053-1805
- Author
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RTI International, Piper, Benjamin, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, Mejía, Jessica, and Betts, Kellie
- Abstract
This report presents the results of RTI International Education's study on teachers' guides across 13 countries and 19 projects. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine how teachers' guides across the projects differ and find substantial variation in the design and structure of the documents. We develop a scripting index so that the scripting levels of the guides can be compared across projects. The impact results of the programs that use teachers' guides show significant impacts on learning outcomes, associated with approximately an additional half year of learning, showing that structured teachers' guides contribute to improved learning outcomes. During observations, we find that teachers make a variety of changes in their classroom instruction from how the guides are written, showing that the utilization of structured teachers' guides do not create robotic teachers unable to use their own professional skills to teach children. Unfortunately, many changes that teachers make reduce the amount of group work and interactivity that was described in the guides, suggesting that programs should encourage teachers to more heavily utilize the instructional routines designed in the guide. The report includes a set of research-based guidelines that material developers can use to develop teachers' guides that will support effective instructional practices and help improve learning outcomes. The key takeaway from the report is that structured teachers' guides improve learning outcomes, but that overly scripted teachers' guides are somewhat less effective than simplified teachers' guides that give specific guidance to the teacher but are not written word for word for each lesson in the guide.
- Published
- 2018
5. Disability and Inclusive Education: Stocktake of Education Sector Plans and GPE-Funded Grants. Working Paper #3
- Author
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Global Partnership for Education (GPE)
- Abstract
This report was commissioned by the Global Partnership for Education's Secretariat to take stock of how disability and inclusive education are in included in education sector plans (ESPs) in 51 countries, including GPE-funded programs, such as education sector program implementation grants (ESPIGs), program documents (PADs), implementation progress reports (IPRs) Education Sector Analysis (ESA), if applicable, and other relevant GPE program documents. Moreover, a plethora of key international reports and monitoring reports was reviewed. This report documents progress and highlights the need to step up support to GPE partner countries on disability and inclusive education, to improve consideration of issues around disability and inclusion in education sector analysis and sector planning processes to better promote the achievement of GPE 2020 strategic goal 2, and to fulfill the transformative vision of Agenda 2030. This means ensuring that girls and boys with disabilities are not only able to access their right to a quality education in a nurturing environment, but also, through education, become empowered to participate fully in society, and enjoy full realization of their rights and capabilities. [This report was written with Louise Banham and Eleni Papakosta.]
- Published
- 2018
6. Studying the context of psychoses to improve outcomes in Ethiopia (SCOPE): Protocol paper.
- Author
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Hanlon C, Roberts T, Misganaw E, Malla A, Cohen A, Shibre T, Fekadu W, Teferra S, Kebede D, Mulushoa A, Girma Z, Tsehay M, Kiross D, Lund C, Fekadu A, Morgan C, and Alem A
- Subjects
- Ethiopia epidemiology, Humans, Female, Male, Rural Population, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Urban Population, Ill-Housed Persons psychology, Psychotic Disorders epidemiology, Psychotic Disorders therapy
- Abstract
Background: Global evidence on psychosis is dominated by studies conducted in Western, high-income countries. The objectives of the Study of Context Of Psychoses to improve outcomes in Ethiopia (SCOPE) are (1) to generate rigorous evidence of psychosis experience, epidemiology and impacts in Ethiopia that will illuminate aetiological understanding and (2) inform development and testing of interventions for earlier identification and improved first contact care that are scalable, inclusive of difficult-to-reach populations and optimise recovery., Methods: The setting is sub-cities of Addis Ababa and rural districts in south-central Ethiopia covering 1.1 million people and including rural, urban and homeless populations. SCOPE comprises (1) formative work to understand care pathways and community resources (resource mapping); examine family context and communication (ethnography); develop valid measures of family communication and personal recovery; and establish platforms for community engagement and involvement of people with lived experience; (2a) a population-based incidence study, (2b) a case-control study and (2c) a cohort study with 12 months follow-up involving 440 people with psychosis (390 rural/Addis Ababa; 50 who are homeless), 390 relatives and 390 controls. We will test hypotheses about incidence rates in rural vs. urban populations and men vs. women; potential aetiological role of khat (a commonly chewed plant with amphetamine-like properties) and traumatic exposures in psychosis; determine profiles of needs at first contact and predictors of outcome; (3) participatory workshops to develop programme theory and inform co-development of interventions, and (4) evaluation of the impact of early identification strategies on engagement with care (interrupted time series study). Findings will inform development of (5) a protocol for (5a) a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of interventions for people with recent-onset psychosis in rural settings and (5b) two uncontrolled pilot studies to test acceptability, feasibility of co-developed interventions in urban and homeless populations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Hanlon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
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7. Assessment of paper dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers in, Ethiopia; a comparative cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Negash, Bereket Meskele, Abaya, Samson Wakuma, Abegaz, Teferi, Takele, Abera Kumie, Mekonnen, Worku Tefera, Negatu, Hager Badima, Gintamo, Tamene Tesema, Tamirat, Teshome, and Koirita, Gelaneh Kusse
- Subjects
PAPER mills ,INDUSTRIAL workers ,DUST ,CROSS-sectional method ,GRAVIMETRIC analysis - Abstract
Background: Workers in pulp and paper factories are continuously exposed to paper dust. Excessive exposure to paper dust can cause respiratory disease. Information about the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and dust exposure levels among workers in pulp and paper factories is not available in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess personal total dust exposure levels, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and their associated risk factors among workers in Ethiopian pulp and paper factories. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 40 dust measurements were carried out on 20 randomly selected workers. To assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors, 434 workers from two paper factories and controls were interviewed using a standard questionnaire adapted from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Gravimetric analyses of the filters were undertaken using a standard microbalance. Poisson regression was performed for comparing the prevalence of symptoms and risk factors for the two groups. Multivariable analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. Result: The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of dust exposure levels among the paper factories workers were 11.3 (± 7.7) and 10.2 (± 1.4) mg/m
3 respectively. This exposure level exceeded the threshold limit value recommended for total dust (10 mg/m3 ). The prevalence of having at least one chronic respiratory symptom was about 51% among the workers in paper factories. The prevalence ratio of having chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was 5.6 times higher (PR = 6, 95% CI 3.5–10.3) than in the controls. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with factors such as an educational status of less than grade 9, being employed in the work sections of the factories, having work experience of 5 years and above, working more than 8 h per day and having a past history of occupation and respiratory illnesses. Conclusion: The dust concentration in the paper factories exceeded the acceptable recommended limit value of 10 mg/m3. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was higher than among controls. The main determining factors for chronic respiratory symptoms among the workers were the specific work section such as production section, low income, having past history of respiratory illnesses, the number of years of working and low educational status. This finding indicated the need for improving the working conditions in paper factories in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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8. Negative energy balance and its implication on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows: review paper.
- Author
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Mekuriaw, Yeshambel
- Subjects
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DAIRY cattle , *LACTATION in cattle , *NATURAL resources , *MENSTRUAL cycle , *MILKFAT , *CROP residues - Abstract
In Ethiopia, the dairy cows' major feed resources are natural pasture and crop residues, both of which are nutritionally low and do not even satisfy the maintenance requirement. Consequently, dairy productivity per head is low in the country. This paper reviews the existing knowledge of negative energy balance (NEB) and summarizes its implication on production and reproduction parameters, as well as the monitoring tools as a means of intervention in minimizing the effect on dairy cows. The presence of NEB in late gestation and early lactation of dairy cows could contribute to both short and long-term negative effects on production and reproduction ability. Lower body condition, reduced milk production, a change in the milk fat to protein ratio, an increasing incidence of health problems, a late time to become estrus, delayed ovarian cycle, and a lower conception rate are the common implications. Through the knowledge created so far, it can be concluded that NEB is almost a common phenomenon in transitional high milking dairy animals, but there is a possibility to shorten its persistence through strategic supplementation using the NEB monitoring tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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9. Equity and Quality? Challenges for Early Childhood and Primary Education in Ethiopia, India and Peru. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 55. Studies in Early Childhood Transitions
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands), Woodhead, Martin, Ames, Patricia, Vennam, Uma, Abebe, Workneh, and Streuli, Natalia
- Abstract
Part of the "Studies in Early Transitions" series, this Working Paper draws on interviews and observations carried out as part of "Young Lives", a 15-year longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam based at the University of Oxford's Department of International Development. This paper focuses on the challenges of translating into practice the potential of quality early childhood care and education to transform young lives. These include building a positive equity agenda, setting clear policy objectives, raising quality standards, building the skills and motivation of teachers, and recognising where equity goals can be incompatible with a market-led private system. The paper asks which children do and do not have access to an early childhood programme, and explores children's and parents' views about the quality of what is on offer. A brief summary of data collection methods is appended. (Contains 2 boxes, 21 figures and 9 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
10. Quality Teaching: Building a Flexible and Dynamic Approach. GEC Working Paper Series. Number 2
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Academy for Educational Development, AED Global Education Center, Leu, Elizabeth, Hays, Frances, LeCzel, Donna Kay, and O'Grady, Barbara
- Abstract
Good basic education depends on several factors working in harmony. The first is that students be healthy, safe, and ready to learn. Other essentials include an enabling policy environment and transparent management; a curriculum that reflects the society's values and aspirations for learning; and community support for education and parents' involvement in the lives of schools (UNESCO 2004; UNICEF 2000). The most important element of all, according to much current research and program experience, is the quality of teachers (ADEA 2004; Anderson 2002; Boyle, While, and Boyle 2003; Lewin and Stuart 2003; USAID 2002). Over the last two decades, the Academy for Educational Development (AED) has worked extensively with programs that address all of these crucial areas of basic education. This paper focuses on AED's approaches that address the heart of education: strengthening the quality of teachers and teaching through ongoing professional development at the local level. This paper summarizes the context and rationale for evolving approaches to teacher professional development, describe AED's early programs in this context, and outline a basic framework of AED's flexible and dynamic approach to decentralized, school- and cluster-based teacher professional development programs. The final section consists of six case studies showing how the approach has been adapted to strengthen teacher skills, morale, and professional commitment in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Uganda, Ghana, Namibia, and Ethiopia.
