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The System-wide Collaborative Action for Livelihoods and Environment, or SCALE process, has become one of the Academy for Educational Development's (AED's) and the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID's) most utilized and replicated models, with applications in education, health, natural resources management, tourism, sustainable agriculture, and energy, among others. SCALE was originally designed through the GreenCOM project, which was funded by the USAID/Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade Bureau's Natural Resources Management Office and implemented by AED. This paper illustrates how the SCALE model can be modified for use in the context of international workforce initiatives.

In 1992 the Further Education Unit (FEU) published a guide to environmental action in Further Education colleges, "Colleges Going Green," that drew attention to the moral principle of sustainability that includes a duty of care for other people and forms of life and acknowledges the need to limit and to share the use of the earth's resources. This document is the first of two reports to update "Colleges Going Green." This report is aimed at all participants in further education curriculum development, including college management groups, course leaders, and teachers. It reports relevant national policy developments and initiatives and identifies approaches to developing the environmental dimension to the curriculum corresponding to the different levels of commitment to environmental responsibility. It also illustrates methods of delivering environmental education from examples sent by colleges in response to a circular letter from FEU and gives indicators for evaluating institutional and curriculum practice. Contains 21 references. (JRH)

This paper discusses innovative schemes for environmental protection training in Italy. Section I lists elements contained in well-organized environment protection activity. Section II provides an example of environmental training for Italian trade union leaders that helps them understand the complexity of environmental systems and negotiate the necessary measures to protect the environment. An analysis of a seminar for the trade union leaders discusses training strategy, content, and the seminar's organization around the concept of "territory." Section III contains materials on training for environmental monitoring, including information on monitoring environmental variables and monitoring the mountain environment. Sections IV, V, and VI analyze three examples of training for monitoring the environment in Italy: two in the Valtellina Region, a mountain area where there was a major flood in 1987, and another in the Lake Trasimeno Region in Umbria. Section IV describes International Geophysical Center training designed to complement a university degree. Section V addresses training activities of the organization Cooperativa Rilancio Valtellina in Sondrio for mountain territory technicians. Section VI describes a training course for environmental control technicians offered by the National Center for Professional Training about New Technology for Integrated Projection and Environment. Appendixes include information on content of the training activities. (YLB)

This report describes environmental training in the Federal Republic of Germany, confined to that provided in vocational schools and industrial establishments. It also covers the further training of environmental trainers in such establishments. Following an introduction (Chapter I), Chapter II outlines the politico-educational background of job-related environmental studies. The next four chapters (Chapters III-VI), examine the integration of environmental protection into four training sectors by means of examples or case studies, referring also to the organizational context in each case. These chapters focus on environmental studies in on-the-job training, environmental studies in the further training of training personnel, environmental training in technical colleges, and environmental training in further training for teachers. Chapter VII maps out perspectives for the improvement of environmental training in the sectors examined, on the basis of the programs described and of the current debate on environmental training. (Sixty endnotes are appended.) (YLB)

This report focuses on university/U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) interactions in activities directly related to agriculture, natural resources, and the environment in developing nations. It is noted that U.S. university participation in AID development assistance ventures has declined since passage of the Title XII program of the Foreign Assistance Act in 1975. New opportunities for U.S. university involvement in foreign development assistance, however, are arising from new initiatives in AID, and in other development assistance organizations. In addition, AID is focusing on its affiliations with development assistance organizations, including U.S. universities, to encourage multi-institutional collaborative relationships. The report covers the following topics: how AID has utilized university resources; recent trends in AID/university collaboration; trends in AID policies, programs, and funding; perceived conflicts in the AID/university relationship, both historical and recurrent; and opportunities for U.S. university participation in development assistance. Also discussed are new directions for university participation in development assistance. Appendices include a list of programs supporting research and technology generation, AID Regional Bureau strategies, and AID actions in developing countries. Contains 120 references. (GLR)

This workshop collection contains four case studies regarding particular relationships between specific resources and clientele or user groups, and three discussions based on those four papers and/or conference discussions. The first paper discusses urban land use origins and compares urban policies with rural policies suggesting that future rural land use should not be based on urban policies. Focusing on poverty and coal mining in Kentucky, the second paper, by Cynthia L. Duncan and William A. Duncan, supports community-oriented development policies. The third paper, by Joe B. Stevens, provides an historical overview of the Pacific Northwest's economy; discusses the current status of forest, human, and community resources with a focus on poverty; and, through operationalizing the concept of "income distribution," suggests that multiple definitions are needed to examine the impact of forest-related policies. Focusing on blacks, the final case study, by T. T. Williams, Richard Morse, and Avery Webber, is concerned with the impact of government policies on minority rural land ownership, management, and use. After a brief history, the paper looks at contemporary black rural land tenure in the South and suggests implementation of policies designed to strengthen the capability of small farmers to increase their total output, thus enhancing economic viability of black farmers. Comments focus briefly on major points from the case studies and suggest areas for further investigation. (PM)

