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Projections for the global economy frequently center on the BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. As futurists and economists alike define and re-define both formal and informal coalitions (for example, by broadening the R in BRIC to include all Eastern European economies or instead re-directing the discussion to G-8 countries or to World Trade Organization members), the education profiles of the individual nations sometimes resemble economic indicators: what is imported, what is exported, and what is the potential for expansion. Higher education, and specifically distance learning (the Clicks element of this paper), can already be charted in these terms for some nations. This paper describes the current role of distance learning in countries described as growing economies and proposes a typology for describing change as additional data become available. The paper informs readers of global developments in distance education, using the BRIC nations as examples.(Contains 3 figures, 4 tables, and 13 resources.)

The Food Safety Knowledge Network (FSKN) is a collaboration between Michigan State University, the Global Food Safety Initiative of the Consumer Goods Forum, and other food industry and public sector partners. FSKN's goal is to help strengthen the food industry's response to the complex food safety knowledge and training challenges that affect emerging markets by providing free access to high-quality, standardized learning resources. The resources were designed to be available on demand and as a structured learning experience which can support face-to-face training and fully online training. The pilots thus far have shown that participants in FSKN training demonstrate a significant increase in knowledge. The paper will share the processes used to set up an efficient open educational resources initiative including understanding licensing, using open software, establishing competencies and working with corporate and other international partners. (Contains 2 figures.)

This paper examines the role of exchange rate changes on India's trade. The drivers of exports and imports (income, exchange rate including sectoral differences, and exchange rate variability) are estimated for the short and long run including a structural break. Using annual data from 1994 to 2022, the results of dynamic fixed effects estimation show that both exports and imports are income-elastic in the short and long run, but income elasticity is far stronger for exports. Moreover, exports are responsive to the real effective exchange rate in the short run but not in the long run, and the reverse is true for imports. Furthermore, exchange rates have asymmetric effects for high-volume and primary sectors for exports and imports. The combined impacts show the ineffectiveness of using currency depreciation to address trade imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to capture the missing 'distance' puzzle in the globalization process driven by trade flows. It is widely recognized that the growing global economic integration process play a major role in the spatial restructuring of many countries at varying geographical scales. The paper illustrates a model of international trade flows that builds upon existing research on the geographies of global trade. Empirical results of the current study indicate that the basic and augmented gravity model provides a useful framework for understanding international trade. The evidence of map pattern in residuals across temporal scale is noted. The results further indicate the importance of distance in the Indian context. An identification of the patterns and determinants of India's international trade with 87 countries suggests that potentially important differences in regional demands and country specific factors may impact the trade interaction over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the modern historical view of the Columbian voyages that recognizes both the positive and negative consequences of the contact. Describes the voyages as a boon to scientific knowledge, a key step in the development of world trade, and an ecological disaster. Acknowledges the role of India, Islam, and Iberian Jews. (DK)

The post-industrial study of globalization has been studied from several perspectives and has been subject to a multi-disciplinary approach. There is, however, limited literature on the role played by globalization on diversity and inclusion. And thus, diversity and inclusion emerge as key themes this paper seeks to explore. At a time when the name 'George Floyd' has sparked a movement all around the globe and, farther away in India, a crime is committed against a 'lower-caste' Indian every 15 minutes, the actual and discursive importance of diversity and inclusion is boldly underscored. This paper begins by discussing the theoretical underpinnings of the conception of globalization and moves on to identifying the role of diversity and inclusion in theory. It then shifts its focus to the economistic perspective of globalization. The economistic perspective provides key insights on the Marxian notion of the antagonism between labour and capital by highlighting the repercussions of this 'antagonism' on labour market standards and inequalities. This paper indicates that these consequences do not have to make the case. It finally uses statistics from India (with particular emphasis on caste-based data) in comparison with statistics from the West to provide an analytical account of modern-day business paradigm. This is hardly a discursive analysis when one views it in light of business efforts to incorporate diversity and inclusion in governance and operations. The paper moves from a theoretical understanding of globalization to concrete conclusions that address the growing need for diversity and inclusion at all levels of corporate governance. This ensures that globalization creates a sustainable growth model for all countries. This is especially imperative at a time when nation-states have an increasingly diminishing role to play in global trade and division