- Published
- 2005
11. Early Childhood Transitions Research: A Review of Concepts, Theory, and Practice. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 48
- Author
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands), Vogler, Pia, Crivello, Gina, and Woodhead, Martin
- Abstract
Children face many important changes in the first eight years of life, including different learning centres, social groups, roles and expectations. Their ability to adapt to such a dynamic and evolving environment directly affects their sense of identity and status within their community over the short and long term. In particular, the key turning points in children's lives--such as "graduating" from kindergarten to primary school or going through a culturally specific rite of passage--provide challenges and opportunities for learning and growth on multiple levels. This paper provides a review of the major perspectives in research on early childhood transitions and reveals the predominant areas of focus in both academic and professional studies, as well as important neglected viewpoints and study populations. Beginning with a broad and inclusive definition of the topic, the authors provide an overview of early childhood transitions research, highlighting the underlying assumptions that informed the studies. They assess concepts in the developmental theory that preceded transitions research as well as in the logic that determines how transitions are structured. More recent approaches are examined, including systems theories and the role of children as active participants in transitions. Several examples in this review show how multidisciplinary collaboration and culturally sensitive interventions can result in better participation of both parents and children in crucial early childhood transitions. Citing the need to harmonise early childhood education and care programmes with local education practices, the authors stress the value of greater transparency in the creation of policy and programming for children, in order to identify potentially limiting assumptions. Broadening and diversifying perspectives on transitions can lead to more integrated and culturally relevant rights-based early childhood programmes worldwide. A glossary and a bibliography are included. (Contains 7 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2008
12. Recruiting, Retaining, and Retraining Secondary School Teachers and Principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Secondary Education in Africa (SEIA) Thematic Study #4. GEC Working Paper Series 2005/#3
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Academy for Educational Development, AED Global Education Center, Mulkeen, Aidan, Chapman, David W., and DeJaeghere, Joan G.
- Abstract
Expanding and rethinking the nature of secondary education in Sub-Saharan African countries, traditionally reserved for elites and few others, are becoming crucial to successful individual and national participation in the global economy. As governments and donors turn their attention increasingly to secondary education, policies are being established to create more widely accessible, more relevant, and higher quality secondary education. This presents a particular challenge, since secondary education sub-systems are unlikely to be infused with large amounts of additional funding in the near future. Improving the quality of secondary education, therefore, must include policies that use current resources creatively and more effectively. Teachers and principals are the most expensive and, possibly, the most critical components in establishing quality in education systems. New and more effective approaches to the preparation, deployment, utilization, compensation, and conditions of service for teachers, accompanied by more effective school leadership, are therefore needed to achieve higher standards of secondary education in Africa. This study used an extensive literature review and subsequent field studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda to identify current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the recruitment, retention, and retraining of secondary teachers and principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study also suggests ways of attracting teachers to the profession, retaining teachers and principals in the profession, and providing support to strengthen teachers' and principals' effectiveness. Insufficient data and information that differentiate lower and upper secondary education is a limitation of the study, especially in the context of the present growing interest in the lower or junior secondary level. There is a similar dearth of information in the literature on secondary principals and on gender issues as they relate to secondary teachers and principals. The findings of the study and the recommendations are intended to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with material for policy development and for the development of strategies for increasing the quality and effectiveness of secondary teachers and principals. (Contains 17 tables and 9 figures.) [This paper was written with Elizabeth Leu and Karen Bryner. It was prepared for the World Bank through the Academy for Educational Development and funded by the Irish Trust Fund.]
- Published
- 2005
13. Production and characterization of briquettes from sugarcane bagasse of Wonji Sugar Factory, Oromia, Ethiopia.
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Mekonen, Asmelash Gebrekidan, Berhe, Goitom Gebreyohannes, Desta, Mulu Berhe, Belete, Fentahun Abebaw, and Gebremariam, Amare Fisseha
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BRIQUETS ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,BAGASSE ,SUGAR factories ,WASTE paper ,FOSSIL fuels - Abstract
Briquetted biomass, like sugarcane bagasse, a by-product of sugar mills, is a renewable energy source. This study aimed at the production and characterization of bagasse briquettes. The production of briquettes was carried out with different blending ratios (5, 10, and 15%) and average particle sizes (0.75, 2.775, and 4.8 mm) with various binders of cow dung, waste paper, and admixture (molasses and wastepaper). The bagasse underwent drying, size reduction, sieving, binder addition, and densification using a manual press during the briquetting process. Characterization of the physical and combustion parameters of briquettes, such as density, shatter resistance, proximate, and calorific value, followed the American Society for Testing and Materials procedures. The result shows that the maximum density of briquettes was 0.804 g/cm
3 , while shatter resistance varied from 83.051 to 94.975% (4.8mm, 5% cow dung and 0.75mm, 5% admixture binders respectively). ANOVA analysis showed that the factors and their interactions had a significant influence (p value < 0.05) on the physical properties. The optimum parameters of briquettes achieved were 14.953% admixture binder, 0.776 mm particle size, 0.805 g/cm3 density, and 95.811% shatter resistance. Bagasse briquettes with a 5% cow dung binder achieved a high calorific value of 39927.05 kcal/kg. The ultimate analysis revealed a composition of 47.49% carbon (C), 5.133% hydrogen (H), 1.557% nitrogen (N), 0.374% sulfur (S), and 45.446% oxygen (O). Therefore, bagasse has a high calorific value and can be used for briquetting to replace fossil fuel and firewood in different applications. In addition, due to its availability, utilizing as fuel source has economic advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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14. The Impact of Training on Women's Micro-Enterprise Development. Education Research Paper. Knowledge & Research.
- Author
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Department for International Development, London (England)., Leach, Fiona, Abdulla, Salwa, Appleton, Helen, el-Bushra, Judy, Cardenas, Nora, Kebede, Kibre, Lewis, Viv, and Sitaram, Shashikala
- Abstract
A study investigated the impact of training on women's micro-enterprise development in four programs in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Sudan. Research design was a series of case studies of projects and programs providing training in technical or business skills. Impact of training was measured against these four indicators: income, access to and control of resources, status, and quality of life. The study examined the training process to find out in what specific ways training helped women to improve and expand their micro-enterprises. The sample in each country consisted of two groups: women about to undergo training (focus of the study) and women who had already received training; 74 women participated. The study showed poor women needed training to develop skills and self-confidence to allow them to operate and survive in the informal sector; access to credit is important but not sufficient for the poorest women; the impact of training and increased income varied in strength but could be negative as well as positive; well-designed and well-delivered training could lead to increased income that could lead to improved self-esteem and status in the household and community; effectively delivered training developed enhanced survival strategies in women; training provided to groups in a participatory model was an empowering and liberating experience for women; and training in generic business skills was more effective than training in technical skills. (Appendixes include 61 references.) (YLB)
- Published
- 2000
15. Evaluation of waste paper for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) with some added supplementary materials.
- Author
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Tesfay, Teklemichael, Godifey, Tesfay, Mesfin, Roman, and Kalayu, Girmay
- Subjects
- *
WASTE paper , *PLEUROTUS ostreatus , *WASTE recycling , *WHEAT bran , *MUSHROOM culture , *PLANT micropropagation - Abstract
Mushroom cultivation is an economically feasible bio-technological process for conversion of various lignocellulosic wastes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran for oyster mushroom cultivation. Pure culture of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kummer) was purchased from YB Plant Micropropagation Plc; Mekelle, Ethiopia. Then, the pure culture was used as inoculum for spawn preparation using sorghum prepared in Microbiology laboratory, Department of Biology, Aksum University. Waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran with 0%, 25% and 50% were prepared. The substrates were mixed with the spawn that has been inoculated with pure culture of oyster mushroom aseptically for their productivity and biological efficiency (BE) for cultivation of P. ostreatus mushroom. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Higher (26.20 ± 19.36) mean weight, pileus diameter (7.90 ± 2.66 cm), total yield (646.4 ± 273.1 g) and BE (64.64 ± 273%) were obtained from waste paper (50%) supplemented with cornstalk (25%) and wheat bran (25%). And lower (17.92 ± 81.95%) BE were obtained from waste paper (100%). Moreover, the highest (3.88 ± 0.32 cm) mean stalk length was obtained from waste paper (50%) supplemented with corn stalk (50%). This study revealed that waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran resulted in high BE and total yield. Thus, utilization of waste paper appears to be a promising alternative for the cultivation of oyster mushroom when supplemented with other substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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16. Strengthening paper health register systems: strategies from case studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, South Africa and Uganda.
- Author
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Westley EW, Greene SA, Tarr GA, Ryman TK, Gilbert SS, and Hawes SE
- Subjects
- Ethiopia, Ghana, Humans, Organizational Case Studies, South Africa, Uganda, Health Information Systems organization & administration, Paper, Registries
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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17. Implementing Educational Policies in Ethiopia. World Bank Discussion Papers No. 84. Africa Technical Department Series.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Kiros, Fassil R.
- Abstract
This study provides an historical account and critical appraisal of the educational policies in Ethiopia since 1941. Chapters include: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Postwar Reconstruction and the Formation of an Educational System 1941-51"; (3) "Toward the Planned Development of Education 1951-61"; (4) "A New Challenge of Educational Development 1961-73"; and (5) "Towards a Socialist System of Education." Difficulties encountered in assessing educational achievement are examined as the country struggles with development issues that relate to the place of education in the scheme of national policy-making and socioeconomic change. Extensive statistical data are presented to explicate the study. Suggested strategies address the identified shortcomings of the problem of the"educated-unemployed" sector where economic expansion has not kept pace with educational expansion. Involvement of the educational sector in policy design, planning, and implementation is suggested as one possible solution. (EH)
- Published
- 1990
18. Paper 1: Demand-driven rapid reviews for health policy and systems decision-making: lessons from Lebanon, Ethiopia, and South Africa on researchers and policymakers' experiences.