Focusing on cultural influences and minority control over water and mineral resources, this workshop collection contains two papers and two sets of comments regarding those papers. Studying the relationship between rural poverty and water resources in the Southwest, the first paper, by Helen Ingram and five others, examines how water is important to the poor and basic preconditions to improved water use by the poor. After identifying the Southwest's poor as mostly Indian and Hispanic people, the paper discusses regional patterns of water control, water use by the poor, economics of water, the poor who do and don't control water, and communal values of water. Conclusions suggest water control by poor people and strong community in-put regarding water allocation could positively affect economic development. Proposing areas of policy analysis based on current issues confronting natural-resource-owning Indian tribes as landowners and governments, the second paper, by Susan Williams, provides an historic overview focusing on tribes as landowners and their different resources including water, and minerals. It then suggests a research agenda and concludes that although resource development demands careful consideration by tribal members, resource-owning tribes can improve their economic well-being. Comments provide examples of cultural differences illustrating difficulties any outside intervention may face. (PM)

Over time, scientists, technologists, and resource managers in affluent countries have devised and institutionalized methodologies for exploiting and managing natural resources in their own environments with considerable success. In doing so, they have provided models, at least of development and affluence, that the less developed countries seek to employ. An international symposium involving both invited and contributed papers addressed the technological and institutional challenges of sustainable development of natural resources in the Third World. Described in many papers are approaches that have worked in developing countries. Topics considered include: (1) forestry; (2) soil erosion; (3) renewable energy; (4) economic analyses; (5) biological diversity; (6) environmental education; (7) distribution of charcoal stoves; and (8) sustainable development. (TW)

This paper, one of a series published by the Worldwatch Institute to identify and focus attention on global problems, is adapted from the author's book, "Rays of Hope: The Transition to a Post-Petroleum World." The author examines the current energy problems of the world, and determines that the energy patterns of the past are not the prologue to the future. The inadequacies associated with energy alternatives to petroleum, such as coal and nuclear fusion, are identified and discussed. Thus, society is left with only the solar options: wind, falling water, biomass, and direct sunlight. The historical development, technology, and current status of each of the solar options is detailed. The social and political ramifications of the conversion to a society based on solar energy are hypothesized. The author concludes that the conversion to solar energy is technically feasible, economically sound, and environmentally attractive. (BT)

This document presents the position that renewable energy sources offer a timely alternative to dwindling oil supplies and to environmentally damaging coal combustion, although public support and financial backing need to be strengthened. An expanded use of renewables and a greater commitment to energy efficiency are the most cost-effective and environmentally sound approaches to mitigating many seemingly intractable problems. The booklet contains specific sections on: (1) harnessing the power of water; (2) new uses of biomass; (3) power from the sun; (4) tapping the energy of the wind; (5) laying the institutional groundwork for a shift to using more renewables; and (6) increasing the overall energy contribution available for renewables. (TW)

In 1987, a record 126,000 automobiles rolled off assembly lines each working day, and close to 400 million vehicles are used on the world's roads today. Prior to the 1970s the automobile's utility and sustainability were hardly questioned. A decade of oil price increases and worries about future fuel availability slowed automobile use somewhat, but in the 1980s improved energy efficiency and additional oil supplies combined to bring fuel prices down. This document calls for a fundamental rethinking of the role automobiles should play. It contains sections entitled: (1) "Whither the Automotive Age?" (2) "Depending More on Oil, Searching for Alternatives"; (3) "Enhancing Fuel Efficiency"; (4) "Reducing Emissions"; and (5) "Reshaping Transportation." (TW)

Although progress has been made in combatting the most visible and easily controlled forms of pollution (exhaust, industrial waste, sewage, etc.), other pollutants have been largely ignored. Pollutants which are uncontrolled and which are increasingly recognized as dangerous include carbon dioxide, toxic substances such as dioxin, mirex, lindane, mercuric oxide, lead and mercury, and nuclear wastes. Reasons for lack of success in removing these and other pollutants include the following: (1) pollution control efforts have gone into solving those problems which appeared most solvable, (2) more public expenditures have been aimed at correcting problems which have technical solutions, and (3) some important pollutants cannot be controlled by any known technologies. Analysis of data regarding pollutants indicates that uncontrolled pollution exacts real costs on health and property and that cost-effective investment in abatement equipment can yield measurable net benefits. The conclusion is that controlling pollutants will require fundamental changes in life-styles and common business practices. (Author/DB)