of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the theoretical aspects related to international trade and its role in the development of the two economic giants: China and India, as well as the contribution of the above-mentioned countries to the world economy. This issue is considered as topical as international trade has become a primary component of economic activity in most countries. Over time, developing economies such as China and India have made their presence felt in the global economy and have become the factors of its growth. Among other developing countries, China and India are distinguished by a faster growth of the economy. India, due to its distinct development strategy, has the potential to economically influence the activities of the global economy in the years to come even more than China. Respectively, another point that draws attention to this topic is the emergence of China and India as new poles of trade, innovation and growth alongside the USA, Japan and the EU. To analyze the commercial performance in the two countries over the last 20 years, it is necessary to examine their commercial patterns. Although both countries have high openness ratios, they have different trade balances. In the case study, the indicators and external economic activity of these countries will be compared. For this, it is necessary to analyze, assess and compare the magnitude of the international activities of these superpowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notable accomplishments in export have made India's software sector conspicuous. This paper attempts to discuss the determinants of software exports from India. The study notes that-besides dynamic elements of economic development across the world-the policy measures and actions of the Indian government have played proactive and facilitating roles in the growth of the software sector. The study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to estimate the impact of various explanatory variables on software exports from India. Since causality is found running in both directions for many variables, the study attempts to examine the determinants of software exports from India through the regression equation in first difference. The results suggest that changes in openness index, human capital, and the GDP of high-income OECD countries have exercised positive impact on change in software exports from India. The study finds a stable long run relationship among variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: – The increasing importance of branding has been highlighted by many authors and there is a general absence of a clearly defined approach taken by companies to penetrate emerging markets with their brands, especially with reference to the Indian market. This paper aims to investigate brand strategies implemented by food and beverage firms going international and, in particular, to determine how to build the brand strategy on entering emerging markets through acquisitions.Design/methodology/approach – The authors had the opportunity to follow the operation conducted by the Lavazza Company in India for three years (2007-2010), although the majority of the interviews were done in the first two years of the research. The research focused on the brand strategy for the specific case of the Lavazza Company by using a qualitative approach based on interviews with the Lavazza Management. The first session of interviews was carried out during 2007-2008 with two objectives: to understand the Lavazza Company's values and strategies, the Indian culture and the opportunities that this country could offer the Italian company; to follow the strategy used by the Italian Company in order to manage the period of transition after the acquisition of the two Indian companies. The second session of interviews was carried out during 2009-2010 in order to verify the current situation and to finalize the framework developed. Interviews lasted two and a half hours on average and when possible were supported by documentation referring to the strategies adopted in India by Lavazza, and to researches and studies either conducted or commissioned by the Lavazza Company.Findings – The key factors to consider when a European leading brand decides to expand abroad in emerging markets are presented to ensure a successful adaptive brand strategy for the entering company. The authors sum up the main steps to follow in a simple framework, namely a process: of pre-assessment; adaptive brand strategy building; implementation; and monitoring.Research limitations/implications – The investigation is limited to the brand strategy used by an Italian company entering the Indian market. It is further limited to the investigation of a single company, the Lavazza Company of Turin, and the manner in which the brand strategy was adapted in this specific case. If improvements can be made to the framework by using other case studies, this guideline could be very useful to companies looking for a structure before entering an emerging market.Practical implications – The paper offers recommendations on how important firms operating in the food and beverage industry can be most effective in managing their brands abroad and illustrate the required steps and strategic choices that companies need to set in place when deciding to go international.Originality/value – The paper shows how a real multinational company operates in an emerging market. In this way, it is possible for the management to have an example of what happens in reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure and analyze industry export competitiveness of India and it tries to achieve this by presenting a multi-dimensional framework for measuring and illustrating industry export competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The framework considers industry specialization, industry export growth rate, and relative export market share for a dataset of 97 different Indian industries over a five year period (2001-2005). Findings – The analyses identifies four different types of industry groups, namely domestic static, domestic dynamic, global dynamic and