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Mijumbi-Deve RM, Kawooya I, Kayongo E, Izizinga R, Mamuye H, Amog K, and Langlois EV
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- Ethiopia, Humans, Lebanon, South Africa, Health Policy, Policy Making
- Abstract
Background: Rapid reviews have emerged as an approach to provide contextualized evidence in a timely and efficient manner. Three rapid review centers were established in Ethiopia, Lebanon, and South Africa through the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, to stimulate demand, engage policymakers, and produce rapid reviews to support health policy and systems decision-making. This study aimed to assess the experiences of researchers and policymakers engaged in producing and using rapid reviews for health systems strengthening and decisions towards universal health coverage (UHC)., Methods: Using a case study approach with qualitative research methods, experienced researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with respondents from each center (n = 16). The topics covered included the process and experience of establishing the centers, stimulating demand for rapid reviews, collaborating between researchers and policymakers, and disseminating and using rapid reviews for health policies and interventions and the potential for sustaining and institutionalizing the services. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis., Results: Major themes interacted and contributed to shape the experiences of stakeholders of the rapid review centers, including the following: organizational structural arrangements of the centers, management of their processes as input factors, and the rapid reviews as the immediate policy-relevant outputs. The engagement process and the rapid review products contributed to a final theme of impact of the rapid review centers in relation to the uptake of evidence for policy and systems decision-making., Conclusions: The experiences of policymakers and researchers of the rapid review centers determined the uptake of evidence. The findings of this study can inform policymakers, health system managers, and researchers on best practices for demanding, developing and using rapid reviews to support decision- and policymaking, and implementing the universal healthcare coverage agenda., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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19. The Evolution of Alternative Rural Development Strategies in Ethiopia; Implications for Employment and Income Distribution. African Rural Employment Paper No. 12.
- Author
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Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. and Tecle, Tesfai
- Abstract
As Ethiopia has designed and implemented numerous intensive (geographically concentrated) and minimum-package rural development programs between 1967-75, the purpose of this monograph is to: (1) trace the evolution of these package projects; (2) analyze package performances; and (3) identify the implications for Ethiopian planners and policy makers. The monograph's 7 sections are identified as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Three Major Integrated Rural Development Projects (discussion of intensive packages focusing on organizational frameworks and major components which include: development of an improved technological package; dissemination of new practices; farm credit; lending policies; performance of the credit program; output marketing; and other components); (3) The Minimum Package Project (MPP's organization and major components); (4) Overall Assessment of the Ethiopian Package Projects (agricultural output and income; income distribution; employment; and local participation); (5) the Extension and Project Implementation Department of the 1975-80 Period (role of the intensive package projects and MPP's proposed rate of expansion); (6) Some Current Rural Development Issues (land tenure, reform, trained manpower, transportation, marketing, new technology, peasant associations, dissemination of innovations, and administrative organization); (7) Summary. (JC)
- Published
- 1975
20. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.
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Girma G, Ketema T, and Bacha K
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- Bacillus growth & development, Bacterial Load, Enterobacteriaceae growth & development, Ethiopia, Food Microbiology, Hand Hygiene, Humans, Micrococcus growth & development, Paper, Staphylococcus growth & development, Streptococcus growth & development, Commerce, Food Contamination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Paper currency is used for every type of commerce and plays an important role in the life of human beings. However, the combination of its widespread use and constant exchange make paper currency a likely agent for disease transmission. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial load and safety of Ethiopian paper currencies collected from some food vendors in Jimma town., Methods: Standard microbiological methods were used for the enumeration of various microbial groups, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their growth potential in selected weaning foods. A total of 100 samples of Ethiopian paper currencies, consisting of five denominations, from street food venders, hotels and cafeterias in Jimma town were collected aseptically. Sterile cotton swabs moistened with buffered peptone water solution were used for swabbing and the swabs were separately soaked into 10 ml sterile buffered peptone water solution., Results: Mean microbial counts of Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Aerobic bacterial spores were (log CFU/cm2) 6.32, 4.43, 3.14, 2.98 and 3.78, respectively. However, mean counts of Yeasts and Moulds were below detectable levels. There was statistically significant variation (p<0.05) among the mean counts of microbes isolated from samples of paper currencies. The predominantly isolated microbial groups were Staphylococcus spp. (34.06%) followed by Bacillus spp. (31.88%), Enterobacteraceae (13.39%), Micrococcus spp. (9.55%) and Streptococcus spp. (9.03%). Overall, 25% and 10% of the samples were positive for S. aureus and Salmonella spp, respectively. In challenge study, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus reached the infective dose within 12 to 18 hours of inoculation., Conclusion: Thus, paper currencies could be considered as one of the possible vehicles for transmission of disease causing microorganisms. Poor handling practices and personal hygiene of the food vendors could contribute to the observed microbial counts. Thus, it calls for awareness development on the potential risks associated with poor handling of paper currencies at all level of the food establishments.
- Published
- 2014
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21. Tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia: A review paper.
- Author
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Abdu, Esmael and Adem, Mohammd
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TAXPAYER compliance ,TAX revenue estimating ,TAX auditing ,POLITICAL stability ,TAX laws ,TAX collection - Abstract
This review paper attempted to assess the tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia. The objectives were specifically to identify determinants and challenges of tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia. Taxes are the most important sources of the government that make it possible to finance infrastructure, investment, and the provision of services for citizens. Tax compliance involves being aware and complying with tax laws and regulations set by the government and tax authorities. Tax non-compliance is an unwillingness in obeying tax laws and regulations. Tax non-compliance has been a challenge to the government and tax authorities in collecting as much tax as required for the nation. Failure to comply with tax prevents adequate revenue collection of the state. The major challenges of tax compliance in Ethiopia are the complexity of the tax system, inefficiency of tax authorities, lack of tax knowledge and awareness, negative perception of taxpayers, a negative act of tax assessors, absence of tax training, lack of transparency of tax system, arbitrary estimation of taxes, personal financial constraints, political instability and lack of timely tax audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Effect of Environmental Stressors on the Distribution and Abundance of Macroinvertebrates in Upper Awash River at Chilimo Forest, West Shewa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Dabessa, Misgana, Lakew, Aschalew, Devi, Prabha, and Teressa, Hirpasa
- Subjects
- *
ANIMAL diversity , *PAPER mill waste , *INVERTEBRATES , *ENVIRONMENTAL indicators , *OXYGEN in water , *AQUATIC invertebrates , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
Ethiopia is experiencing deterioration in river quality resulting in adverse effects on human health and hydrobionts. This study aimed to analyse the effects of specific environmental stressors on the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates in the Upper Awash River. The study was conducted from January 2018 to March 2018. Macroinvertebrates were collected from five sites using standard handheld nets. Physicochemical parameters including electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous, nitrate-nitrogen, pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature that can affect the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates were assessed. A total of 14,465 individuals belonging to 33 families of insects and 5 families of the noninsect group were identified. Among all recorded taxa, Diptera was the most abundant and diversified order. Macroinvertebrates among the five sites showed variation in species evenness, richness, and Shannon Diversity Index. Values obtained from biotic indices and environmental parameters indicated the presence of organic pollution at different levels. The impacted downstream site paper mill waste (Walgata) had the relatively highest H-FBI index followed by Osole (more agricultural activities) indicating that Walgata and Osole were poorer in benthic faunal diversity than other sites. In addition, as habitat and water quality degradation increased, the number and percentage of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) decreased. The selected metrics will be also useful for the monitoring and assessment of the riverine systems and to access the impact of different stressors. As perturbation increased, species diversity, ETHbios index, Average Score Per Taxon, and family richness decreased, while the percentage of Chironomidae, Diptera, Dominant Taxa, and Hilsenhoff Family-Level Biotic Index increased indicating that tolerant species become abundant in degraded river bodies. Environmental protection agencies of governmental and nongovernmental organizations should make awareness for the local people so that they reduce activities that affect the river. Paper factory should also monitor its effluent from directly discharging into the Upper Awash River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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23. Evaluation of Electronic and Paper-Pen Data Capturing Tools for Data Quality in a Public Health Survey in a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Ethiopia: Randomized Controlled Crossover Health Care Information Technology Evaluation.
- Author
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Zeleke AA, Worku AG, Demissie A, Otto-Sobotka F, Wilken M, Lipprandt M, Tilahun B, and Röhrig R
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Over Studies, Data Accuracy, Data Collection methods, Ethiopia, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Technology Assessment, Biomedical methods, Data Collection instrumentation, Data Collection standards
- Abstract
Background: Periodic demographic health surveillance and surveys are the main sources of health information in developing countries. Conducting a survey requires extensive use of paper-pen and manual work and lengthy processes to generate the required information. Despite the rise of popularity in using electronic data collection systems to alleviate the problems, sufficient evidence is not available to support the use of electronic data capture (EDC) tools in interviewer-administered data collection processes., Objective: This study aimed to compare data quality parameters in the data collected using mobile electronic and standard paper-based data capture tools in one of the health and demographic surveillance sites in northwest Ethiopia., Methods: A randomized controlled crossover health care information technology evaluation was conducted from May 10, 2016, to June 3, 2016, in a demographic and surveillance site. A total of 12 interviewers, as 2 individuals (one of them with a tablet computer and the other with a paper-based questionnaire) in 6 groups were assigned in the 6 towns of the surveillance premises. Data collectors switched the data collection method based on computer-generated random order. Data were cleaned using a MySQL program and transferred to SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0) and R statistical software (R version 3.4.3, the R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform) for analysis. Descriptive and mixed ordinal logistic analyses were employed. The qualitative interview audio record from the system users was transcribed, coded, categorized, and linked to the International Organization for Standardization 9241-part 10 dialogue principles for system usability. The usability of this open data kit-based system was assessed using quantitative System Usability Scale (SUS) and matching of qualitative data with the isometric dialogue principles., Results: From the submitted 1246 complete records of questionnaires in each tool, 41.89% (522/1246) of the paper and pen data capture (PPDC) and 30.89% (385/1246) of the EDC tool questionnaires had one or more types of data quality errors. The overall error rates were 1.67% and 0.60% for PPDC and EDC, respectively. The chances of more errors on the PPDC tool were multiplied by 1.015 for each additional question in the interview compared with EDC. The SUS score of the data collectors was 85.6. In the qualitative data response mapping, EDC had more positive suitability of task responses with few error tolerance characteristics., Conclusions: EDC possessed significantly better data quality and efficiency compared with PPDC, explained with fewer errors, instant data submission, and easy handling. The EDC proved to be a usable data collection tool in the rural study setting. Implementation organization needs to consider consistent power source, decent internet connection, standby technical support, and security assurance for the mobile device users for planning full-fledged implementation and integration of the system in the surveillance site., (©Atinkut Alamirrew Zeleke, Abebaw Gebeyehu Worku, Adina Demissie, Fabian Otto-Sobotka, Marc Wilken, Myriam Lipprandt, Binyam Tilahun, Rainer Röhrig. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 11.02.2019.)