Population growth and resource depletion are discussed. The need is stressed for policy makers to understand how population projections relate to the carrying capacity of the earth's basic biological systems. Because the earth's resources are limited, it is essential that policy makers in developed and developing nations be able to analyze the relationship between population and resources such as fisheries, forests, croplands, and grasslands. Economic and social stresses have already resulted in over-fishing, over-grazing, shrinking forests, urban slums, unemployment and, since 1974, annual double digit inflation. One major constraint to unlimited population growth is the oil supply. Petroleum is the principal fuel that powers the global economy. The changing petroleum supply necessitates not only vigorous conservation programs but also establishment of policy priorities which will assure adequate oil supplies for essential purposes such as food production. Population policies which have been devised to deal with population growth include family planning assistance and controls on rural-urban migration. The conclusion is that policy makers must devise ways of stabilizing population at a level far lower than currently projected in order to avoid deterioration of the earth's biological resource base and of the living standards of more and more people. (DB)

Focusing on the need for energy to sustain economic development on a long-term basis, the document examines energy options of the post-petroleum era in developing nations. Nuclear power and solar power are the most important among proposed alternative energy sources. Limited applicability of nuclear technology to the Third World is discussed. Problems include the need of most developing nations to seek foreign fuel to power nuclear plants, the difficulty of designing nuclear facilities that work equally well in different environments, and the problem of decommissioning radioactive facilities at the end of their usefulness. Energy-related research and experiments indicate that the most likely sources for new energy are solar (sunlight, wind, hydropower, and biomass). Factors which should encourage the Third World to harness solar energy sources include: a general abundance of sunlight, a dispersed and predominately rural population (which encourages decentralized energy resources), prohibitive cost of conventional energy, customary dependence on indirect solar sources such as firewood, and insignificant capital investment in petroleum-powered energy. Various objections and reservations concerned with the transition to solar energy are evaluated. The conclusion is that solar energy, the most viable energy source in the post-petroleum age, can contribute positively to economic development in both developing and industrialized nations. (Author/DB)

This report addresses the global concern of water development and stresses the need for management of the water demand. Investments in water efficiency, recycling, and conservation are recommended over conventional water supply projects for greater cost behefits and production yield. Topic areas include: (1) water use trends in major crop producing regions; (2) investments in irrigation efficiency (with explanations and analyses of gravity systems, surge irrigation, sprinkler designs, micro-methods, and pitcher techniques); (3) new cropping patterns (containing data on the effects of conservation tillage on water storage and data on water consumption rates of selected crops); (4) recycling and reuse projects (including a listing of selected sites of large-scale water reuse programs); (5) urban water conservation problems (specifying savings with water efficient household fixtures); and (6) impact factors (technology, management practices, and governmental policies). (ML)

This publication examines various topics and issues related to the world oil situation. Major areas considered are: (1) the nature and consequences of the current oil glut; (2) a historical overview of the petroleum era (with analyses of the three time periods of 1900-1973, 1973-1979, and 1979-1981); (3) the geopolitics of oil (including data on oil production and revenues from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) for 1973, 1980, and 1984; (4) the limits to world oil use (explained by graphs on world oil reserves and data on oil production, reserves, and reserves/production ratios of 12 major oil producing countries); (5) energy efficiency and new energy sources (listing major sources and consumption rates from 1973 to 1984); and (6) energy policy framework (with trend analysis and political implications). It has been recognized that opportunities have been increasing for many countries in energy self-sufficiency and oil dependency has diminished. (ML)

The post-World War II era is commonly described as the age of oil. Petroleum has fueled the industrialization process and has helped to raise living standards around the globe. At the same time, the current era has been referred to as the age of efficiency. Since 1973, it is estimated that the world saved far more energy through improved efficiency than it has gained from all new energy sources. This document deals with some of the possibilities for energy efficiency, particularly as it relates to environmental quality. It includes sections which deal with: (1) energy-wise buildings; (2) transportation challenges; (3) new potentials for industry; (4) research; (5) prices, taxes, and standards; (6) institutionalizing efficiency; and (7) the limits to energy growth. (TW)

This document deals with efforts aimed at reforesting large areas of degraded lands. It includes sections on: (1) tree cover trends; (2) fuelwood challenges of the future; (3) the need to supply industrial wood; (4) stabilizing soil and water resources; (5) forests and climate change; and (6) mobilization for reforestation. (TW)