global static. The result shows that the majority of Indian industries are dynamic and growing faster than the world export growth rate for the period of study. A total of 40 percent of India's industries are more global, in terms of industry specialization, compared to the world average, with such highly specialized industries as silk, gums, carpets and textiles, floor coverings, pearls, precious stones and metals. The authors show that industry specialization leads to dominance in worldwide export market share. India's global dynamic industries are mainly in the raw materials, commodities and skilled manual labor rather than high tech or manufacturing sectors. Research limitations/implications – The framework allows us to measure and illustrate industry export competitiveness and permits an intra-country comparison, a comparison of various industries of one country, or permits an inter-country comparison, a comparison of one industry across different countries. Practical implications – The framework should help policymakers, government officials, industry associations, and company executives to assess their export competitiveness and focus on protecting or promoting certain industries by directing scarce resources to sectors where they may count the most. The findings of the study can also be useful for international bodies such as UNCTAD and world-bank in identifying regional industry that can foster growth of trade and economies in the South-Asian region. Originality/value – The framework used is conceptually innovative and applicable to a variety of contexts for modeling industry export competitiveness. The framework also facilitates inter- and intra-country export benchmark analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the patterns of export productivity and trade specialization profiles in Brazil, China, India and South Africa, and in other economic groupings and regions. Various measures of trade specialization and a time varying export productivity indicator are estimated using highly disaggregated export data. The findings reveal that there are important differences in the export productivity and specialisation patterns across countries and regions. Export productivity-and export sophistication-are in line to that of wealthier and more advance economies. The results further confirm the importance of not just the volume of exports, but the type of specialisation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper seeks to compare target shareholders' wealth gains in domestic and cross-border acquisitions in India. Two existing schools of thought namely, the industrial organizational theory and bid-specific factors theory have been compared to identify which of these two theories affect the target shareholders' announcement wealth gains in India. Design/methodology/approach – Standard event study methodology has been applied to compute the announcement returns for domestic and cross-border acquisitions. Cross-border effect is calculated to compare the value creation in the two sets of acquisitions. Furthermore, cross-sectional regression analysis is conducted to capture the impact of bid-related features on target shareholder's value creation. Findings – The results indicate that both domestic and cross-border acquisitions have created value for the target company shareholders on the announcement. Nonetheless, the analysis of cross-border effect as well as regression analysis makes it evident that value creation is higher for domestic acquisitions as compared to cross-border acquisitions due to the influence of various bid-specific factors. Thus, in India, bid-related variables are the fundamental drivers of the target's announcement wealth gains irrespective of the nationality of the acquirer. Originality/value – The paper extends the discussion on the target's wealth creation in domestic and cross-border acquisitions by segregating the existing literature into two schools of thoughts namely, the industrial organizational school and bid-specific factors school in an emerging economy like India. Moreover, various reasons specific to Indian mergers and acquisitions have been forwarded to explain the subdued market reaction to cross-border acquisitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — Quality and business excellence awards that recognize excellent organizational performance have become a major driving force in enhancing the competitiveness of Indian firms in the global economy. While the frameworks underlying these awards have been used extensively by organizations, little empirical evidence exists regarding the validity of these frameworks as a predictor of building competitiveness. This paper aims to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach — This study critically examines the framework of one of the leading awards of India by testing the relationship between stakeholder results and enabling practices using regression analysis, structural equation model and data envelopment analysis. Findings — The results of the study reveal that the framework is used by the organizations to enhance firm level competitiveness but not as a tool to contribute to national competitiveness. Research limitations/implications — There is scope for further research to review the effectiveness and validity of this model by applying the model in selected organizations and to examine whether there is any significant improvement in results and practices over a period of time. The findings can also be compared with results and practices of those organizations not practising this model. Practical implications — This study suggests a framework that not only helps an organization in positioning existing initiatives and identifying gaps in its journey of competitiveness but also links its enabling practices and planned results to the growth process of the country. Originality/value — Global competitiveness serves as the starting-point for instituting the Confederation of Indian Industry's (CII) theme of ‘Competitiveness of India Inc.’ and initiating CII Institute of Quality's (IQ) task of developing a model of competitiveness that aspires to