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- 2019
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24. Evaluation of conventional and four real-time PCR methods for the detection of Leishmania on field-collected samples in Ethiopia.
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Merdekios, Behailu, Pareyn, Myrthe, Tadesse, Dagimawie, Eligo, Nigatu, Kassa, Mekibib, Jacobs, Bart K. M., Leirs, Herwig, Van Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre, van Griensven, Johan, Caljon, Guy, and Cnops, Lieselotte
- Subjects
LEISHMANIA mexicana ,CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis ,LEISHMANIA ,FILTER paper ,HEALTH facilities ,RNA - Abstract
In most low-resource settings, microscopy still is the standard method for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, despite its limited sensitivity. In Ethiopia, the more sensitive molecular methods are not yet routinely used. This study compared five PCR methods with microscopy on two sample types collected from patients with a suspected lesion to advise on optimal diagnosis of Leishmania aethiopica. Between May and July 2018, skin scrapings (SS) and blood exudate from the lesion spotted on filter paper (dry blood spot, DBS) were collected for PCR from 111 patients of four zones in Southern Ethiopia. DNA and RNA were simultaneously extracted from both sample types. DNA was evaluated by a conventional PCR targeting ITS-1 and three probe-based real-time PCRs: one targeting the SSU 18S rRNA and two targeting the kDNA minicircle sequence (the 'Mary kDNA PCR' and a newly designed 'LC kDNA PCR' for improved L. aethiopica detection). RNAs were tested with a SYBR Green-based RT-PCR targeting spliced leader (SL) RNA. Giemsa-stained SS smears were examined by microscopy. Of the 111 SS, 100 were positive with at least two methods. Sensitivity of microscopy, ITS PCR, SSU PCR, Mary kDNA PCR, LC kDNA PCR and SL RNA PCR were respectively 52%, 22%, 64%, 99%, 100% and 94%. Microscopy-based parasite load correlated well with real-time PCR Ct-values. Despite suboptimal sample storage for RNA detection, the SL RNA PCR resulted in congruent results with low Ct-values. DBS collected from the same lesion showed lower PCR positivity rates compared to SS. The kDNA PCRs showed excellent performance for diagnosis of L. aethiopica on SS. Lower-cost SL RNA detection can be a complementary high-throughput tool. DBS can be used for PCR in case microscopy is negative, the SS sample can be sent to the referral health facility where kDNA PCR method is available. Author summary: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and causing a public health problem in Ethiopia. Microscopy is still the standard method for detection of the parasite in Ethiopia, and also in many other low resource settings. A more sensitive method is needed for timely diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we compared five molecular methods on samples collected from patients with a skin lesion suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis to advice on optimal diagnosis of L. aethiopica. We collected two sample types from the same lesion (skin scrapings and lesion fluid on filter paper) and isolated both DNA and RNA of them. Majority (90.1%) of the samples from skin scrapings were positive in two or more methods and the molecular methods had a higher sensitivity than the conventional methods. Interestingly, we evaluated for the first time a new molecular method designed to improve L. aethiopica detection. Also, we showed that RNA detection performed well for samples that were collected under difficult field conditions. Samples collected on filter paper showed less positive results than skin scraped samples, but could still be the method of choice for easy sampling and transport in resource-limited settings as it performed better than microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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25. Inquiry-Based Learning in Science Education: A Content Analysis of Research Papers in Ethiopia (2010–2021).
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Berie, Zeleke, Damtie, Destaw, and Bogale, Yenus Nurie
- Subjects
INQUIRY-based learning ,SCIENCE education ,CONTENT analysis ,EDUCATION research ,PRIMARY education - Abstract
The development of learning theories, present societal needs, and the positive empirical findings in the relevant literature support the thesis that inquiry-based learning (IBL) is promising for teaching and learning, which deserves further development. Few studies have been conducted on content analysis of IBL in science education at the international level. However, the overall trends of IBL in science education research trends in Ethiopia are not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nature and status of inquiry-based learning research in Ethiopia by employing a quantitative method. A total of 23 studies, including 14 theses, eight articles, and one dissertation were analyzed in terms of the methodological approaches used and the subjects studied. The most frequently investigated IBL science areas were biology (43.5%) and chemistry (34.75%). Guided inquiry (69.6%) (5E model = 65.2% and 7E model = 4.4%) studies were the most frequently investigated inquiry types. Teaching (47.8%) and learning (43.5%) were the most frequently focused subject matters of the studies reviewed, while cognitive elements (58.6%) were the most frequently used research elements in IBL studies, and quantitative studies with predominantly quasi-experimental methods (60.9%) were widely employed. The findings of this study indicated that IBL was found to be a new research area in Ethiopia where it has been practiced in science education at the primary level. This study is considered useful to develop an understanding of the nature and status of IBL research in Ethiopia and provide information on what could be done about IBL in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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26. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Ethiopian Paper Currency Notes in Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia.
- Author
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Sivalingam, Krishna Moorthy and Dola, Dawit Leja
- Subjects
ANTIBIOTICS ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,PATHOGENIC bacteria ,HARD currencies ,ETHIOPIANS - Abstract
The present study was conducted to isolate pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance pattern from Ethiopian paper currency notes in Wolaita Sodo town. A total of 240 Ethiopian paper currency notes samples in different denominations were collected from four different sources such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotels. All the samples were processed to isolate bacterial pathogens using standard techniques and identified by different biochemical tests. Further all identified isolates were used to know the sensitivity/resistant patterns by Bauer-Kirby method based on the zone formation. Out of 240 paper currency notes samples, 120 were showed positive with four different genus such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. Among these four different genera, S. aureus were highly prevalent (20.8%) followed by E. coli (14.58%), Shigella sp. (10.81%), and Salmonella sp. (3.74%). From the selected four different sources of currency notes such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel, currency notes collected from market area showed the highest rate of contamination followed by taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel. S.s aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella sp. showed resistivity varied from 70-100% against all the antibiotics. Tobramycin showed 20% effective against S. aureus, 11.5% effective against Shigella spp. and 33% effective against Salmonella spp. while E. coli showed 14% sensitivity against Metronidazole antibiotics. Therefore, the present study concludes that the Ethiopian Paper currency notes contaminated with bacterial pathogens and play significant role in the transmission of human pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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27. Proceedings of the International Conference e-Learning 2014. Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal, July 15-19, 2014)
- Author
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International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS), Baptista Nunes, Miguel, and McPherson, Maggie
- Abstract
These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal July 15-19, 2014). The e-Learning 2014 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covered technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning under seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Moving Higher Education Forward in the Digital Age: Realising a Digital Strategy," by Neil Morris, Professor of Educational Technology, Innovation and Change and Director of Digital Learning, University of Leeds, UK. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Culture, Gender and Technology-Enhanced Learning: Female and Male Students' Perceptions Across Three Continents, Thomas Richter and Asta Zelenkauskaite; (2) IPads In Learning: The Web of Change Bente Meyer; (3) A Blended Approach to Canadian First Nations Education, Martin Sacher, Mavis Sacher and Norman Vaughan; (4) A Storytelling Learning Model For Legal Education, Nicola Capuano, Carmen De Maio, Angelo Gaeta, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, Saverio Salerno and Eleonora Fratesi; (5) Acceptance and Success Factors for M-Learning of ERP Systems Curricula, Brenda Scholtz and Mando Kapeso; (6) Self-Regulation Competence in Music Education, Luca Andrea Ludovico and Giuseppina Rita Mangione; (7) Time-Decayed User Profile for Second Language Vocabulary Learning System, Li Li and Xiao Wei; (8) E-Learning Trends and Hypes in Academic Teaching: Methodology and Findings of a Trend Study, Helge Fischer, Linda Heise, Matthias Heinz, Kathrin Moebius and Thomas Koehler; (9) Proof of Economic Viability of Blended Learning Business Models, Carsten Druhmann and Gregor Hohenberg; (10) Does Satellite Television Program Satisfy Ethiopian Secondary School Students? Sung-Wan Kim and Gebeyehu Bogale; (11) Organisation and Management of a Complete Bachelor Degree Offered Online at the University of Milan for Ten Years, Manuela Milani, Sabrina Papini, Daniela Scaccia and Nello Scarabottolo; (12) Structural Relationships between Variables of Elementary School Students' Intention of Accepting Digital Textbooks, Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Se-Bin Choi, Eugene Lim and Kyung Yi Go; (13) Dynamic Fuzzy Logic-Based Quality of Interaction within Blended-Learning: The Rare and Contemporary Dance Cases, Sofia B. Dias, José A. Diniz and Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis; (14) Do English Listening Outcome and Cognitive Load Change for Different Media Delivery Modes in U-Learning?, Chi-Cheng Chang, Hao Lei and Ju-Shih Tseng; (15) The Use of ELGG Social Networking Tool for Students' Project Peer-Review Activity, Ana Coric Samardzija and Goran Bubas; (16) Educational Multimedia Profiling Recommendations for Device-Aware Adaptive Mobile Learning, Arghir-Nicolae Moldovan, Ioana Ghergulescu and Cristina Hava Muntean; (17) Inside, Outside, Upside Down: New Directions in Online Teaching and Learning, Lena Paulo Kushnir and Kenneth C. Berry; (18) A Study on the Methods of Assessment and Strategy of Knowledge Sharing in Computer Course, Pat P. W. Chan; (19) Using Agent-Based Technologies to Enhance Learning in Educational Games, Ogar Ofut Tumenayu, Olga Shabalina, Valeriy Kamaev and Alexander Davtyan; (20) Designing a Culturally Sensitive Wiki Space for Developing Chinese Students' Media Literacy, Daria Mezentceva; (21) Shared Cognition Facilitated by Teacher Use of Interactive Whiteboard Technologies, Christine Redman and John Vincent; (22) Modeling Pedagogy for Teachers