integrate the process of building competitiveness of an organization with that of a country. These two become the driving factors for forming a basis of the model of competitiveness that aims to build competitiveness at the organizational level contributing to competitiveness at the country level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — This paper sets out to explore the trends of social responsibility of the corporate sector in India. Design/methodology/approach — The methodology being followed in the paper is exploratory in nature as data are scanty. An analysis has been done on an overall score drawn from a structured questionnaire being administered. Findings — Trends in socially responsible initiatives are both positive and crucial in nature in India. Research limitations/implications — The vastness of the corporate activities in a big country like India, on the one hand, and the scanty data availability, on the other, lead to issues being restricted in some sectors. Practical implications — This research has a tremendous effect on society with respect to the CSR approach being conceived, adopted and initiated by UN Global Compact. Originality/value — The paper has touched on the cutting-edge research initiatives in the field of CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the pattern of international trade specialization in Indian manufacturing since the mid-1980s by using data on trade flows. Low-technology sectors still dominate the categories for which India exhibits the largest degree of trade specialization. By contrast, high-technology sectors are prevalent among the categories for which India is import-dependent. Significantly, India has experienced an improvement in the degree of specialization in some of the most dynamic sectors of world trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose - The main purposes of this paper are to perform a micro- and macro-dimensional analysis, and to apply the theory of eclectic firm to understand the investment dimension in the apparel retail environment in India. Design/methodology/approach - A micro and micro analysis of the retail industry in India was conducted. Eclectic firm theory was then applied to the analysis to understand the apparel retail environment in India. Findings - The key findings of the study are that foreign retailers looking to successfully capitalize on India's impressive growth need to understand several driving attributes such as strong and distinct culture, population distribution, and local conditions, and risks that are indeed unique to India. Originality/value - This report makes a contribution towards a comprehensive understanding of the Indian apparel retail market. It is desirable for foreign retailers to acquire such knowledge in order to devise suitable strategies to enter and compete in the Indian marketplace. In addition, this study provides researchers to undertake more in-depth analysis of the market to explore the different facets of the attractive yet complex Indian environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade specialization in Latin American (LA) economies. We construct a measure of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) by 3-digit ISIC sector, country, and year. This RCA accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation between the RCAs of LA and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of LA—with the exception of Mexico—has been moving in opposite direction to the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India’s growth since 1990. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade in services has become more important in recent years as advances in technology have permitted new means of providing services across borders. Services have emerged as crucial economic activities in India, more prominently over the last decade. Apart from providing the bulk of employment and income in India, the services sector also serves as a vital input for producing other goods and services. While a large part of India's services sector is untapped and rarely explored by the international market, a growing number of barriers have been impeding India's international market access in the services sector. In this article, we performed a gravity analysis of the linkages between India's services trade flow and its probable barriers. The estimated results show that a 1 per cent improvement in services trade facilitation measures would lead to a 2 per cent rise in services exports in India. The paper concludes that improved trade facilitation may help unlock unrealized services trade potential, and, therefore, more effective policy toward an improved services trade infrastructure would be needed to facilitate services exports from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — This paper aims to investigate the possible co-integration and the direction of causality between financial development, international trade and economic growth in India. Design/methodology/approach — Annual data covering the 1965-2004 period have been used to investigate co-integration and Granger causality tests between financial development, international trade, and growth after employing unit root tests to see if the variables under consideration are stationary. Findings — Results reveal that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between financial development, international trade and real income growth in the case of India. Furthermore, unidirectional causality was investigated that runs from real income to exports and imports, from exports to imports, M2 and domestic credits, from M2 to imports, from imports to domestic credits. Bidirectional causality has also been obtained between real income and M2, and between real income and domestic credits. Finally, no direction of causality has been obtained between M2 and domestic credits. Research limitations/implications — Expanded data can be used for further comparison. Practical implications — This study has shown that the supply-leading and the demand-following hypotheses cannot be inferred for the Indian economy alone themselves. And furthermore, the