Transitioning to the Virtual Classroom, Michael J. Canuel and Beverley J. White; (23) The Effectiveness of SDMS in the Development of E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Kobus van Aswegen, Magda Huisman and Estelle Taylor; (24) Online Learning Behaviors for Radiology Interns Based on Association Rules and Clustering Technique, Hsing-Shun Chen and Chuen-He Liou; (25) The Use of SDMS in Developing E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Estelle Taylor, Kobus van Aswegen and Magda Huisman; (26) Assessment of the Use of Online Comunities to Integrate Educational Processes Development Teams: An Experience in Popular Health Education in Brazil, Elomar Castilho Barilli, Stenio de Freitas Barretto, Carla Moura Lima and Marco Antonio Menezes; (27) Stereo Orthogonal Axonometric Perspective for the Teaching of Descriptive Geometry, José Geraldo Franco Méxas, Karla Bastos Guedes and Ronaldo da Silva Tavares; (28) Delivery of E-Learning through Social Learning Networks, Georgios A. Dafoulas and Azam Shokri; (29) The Implementation of Web 2.0 Technology for Information Literacy Instruction in Thai University Libraries, Oranuch Sawetrattanasatian; (30) Designing Educational Social Machines for Effective Feedback, Matthew Yee-King, Maria Krivenski, Harry Brenton, Andreu Grimalt-Reynes and Mark d'Inverno; (31) A Support System for Error Correction Questions in Programming Education, Yoshinari Hachisu and Atsushi Yoshida; (32) A Platform for Learning Internet of Things, Zorica Bogdanovic, Konstantin Simic, Miloš Milutinovic, Božidar Radenkovic and Marijana Despotovic-Zrakic, (33) Dealing with Malfunction: Locus of Control in Web-Conferencing, Michael Klebl; (34) Copyright and Creative Commons License: Can Educators Gain Benefits in the Digital Age? (Wariya Lamlert); (35) The Curriculum Design and Development in MOOCs Environment (Fei Li, Jing Du and Bin Li); (36) Stakeholders Influence in Maltese Tourism Higher Education Curriculum Development (Simon Caruana and Lydia Lau); (37) Online Social Networks and Computer Skills of University Students (Maria Potes Barbas, Gabriel Valerio, María Del Carmen Rodríguez-Martínez, Dagoberto José Herrera-Murillo and Ana María Belmonte-Jiménez); (38) Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Assessment in Engineering Laboratory Education (Maria Samarakou, Emmanouil D. Fylladitakis, Pantelis Prentakis and Spyros Athineos); (39) An Exploration of the Attitude and Learning Effectiveness of Business College Students towards Game Based Learning (Chiung-Sui Chang, Ya-Ping Huang and Fei-Ling Chien); (40) Application of E-Learning Technologies to Study a School Subject (Nadia Herbst and Elias Oupa Mashile); (41) Possibilities of Implementation of Small Business Check-Up Methodology in Comparative Analysis of Secondary Schools and Universities in Slovakia (Katarína Štofková, Ivan Strícek and Jana Štofková); (42) Digging the Virtual Past (Panagiota Polymeropoulou); (43) Technology Acceptance of E-Learning within a Blended Vocational Course in West Africa (Ashwin Mehta); (44) Development of an E-Learning Platform for Vocational Education Systems in Germany (Andreas Schober, Frederik Müller, Sabine Linden, Martha Klois and Bernd Künne); (45) Facebook Mediated Interaction and learning in Distance Learning at Makerere University (Godfrey Mayende, Paul Birevu Muyinda, Ghislain Maurice Norbert Isabwe, Michael Walimbwa and Samuel Ndeda Siminyu); (46) Assessing the Purpose and Importance University Students Attribute to Current ICT Applications (Maurice Digiuseppe and Elita Partosoedarso); (47) E-Learning System for Design and Construction of Amplifier Using Transistors (Atsushi Takemura); (48) Technology, Gender Attitude, and Software, among Middle School Math Instructors (Godwin N. Okeke); (49) Structuring Long-Term Faculty Training According to Needs Exhibited by Students' Written Comments in Course Evaluations (Robert Fulkerth); (50) Integration of PBL Methodologies into Online Learning Courses and Programs (Roland Van Oostveen, Elizabeth Childs, Kathleen Flynn and Jessica Clarkson); (51) Improving Teacher-Student Contact in a Campus Through a Location-Based Mobile Application (Vítor Manuel Ferreira and Fernando Ramos); (52) Incorporating Collaborative, Interactive Experiences into a Technology-Facilitated Professional Learning Network for Pre-Service Science Teachers (Seamus Delaney and Christine Redman); (53) The Efficiency of E-Learning Activities in Training Mentor Teachers (Laura Serbanescu and Sorina Chircu); (54) Development of an IOS App Using Situated Learning, Communities of Practice, and Augmented Reality for Autism Spectrum Disorder (Jessica Clarkson); (55) Using Case-Based Reasoning to Improve the Quality of Feedback Provided by Automated Grading Systems (Angelo Kyrilov and David C. Noelle); (56) International Multidisciplinary Learning: An Account of a Collaborative Effort among Three Higher Education Institutions (Paul S. H. Poh, Robby Soetanto, Stephen Austin and Zulkifar A. Adamu); (57) Interactive Learning to Stimulate the Brain's Visual Center and to Enhance Memory Retention (Yang H. Yun, Philip A. Allen, Kritsakorn Chaumpanich and Yingcai Xiao); (58) How Digital Technologies, Blended Learning and MOOCs Will Impact the Future of Higher Education (Neil P. Morris); (59) Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E-Learning Adoption in Libya's Higher Education Institutions (Mahfoud Benghet and Markus Helfert); (60) Motivation as a Method of Controlling the Social Subject Self-Learning (Andrey V. Isaev, Alla G. Kravets and Ludmila A. Isaeva); (61) Designing Environment for Teaching Internet of Things (Konstantin Simic, Vladimir Vujin, Aleksandra Labus, Ðorde Stepanic and Mladen Stevanovic); (62) Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Students with Learning Disabilities through Online Problem-Based Learning (Kathleen Flynn); and (63) A System for the Automatic Assembly of Test Questions Using a NO-SQL Database (Sanggyu Shin and Hiroshi Hashimoto). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.
- Published
- 2014
28. High prevalence and extended deletions in Plasmodium falciparum hrp2/3 genomic loci in Ethiopia.
- Author
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Golassa, Lemu, Messele, Alebachew, Amambua-Ngwa, Alfred, and Swedberg, Gote
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HISTIDINE ,PLASMODIUM falciparum ,MALARIA ,DELETION mutation ,GENE amplification ,POLYMERASE chain reaction ,FILTER paper ,GENE frequency - Abstract
Deletions in Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2(pfhrp2) gene threaten the usefulness of the most widely used HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) that cross react with its structural homologue, PfHRP3. Parasites with deleted pfhrp2/3 genes remain undetected and untreated due to 'false-negative' RDT results. As Ethiopia recently launched malaria elimination by 2030 in certain selected areas, the availability of RDTs and the scale of their use have rapidly increased in recent years. Thus, it is important to explore the presence and prevalence of deletion in the target genes, pfhrp2 and pfhrp3. From a total of 189 febrile patients visited Adama Malaria Diagnostic centre, sixty-four microscopically-and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed P. falciparum clinical isolates were used to determine the frequency of pfhrp2/3 gene deletions. Established PCR assays were applied to DNA extracted from blood spotted onto filter papers to amplify across pfhrp2/3 exons and flanking regions. However, analysis of deletions in pfhrp2, pfhrp3 and flanking genomic regions was successful for 50 of the samples. The pfhrp2 gene deletion was fixed in the population with all 50(100%) isolates presenting a deletion variant. This deletion extended downstream towards the Pf3D7 0831900 (MAL7PI.230) gene in 11/50 (22%) cases. In contrast, only 2/50 (4%) of samples had deletions for the Pf3D7 0831700 (MALPI.228) gene, upstream of pfhrp2. Similarly, the pfhrp3 gene was deleted in all isolates (100%), while 40% of the isolates had an extension of the deletion to the downstream flanking region that codes for Pf3D7 13272400 (MAL13PI.485).The pfhrp3 deletion also extended upstream to Pf3D7 081372100 (MAL13PI.475) region in 49/50 (95%) of the isolates, exhibiting complete absence of the locus. Although all samples showed deletions of pfhrp2 exon regions, amplification of an intron region was successful in five cases. Two different repeat motifs in the intron regions were observed in the samples tested. Pfhrp2/3 gene deletions are fixed in Ethiopia and this will likely reduce the effectiveness of PfHRP2-based mRDTs. It will be important to determine the sensitivity PfHRP 2/3-based RDTs in these populations and conduct a countrywide survey to determine the extent of these deletions and its effect on routine RDT-based malaria diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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29. Raising a Child with Intellectual Disabilities in Ethiopia: What Do Parents Say?
- Author
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Weldeab, Chernet Tekle and Opdal, Liv Randi
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Parental experiences in raising children with intellectual disability in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia are described. Using a qualitative research approach, interviews from eleven families formed a rich contextual data base, in addition to informal observations, informal conversations, discussions with key informants, and document review. Findings show that parents face emotional, social, economic, material challenges while raising their children. Themes related to insufficient information and training related to intellectual disability, insufficient formal/informal supports, unfavourable attitudes on the part of the society towards children with intellectual disability, worries about the future, financial problems, lack of materials. Results are discussed in terms of the socio-cultural theoretical framework as well as the salutogenic perspective that focuses on strengths and coping strategies. The author proposes that, to tap into the familial strengths, a systems approach to empowering families may be effective if traditional institutions within the society are encouraged to include families of children with intellectual disabilities. (Contains 5 figures and 2 footnotes.) [This paper was written with Ann Nevin.]
- Published
- 2007
30. Comparative Study on the Senior Secondary School Mathematics Curricula Development in Ethiopia and Australia
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Meleta, Fufa E. and Zhang, Weizhong
- Abstract
The main objective of this study is to compare the process of the senior secondary school mathematics curricula development in Ethiopia and Australia. The study was investigated qualitatively with document analysis and semi-structured interview research methods. The documents were collected from Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education website and Australian curriculum website. The documents were analyzed and supported by interviews. The study was conducted based on four themes needs assessment, developing/writing the curriculum, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. The study revealed both similarities and differences. The considerable differences in the senior secondary school mathematics curriculum development process are (1) emphasis given to international research results and contemporary issues on mathematics education as inputs for curriculum development (2) the underlying principle of content standard organizations (3) trialing the curriculum before implementation initiated, and (4) monitoring and evaluation strategies. Even though substantial differences exist, the similarities are (1) conducting needs assessment and (2) the adoption of the constructivism approach. Depending on the findings of the study, the suggested recommendations were presented under conclusion section.
- Published
- 2017
31. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with uncomplicated and severe malaria based on msp-1 and msp-2 genes in Gublak, North West Ethiopia.
- Author
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Mohammed, Hussein, Hassen, Kedir, Assefa, Ashenafi, Mekete, Kalkidan, Tadesse, Gemechu, Taye, Girum, and Commons, Robert J.
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PLASMODIUM falciparum ,MALARIA ,FILTER paper ,GEL electrophoresis ,AGE groups - Abstract
Background: Malaria infection can present with a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Plasmodium falciparum isolates in uncomplicated and severe malaria infections may have different parasite genetic profiles. This study was conducted to assess differences in genetic diversity and allelic frequencies in P. falciparum isolates according to malaria severity and age of patients in the Gublack area, northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional health facility-based study conducted in Gublak, Ethiopia between July, 2017 and October, 2017. Symptomatic P. falciparum malaria patients with microscopically-confirmed infection were enrolled. Parasite DNA was extracted from filter paper blood spots and the polymorphic regions of the msp-1 and msp-2 genes were genotyped using allele-specific nested-PCR with fragment analysis by gel electrophoresis. Results: A total of 118 patients were enrolled including 95 (80.5%) with uncomplicated infection and 23 (19.5%) with severe disease. In msp-1, the K1 allelic family was similarly prevalent in uncomplicated 42 (44.2%) and severe disease 12 (52.2%). In msp-2, FC27 was detected in 55 (57.9%) of uncomplicated infections and IC/3D7 in 14 (60.9%) of severe infections. 76 (64.4%) of the 118 isolates contained multiple genotypes; 56 (58.9%) in uncomplicated infections and 19 (82.6%) in severe infections. The overall of multiplicity of infection was 2.2 (95% CI 1.98–2.42) with 1.4 (95% CI 1.23–1.55) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.49–1.86) for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Multiplicity of infection was significantly higher in severe than uncomplicated infections (3.0 (95% CI 2.61–3.47) versus 2.0 (95% CI 1.83–2.23), respectively, p = 0.001). There was no difference in multiplicity of infection across age groups (p = 0.104). Conclusion: Patients with severe malaria were more likely to have multiclonal infections. Further studies are needed to describe the association between P. falciparum genotypes and malaria severity in different malaria transmission areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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32. Financial distress situation of financial sectors in Ethiopia: A review paper.
- Author
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Abdu, Esmael
- Subjects
INTEREST rates ,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress ,FINANCIAL stress ,BUSINESS size ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
The development of financial sectors is considered as one of vital determinants of the growth of Ethiopian economy, and for secure equitable distribution of the benefits to the society. However, financial distress has an effect on the sectors. This review was conducted to assess financial distress situation of financial sectors in Ethiopia. The objective is specifically to identify the determinants of financial distress, opportunities of financial sectors, and challenges and constraints of financial distress in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a developing country with majority of unbanked population. Liquidity, profitability, leverage, firm size, capital adequacy, management efficiency, earning ability, inflation and interest rate are major determinant of financial distress in Ethiopia. Moreover, Ethiopian financial sectors have an opportunity of trade openness, rapid economic growth, unexploited resource, population growth and encouragement of privatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Defining "success" in large-scale agricultural investment: a typology based on different stakeholder perspectives.
- Author
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Cochrane, Logan, ElAlfy, Amr, Azadi, Hossein, and Dejene, Melisew
- Subjects
FOOD security ,REAL property acquisition ,FARMS ,DEVELOPING countries ,INVESTORS - Abstract
In 2007/2008, a triple crisis of food, fuel and finance sparked a global rush for agricultural land; tens of millions of hectares were acquired, primarily by foreign investors, within countries in the Global South. Amidst those transactions, intergovernmental organizations, national governments, investors, and community members envisioned what "success" of such investments entails. Although not explicitly defined, each stakeholder had different conceptualizations and measures of it, based upon the descriptions used and desired outcomes sought. Despite a large amount of literature analyzing the global rush for land, as far as we are aware no one has analyzed the diverse viewpoints about what success entails. This paper compares conceptualizations among four key stakeholder groups, based on ideal types from dominant narratives, and develops a typology of ideal stakeholder framing of success to allow comparisons of uses and thereby provide a foundation for researchers who are assessing the global land rush. This paper provides clarity about widely used, but inconsistently defined, framing providing an important foundation for clarity of meaning and comparative differences between stakeholders. The typology advances the discourse on the land rush by providing nuance to this widely used framing and makes explicit its diverse meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Extended tests for evaluating post-traumatic brain injury deficits in resource-limited settings: methods and pilot study data.
- Author
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Semework, Mulugeta, Laeke, Tsegazeab, Aklilu, Abenezer Tirsit, Tadele, Abraham, Ashagre, Yordanos, Teklewold, Peter, Kolias, Angelos G., Hutchinson, Peter, Balcha, Abel, Yohannes, Dagnachew, and Hassen, Getaw Worku
- Subjects
RESOURCE-limited settings ,BRAIN injuries ,COGNITIVE processing speed ,UNILATERAL neglect ,EXECUTIVE function ,MONTREAL Cognitive Assessment - Abstract
Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of all injury-related deaths and disabilities in the world, especially in low to middleincome countries (LMICs) which also suffer from lower levels of funding for all levels of the health care system for patients suffering from TBI. These patients do not generally get comprehensive diagnostic workup, monitoring, or treatment, and return to work too quickly, often with undiagnosed post-traumatic deficits which in turn can lead to subsequent incidents of physical harm. Methods: Here, we share methods and results from our research project to establish innovative, simple, and scientifically based practices that dramatically leverage technology and validated testing strategies to identify post-TBI deficits quickly and accurately, to circumvent economic realities on the ground in LMICs. We utilized paper tests such as the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), line-bisection, and Bell's test. Furthermore, we combined modifications of neuroscience computer tasks to aid in assessing peripheral vision, memory, and analytical accuracies. Data from seventy-one subjects (51 patients and 20 controls, 15 females and 56 males) from 4 hospitals in Ethiopia are presented. The traumatic brain injury group consists of 17 mild, 28 moderate, and 8 severe patients (based on the initial Glasgow Comma Score). Controls are age and education-matched subjects (no known history of TBI, brain lesions, or spatial neglect symptoms). Results: We found these neurophysiological methods can: 1) be implemented in LMICs and 2) test impairments caused by TBI, which generally affect brain processing speed, memory, and both executive and cognitive controls. Discussion: The main findings indicate that these examinations can identify several deficits, especially the MoCA test. These tests show great promise to assist in the evaluation of TBI patients and support the establishment of dedicated rehabilitation centers. Our next steps will be expansion of the cohort size and application of the tests to other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Evaluation of Pulp and Papermaking Properties of Melia azedarach.
- Author
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Megra, Megersa Bedo, Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar, Tadesse, Mesfin Getachew, and Worku, Limenew Abate
- Subjects
PAPERMAKING ,CELLULOSE fibers ,SULFATE pulping process ,HEMICELLULOSE ,SCANNING electron microscopy ,PAPER pulp - Abstract
As the world's population rises, there is a greater need for additional pulpwood for paper production worldwide. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the pulp and papermaking characteristics of Melia azedarach. Proximate chemical analysis, fiber morphology, pulping, bleaching, and physical tests were carried out to check the suitability of raw material. The proximate chemical analysis results showed that M. azedarach has a holocellulose content of 72.95% and a lignin content of 22.14%. Fiber morphology assessment revealed that the fibers were 0.571 mm long, 13.45 μm wide, and had a 2.52 μm cell wall thickness. Kraft pulping of M. azedarach was performed at different active alkali contents (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and temperatures (150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, 180 °C, and 190 °C), keeping the sulfidity constant at 25%. The maximum pulp yield was 41.81% at an active alkali content of 15%, a temperature of 170 °C, and a cooking time of 90 min. The effect of pulping on the fiber morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy, which showed that the fiber's surface before pulping was tight and arranged in an orderly way, with a relatively complex texture. After pulping, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose were removed, and the fiber became softer and more loosened, containing micropores. The pulp produced was bleached, and sheet preparation and testing were performed. The prepared paper sheets had a tensile index of 23.3 Nm/g, a burst index of 1.4 kPa m
2 /g, and a tear index of 4.0 mN m2 /g. This study concluded that M. azedarach could be a raw material for the pulp and papermaking industries. The results indicated that M. azedarach is also a potential alternative resource for pulp and paper production in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
36. The paradox of externally driven localisation: a case study on how local actors manage the contradictory legitimacy requirements of top-down bottom-up aid.
- Author
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Mulder, Femke
- Subjects
IMPRESSION management ,GOVERNMENT aid ,COMMUNITIES ,PARADOX ,FEDERAL government - Abstract
There are ongoing calls in the humanitarian and development sectors to localise aid, make it more participatory and involve communities. A common response to these calls by INGOs and national governments is to work with local actors to jointly deliver local, community-based, participatory aid. However, this setup tends to be hierarchical, with external actors taking the lead on project design and local actors on implementation. As a result, key outcomes envisioned for localisation and participation in aid often do not materialise. This paper explores the role legitimacy work plays in maintaining this unhelpful status quo. To this end, it provides a qualitative case study analysis of an aid project in Ethiopia (2016–2020) that was initiated by two INGOs and built on government structures designed to facilitate mass volunteering at community level: the Women's Development Army. The paper argues that externally driven localisation is often organised around project models that are shaped by two contradictory paradigms: one centring resilience and one centring surveillance. As a result, local aid workers and civil servants are faced with incompatible legitimacy requirements in their work. This paper uses a paradox perspective as a theoretical lens to explore how these local actors navigate these conflicting needs. It finds that they use impression management, especially visuals and performances, to sidestep the contradictions. This imagery conceals the disconnects between project strategy, implementation and the reality on the ground. As a side effect, it renders the problems with the externally driven approach invisible and legitimises the hierarchical status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Cultural Dynamics of Irregular Ethiopian Migration: Insights From Kembata Emigrants to the Republic of South Africa.