export-led and the import-led hypotheses again cannot be inferred for the Indian economy based on the sample period, 1965–2004. Originality/value — This study is the first of its kind which investigates the possible co-integration and the direction of causality between the financial development, international trade and economic growth triangle not only in the case of India but also in the relevant literature to the best of one's knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing a theoretical distinction between the persistence of superior and poor performance, we reconcile the conflicting predictions of the 'revisionist' and accepted views on the persistence of firm performance in emerging economies. Using a sample of manufacturing firms in the United States and India, we show that superior firm performance in emerging economies persists only as much as developed economies in line with the revisionist argument. We also provide evidence consistent with the accepted view that poor firm performance persists longer in emerging economies compared to developed economies. Further exploration of the latter shows that, contrary to predictions of extant theories, firms in emerging economies that are affiliated with an MNC or a business group have a greater persistence of poor performance than firms that are unaffiliated with these intermediate governance structures, and hence would be better off operating at arm's length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liberal globalised order has brought increased focus on the regulation of international commerce, and especially dispute resolution. Enforcement of contracts has been a concern largely owing to the insufficiencies of the legal systems, especially relating to the institutional structure, and it holds true for India as well. The commercial courts mechanism - international and domestic - with innovative features aimed at providing expedited justice is witnessing much traction. India, similar to many other jurisdictions, legislated in favour of specialized dispute resolution mechanisms for commercial disputes that could help improve the procedures for enforcement of contracts. This research attempts to critique the comparable strengths and the reform spaces within the Indian legislation on commercial courts. It parses the status of commercial dispute resolution in India especially in the context of cross-border contracts and critiques India's attempt to have specialised courts to address commercial dispute resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from previous research that focused on the formation phase of partnering processes in joint ventures, this study focuses on the post-formation phase and argues that partner interaction processes of communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution play a key role in the implementation and management of joint ventures. We examine how organizational culture differences (OCD) and integration acculturation strategy (IAS) affect international joint venture (IJV) performance through the mediation of partner interaction processes. We develop hypotheses and test them by survey data from 202 executives of IJVs in India. The results suggest that the interaction processes fully mediate the negative effect of OCD but partially mediate the positive effect of IAS on partners' satisfaction with the joint venture performance. We discuss the implication of these findings for research and practice on post-formation management of IJVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The view that the Indian economy would be less adversely affected by the global economic crisis because of limited integration and other inherent strengths has proved to be wrong. The economic boom in India that preceded the current downturn was dependent upon greater global integration in three ways: greater reliance on exports particularly of services; increased dependence on capital inflows, especially of the short-term variety; and the role these played in underpinning a domestic credit-fuelled consumption and investment boom. These in turn made the growth process more vulnerable to internally and externally generated crises, as is now becoming clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second half of the 1990s has witnessed almost three-fold increase in the exports of Indian electronics industry. The study proposes a model for analysing the export intensity of 164 electronics firms in India and tests the same empirically. The Tobit model is estimated using firm level panel data for the period 2000–2005 for the electronics industry in India. The results show that both size of the firm, foreign direct investment and capital employed have played an important role in boosting exports in this sector. The study has policy implications to improve the performance of the Indian Electronics sector in India and similar other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s the US government sought to encourage India to liberalize its trade regime in services and foreign investment. US officials sought to achieve their objective by naming India to the 1988 Trade Act's 'Super 301' list of target countries for mandatory market-opening negotiations under threat of retaliation while at the same time also pursuing Indian trade liberalization multilaterally under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round negotiations. The two policies were uncoordinated and incompatible, and ultimately the Super 301 cases against India were terminated when US officials realized that they risked damaging prospects of success under the Uruguay Round talks. As a case study the US-India case exposes weaknesses in the ability of state actor-based theories of hegemonic stability as well as domestic politics and institutions-based explanations alone to yield a full account of interest formation and policy formulation. An integrative theoretical approach taking account of the role of epistemic communities is required to provide the fullest explanation both of individual decision making and institutional and structural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]