- Author
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Megersa, Hailu and Tafesse, Tesfaye
- Subjects
UNDOCUMENTED immigrants ,SOCIAL attitudes ,RETURN migrants ,IMMIGRANTS ,REMITTANCES ,HUMAN smuggling ,MONETARY incentives - Abstract
Executive Summary: This paper examines the cultural influences on irregular migration to South Africa from the Kembata-Tembaro Zone of Ethiopia. It reports on a mixed methods study, with a cross-sectional household survey (n = 316) to examine indicators about society's perceptions, cultural values, and the impact of remittances on migration. In-depth interviews (n = 24) with migrant returnees and experts in the Kembata-Tembaro Zone Labor and Social Affairs Office explored their experiences and perceptions of irregular migration. The study established a connection between cultural influences and irregular migration of Ethiopians to the Republic of South Africa. Overall, the study demonstrates that the culture of migration among the Kembatas is primarily driven by a cumulative migration experience facilitated through migrant social networks. Economic incentives, such as prospects of better income and improved living conditions, are the main drivers for individuals to embark on this migratory journey. In addition, social factors, including familial networks, community ties, and remittances from migrants, significantly influence households' attitudes toward migration. The paper ends with recommendations to address the problems related to irregular Ethiopian migration to South Africa, to enhance the well-being of Kembata emigrants, and to maximize the benefits of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A Comparison Analysis of Buildings as per Norwegian and Ethiopia ES-EN1998-1 Seismic Code.
- Author
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Abate, Mistreselasie, Evangelista, Ana Catarina Jorge, and Tam, Vivian W. Y.
- Subjects
LATERAL loads ,EARTHQUAKE zones ,EARTHQUAKES ,NATURAL disasters ,METHODS engineering ,NORWEGIANS - Abstract
An earthquake is one of the most significant and shocking natural disasters ever documented anywhere on the planet. Throughout history, it has claimed millions of lives and wreaked devastation on infrastructure. Because earthquake forces are spontaneous and unpredictable, engineering methods must be honed to investigate buildings under the impact of these forces. The dynamic and static computations of four RC multistory structure prototypes with various elevations in a high seismic zone are compared in this paper. The project under review is modeled as a 3, 6, 12, and 18-story establishment, and it is analyzed employing ETABS vs. 2019. The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure is used for static experimentation, while the Response Spectrum (RS) Procedure is employed for dynamic investigation. Both calculations are performed as per the EUROCODE 8-2004 recommendation. The ELF seismic load practice utilized was for the country of Norway, which has similar parameters to the ES-EN 8-15 seismic regulation Type I target RS, with ag/g = 0.1, spectrum type = I, soil factor S = 1.3 ground type, spectrum period (Tb, Tc, and Td) 0.1 s, 0.25 s, and 1.5 s. For the RS investigation, the parameters employed are as per ESEN-2015, ag/g = 0.1, and the spectrum type = I and ground type = B parameters were involved in the same manner for the RS analysis. The soil factor was set to 1.35; the spectrum period was set to (Tb, Tc, and Td) 0.05 s, 0.25 s, and 1.2 s. The behavior factor = 3.8, the lower bound factor = 0.2, and the damping ratio = 0.05. The results are then compared by employing different components such as displacement, story drift, story stiffness, base story shear, and story moment. Ultimately, a comparison of static and dynamic investigations has been carried out. Compared to the RS approach, the ELF technique produces more additional displacement, total drift, and base shear. As per the findings of this paper, for high-rise and tall buildings, dynamic analysis such as RS should be used rather than static analysis (ELF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Assessing the potential and challenges for trilateral trade integration among Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
- Author
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Ebaidalla, Ebaidalla M.
- Subjects
GRAVITY model (Social sciences) ,BILATERAL trade ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,WATER rights ,NATURAL resources - Abstract
Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia possess diverse natural resources and a substantial labor force that permit forming a successful trade integration. However, the recent dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) project between Ethiopia and downstream countries, Egypt and Sudan, has weakened the bilateral relations and disrupted trade flows among the three countries. This paper investigates the pattern of trilateral trade between Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia during the period between 1995 and 2018. The study also examines the prospects and challenges for establishing a trilateral trade integration between the three countries. The study adopted the gravity model approach, along with the export diversification and trade complementarity indices, in order to scrutinize the pattern and structure of trade between the countries under study. The analysis indicated that Egypt is the most diversified economy with many crucial comparative advantages, which may grant it a leader position in the integration. Moreover, the paper revealed many challenges that may hinder the implementation of trilateral trade integration including, export concentration, poor infrastructure and disputes over water resources. Finally, the paper recommends that facilitating bilateral trade among the riparian countries of Eastern Nile Basin would mitigate the complex clashes over water rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Evaluating the Pretoria Agreement: the limitations of presentist analysis of conflicts in Ethiopia.
- Author
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Abbink, Jon
- Subjects
WAR - Abstract
This debate piece contains an assessment of the debate on the 'Pretoria Agreement' (or Cessation of Hostilities Agreement) concluded on 2 November 2022 regarding the armed conflict in Ethiopia. On the basis of a critical discussion of a paper by F. Gebresenbet and Y. Tariku (2023) published in the Spring issue of the Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE), the author here contests the short-term analysis of the authors, who miss essential points of the wider context of political conflict in Ethiopia and also scholastically misrepresent some other authors in the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Assessment of Drug Use Pattern Using WHO Core Prescribing Indicators at Outpatient Settings of Governmental Hospitals in Dessie Town.
- Author
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Mengistu, Getnet, Misganaw, Desye, Tsehay, Tessema, Alemu, Belete Kassa, and Bogale, Kassahun
- Subjects
MEDICAL records ,DRUG prescribing ,HOSPITALS ,THERAPEUTICS ,ESSENTIAL drugs - Abstract
Background: Enhancing the standards of medical treatment at all levels of the healthcare delivery system can improve the quality of life in developing countries. One method to promote rational drug use is an assessment of drug use pattern based on drug use indicators. Objective: To evaluate prescription patterns at the outpatient pharmacy of Dessie Referral Hospital and Boru Meda Hospital at Dessie town. Methods: An institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prescribing patterns in governmental hospitals of Dessie town from April 1 to May 30, 2019. Six hundred eligible prescriptions were selected from each hospital through a systematic random sampling technique. Results: The result of this study showed that both hospitals used standard prescriptions (100%). Age (99.0%) and name (94.7%) of patients were the most commonly recorded patient information while weight, address of patients and diagnosis were recorded only in 1.1%, 39.2% and 61.3% of the studied prescription papers, respectively. A total 2409 drugs were prescribed in the 1200 prescription papers and the percentage of encounters with injection(s) and antibacterial(s) was 9.0% and 42.6%, respectively. At each hospital, all drugs were prescribed from the Ethiopian essential drug list. Conclusion: The present study revealed the use of standard presecription papers at both hospitals. None of the patient-related information was completely written in all prescrptions. For drug-related information, only the name of the drug was written in all prescription papers. There is also a significant deviation from the acceptable WHO standard for prescribing antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Production of hide and skin in Ethiopia; marketing opportunities and constraints: A review paper.
- Author
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Adem, Mohammed and Yildiz, Fatih
- Subjects
HIDES & skins ,FOREIGN exchange ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,LIVESTOCK ,INFORMATION sharing - Abstract
Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa. Livestock subsector makes the major contribution to the overall economy. The livestock sector accounts for 19% of the GDP and generates 16–19% of the foreign exchange earnings of the country. It constitutes around 35% of the agricultural GDP, or 45% if indirect contributions are taken into account. With the rapidly growing population, increasing urbanization, and rising incomes, the domestic demand for meat, milk, and eggs is expected to increase significantly in the foreseeable future. The livestock production system in Ethiopia is traditional and contributes to both subsistence and cash generation. Hide is the raw skin of mature animals of larger kinds, example cattle, horse, and also other large animals. Skin is the skin of fully grown animals of smaller kinds. Hide and skin in the subsector is constrained by various structural, production, information exchange, and quality problems, as well as financial constraints. The opportunities of hides and skins sector in Ethiopia are raw material availability due to the large livestock base in pastoral areas, ready market, there is a growing national and international market for hides. To improve the hide and skin sector situation in Ethiopia, training needs to be provided for producers and collectors, collection and marketing of hide and skin should be done immediately after slaughtering, and household, government, and national and international organizations need to work together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Looking back thinking ahead towards the vernacular architecture of Gurage, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Kebede, Ashenafi, Amsalu, Desalegn, and Yosef, Dawit
- Subjects
VERNACULAR architecture ,SUSTAINABLE development ,SUSTAINABILITY ,CULTURAL property ,LOCAL history ,QUALITATIVE research - Abstract
In accordance with the culture and environment, vernacular architecture has provided suitable solutions. People are looking for more environmentally friendly structures in today's globalized world. To comprehend the sustainable qualities of indigenous housing tradition, thus it is important to look back in time. This article has used the idea of sustainable development to evaluate the worth of Gurage, an Ethiopian traditional architecture. The indigenous architecture of the Gurage communities is constructed in line with the community's history, culture, and surroundings. In light of this, the research investigates traditional houses and the socio-cultural practices of the locals that promote resilience. In order to find a scientific basis and encourage its implementation in the future, this paper analyzes the architectural expression in Gurage, holistically in light of the knowledge and experience of the local populace. Using a phenomenological research design and a qualitative research approach that involves observation, key informant interviews (20), and focused group discussions (3) with carefully chosen participants, an explanation for the vernacular architecture of the study areas was established. The outcome of the paper reveals how much the rich vernacular traditions of the study site are still relevant today in creating an environmentally and culturally sustainable settlement. It implies that the traditional building practices and cultural heritage of the Gurage people can contribute to the development of a sustainable settlement that is both environmentally friendly and culturally appropriate. By expressing concern about these issues, it highlights the importance of taking proactive measures to safeguard the environment, preserve cultural heritage, and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Applications of Fractional Order Logistic Grey Models for Carbon Emission Forecasting.
- Author
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He, Xiaoqiang, Song, Yuxin, Yu, Fengmin, and Duan, Huiming
- Subjects
CARBON emissions ,PARTICLE swarm optimization ,SMALL states ,ENERGY conservation ,CLIMATE change ,FORECASTING ,ENERGY development - Abstract
In recent years, global attention to carbon emissions has increased, becoming one of the main drivers of global climate change. Accurate prediction of carbon emission trends in small and medium-sized countries and scientific regulation of carbon emissions can provide theoretical support and policy references for the effective and rational use of energy and the promotion of the coordinated development of energy, environment, and economy. This paper establishes a grey prediction model using the classical Logistic mathematical model in a determined environment to investigate the carbon emission system. At the same time, we use the basic principle of fractional-order accumulation to establish a grey prediction model with fractional-order Logistic and obtain the parameter estimation and time-response equation of the new model by solving the model through the theory related to fractional-order operators. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to complete the optimization process of the order of the fractional order grey prediction model and obtain the optimal model order. Then, the new model is applied to predict carbon emissions in five medium-emission countries: Ethiopia, Djibouti, Ghana, Belgium, and Austria. The new model shows better advantages in the validity analysis process, and the simulation results indicate that the new model proposed in this paper has stronger stability and better simulation and prediction accuracy than other comparative models, proving the model's validity. Finally, the model is used to forecast the carbon emissions of these five countries for the five years of 2021–2025, and the results are analyzed, and relevant policy recommendations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Retrieval and validation of O3 measurements from ground-based FTIR spectrometer at equatorial station: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Author
-
Kenea, S. Takele, Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Von Clarmann, T., and Stiller, G. P.
- Subjects
FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,ARTIFICIAL satellites ,OZONE ,SPECTROMETERS - Abstract
The author discusses aspects of the first outcomes of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at the new measurement station in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. He says that the measurement technique of FTIR spectroscopy do not need a validation by satellite. The author recommends to republish the paper "Retrieval and validation of O3 measurements from ground-based FTIR spectrometer at equatorial station: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," by S. Takele Kenea and colleagues after major revisions.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. ERRATIC VIEWS AND POLICY INCONSISTENCY ON PRIVATISATION MODALITIES IN ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
- Author
-
Endris, Mohammed Ahmed, Alemu, Abebe Ejigu, and Kibret, Abiot Tsegaye
- Subjects
PRIVATIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,ORGANIZATIONAL performance ,EXPORT marketing ,PRIVATE sector ,MODAL logic ,INCONSISTENCY (Logic) - Abstract
Background and objectives: Since 1991, several state-owned enterprises in distinct categories were transferred to the private sector under the privatisation policy in Ethiopia. The process and its modalities vary. The notion behind the implementation was to transfer those inefficient public-owned firms to the private sector with an expectation of improving defects. But, privatisation processes are neither a one-time incidence nor an immediate action. Privatisation processes are inter-linked with various macro and microeconomic and sometimes socio-political policies, and reforms. In this paper, privatisation modalities, inconsistencies, and arguments regarding the Ethiopian privatisation process are analysed. Study Design / Material and Methods: Using a systematic literature review process, 50 papers were found and extracted in a methodical manner from PubMed, Ecobiz, and Google Scholar Databases. The analysis was undertaken following systematic categories after taking heterogeneity articles on Ethiopia's privatisation process into consideration. Results: The government encompasses large public-owned enterprises in the privatisation process; however, the privatisation modalities and timing are still a point of controversy among scholars. The effective privatisation process required institutional development, and the government's promises were put to the test. The performance of enterprises was significantly impacted by legal and policy frameworks. The legal framework and consistently unstable nature of Ethiopia's privatisation history have been observed. It has been observed that the legal framework and consistently unstable nature of Ethiopia's privatisation history. Practical implications: This study has a practical contribution and input by giving insights for researchers, practitioners and policy makers for providing alternative privatisation modalities, appropriate for the Ethiopian context. Conclusion and Summary: The mode of privatisation must be pre-examined and carefully selected by considering important success factors including public interest, objectives of endeavour, and the sustainability of firms. The techniques must consider the nature and characteristics of the firms studied, clarity and well-prepared privatisation options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its associated factors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
-
Andualem, Fantahun, Melkam, Mamaru, Takelle, Girmaw Medfu, Nakie, Girum, Tinsae, Techilo, Fentahun, Setegn, Rtbey, Gidey, Seid, Jemal, Gedef, Getachew Muluye, Bitew, Desalegn Anmut, and Godana, Tilahun Nega
- Subjects
PREMENSTRUAL syndrome ,MENTAL health personnel ,MENTAL health policy ,LUTEAL phase ,MENSTRUAL cycle ,SECONDARY school students - Abstract
Background: Clinical research and epidemiological studies have shown that many women experience physical and behavioral symptoms that begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and terminate around the onset of menses; this is called premenstrual syndrome. The reviews stated that the pooled prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was around 50 percent. However, there has been no review done on premenstrual syndrome in Africa. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the most recent data evidence on the pooled prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its pooled effect of associated factors in Africa. Method: We used an appropriate guideline for systematic reviews and metaanalyses reports, which is the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023414021). The publications were identified from PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Scopus databases, and other grey searches. The included papers were the original data that reported the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and associated factors published, in English, and papers available online from January 1, 2000, to May 30, 2023. The data was extracted in Microsoft Excel, and then it would be imported into STATA 11.0 for analysis. Results: We have included 16 studies conducted in African countries with 6530 study participants. In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among the reproductive-age participants in Africa was 46.98 (95% CI: 28.9-65.06%). Further, in subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 57.32% in Nigeria, 43.8% in Ethiopia, and 38.6% among university students and 66.04% among secondary school students. Among associated factors, the early age of menarche was significantly related to premenstrual syndrome. Conclusion: In this review, the pooled prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Africa was high. Among factors, the early age of menarche was a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome. This finding might help the stakeholders (mental health policy makers, administrators, and mental health professionals) to address prevention, early screening, and management of PMS among reproductive-age women, and to give attention to more vulnerable bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Red pepper drying with a double pass solar air heater integrated with aluminium cans.
- Author
-
Admass, Zigale, Salau, Ayodeji Olalekan, Mhari, Bimrew, and Tefera, Ewnetu
- Subjects
SOLAR air heaters ,ALUMINUM cans ,SOLAR dryers ,PEPPERS ,STANDARD deviations ,ALUMINUM plates - Abstract
In this paper, an experimental evaluation of a newly developed flat plate double pass solar air heater combined with aluminum cans for drying red pepper was presented. The proposed solar dryer system was designed, modeled, and evaluated. Solar air heater trials were carried out using the absorber's top and bottom plate and aluminum cans for red pepper drying at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. To test the solar dryer, 100 pieces of red paper were obtained from the Bahir Dar region of Ethiopia for the purpose of experimentation. Microsoft Excel was used to perform statistical analysis of eleven mathematical models. The results show that the mixed-mode solar greenhouse dryer takes less time to dry red pepper than the open solar dryer. In the midday, the solar insolation reached 973 W/m
2 and the minimum solar insolation was 220 W/m2 and air is expelled at a rate of 0.0383 kg/s. According to the experimental results, the dryers chamber temperature ranged from 30.9 to 54 °C, while the ambient temperature was between 22.6 and 28.2 °C. The mixed-mode double pass achieves up to 46% and 28% efficiency when used with aluminum can dryers and conventional open sun dryers, respectively. A drying rate of 0.0003395 kg/s was achieved for the open sun dryer system and 0.0000365 kg/s for the mixed mode solar dryer. Using mixed-mode and open-sun solar dryers, the logarithmic model was found to be most effective in explaining the red pepper behavior. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the experimental and predicted moisture ratios through the calculation of the coefficient of determination (R2 ), the reduced chi-square (X2 ), and the root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that the logarithmic model achieved the highest value of the correlation coefficient (R2 ), which was determined to be 0.9978 and 0.9989, while the logarithmic model achieved the lowest value of Chi-square (X2 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Cross Cultural Empathetic Behavior in Health Care Providers: A Review of 3 Countries.
- Author
-
Sullivan-Detheridge, Julie H., Reifsnider, Elizabeth, Mengsteab, Mesele, Merie, Kassaw, Staller, Judit, and Allen, Angela M.
- Subjects
EVALUATION of medical care ,IMPLICIT bias ,RACISM ,EMPATHY ,TRANSCULTURAL medical care ,RACE ,CULTURAL competence ,ETHNOCENTRISM ,HEALTH equity ,RURAL health - Abstract
This paper examines empathetic behavior in the United States, a strongly individualistic country, as contrasted with Hungary and Ethiopia, which are moderately individualistic and strongly collectivistic respectively. It suggests that empathy may have a wider than originally perceived application in diverse settings to combat factors of ethnic bias and discrimination that adversely impact health. Models that distinctly focus on the development of healthcare provider empathic care are needed to enable the needs of resource scarce regions of the world to be met, including pockets of the U.S. More investigation is warranted on how empathic behavior can positively impact health outcomes and disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A Study Of Health Consequences Due To 'Female Genital Mutilation' In African Novels With Special Reference To Abraham Verghese's Cutting For Stone And Alice Walker's Possessing The Secrets Of Joy.
- Author
-
Tyagi, Tripti, Kulshrestha, Jyoti, Sujata, and Maini, Jayant
- Subjects
FEMALE genital mutilation ,INDIGENOUS women ,AFRICAN history ,JOY - Abstract
The nations should be put to an interrogation whether women in their provinces are surviving safe? The discursive readings will fail to deny the fact that women in each nation have always been considered secondary or being subjugated by several modes. The existence of women has been restrained by the male strategists who exploit them to imposing the prerogative of their dominion and masculinity. Masculinity does not believe in mere exploiting women, it also imposes upon women to represent themselves as commodities to be served to men, be it to getting their genitals circumcised to prove that they are 'untouched' and 'virgins'. Female Genital Mutilation is a long- existing brutal practice which forces women to undergo their genital mutilation at their early ages. They are asked to get their genitals circumcised because it is an obligatory practice imposed by the supercilious imaginary customs of the males, in most of the communities. To understand the condition of women in this context, this paper analyzes the African history of enforcing the native women to undergo their genital mutilation (FGM), as being made as mandatory. To understand this locus, this paper dwells in the reading of the historical process of the female genital mutilation (FGM) being practiced worldwide, especially in Africa. To bring light in a more concentrating manner, the paper reads Abraham Verghese's first novel Cutting for Stone (2009) that is almost set in Ethiopia during the 1960s and the 70s and Alice Walker's Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992). Besides, many other African novels are also discussed in brief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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