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1. Wage inequality, skill inequality, and employment: evidence and policy lessons from PIAAC.

Author

Jovicic, Sonja

Subjects
WAGES, EQUALITY, EMPLOYMENT, LABOR market
Abstract

This paper investigates international differences in wage inequality and skills and whether a compressed wage distribution is associated with high unemployment across core OECD countries. Wage dispersion and wage structure are widely debated among policymakers; compressed wage structure is often perceived as an important cause of high unemployment. Firstly, this paper examines differences in wage dispersion across OECD countries and their link to skill dispersion. Some countries that have more compressed (dispersed) wage structures simultaneously have more compressed (dispersed) skill structures as well, and skill differences explain part of the differences in wage dispersion. However, even when accounted for skills, some countries have a more compressed wage structure, most likely caused by labor market institutions. We do not find an effect of wage compression on the labor market performance in the low-skill sector. Based on the Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey of adult skills for core OECD countries, this paper cannot confirm the skill compression nor wage compression hypotheses. Rather than insisting on the deregulation of labor market institutions and reductions in public welfare policy as the main policy recommendations to achieve higher employment (and higher wage inequality), policymakers should reconsider aggregate demand deficiency and the variation in macroeconomic policies as potential explanations for the employment differences across countries. JEL Classification: J31, J24, E24 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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2. The Gender Implications of Public Sector Downsizing: The Reform Program of Vietnam

Author

Martin Rama

Subjects
GENDER GAP, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, GENDER RELATIONS, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, FAMILIES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, TRAINING PROGRAMS, SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN, TRAINING CENTERS, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LABOR CODE, EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZING, health care economics and organizations, EARNINGS LOSS, NATIONAL LEVEL, UNEMPLOYMENT, education.field_of_study, PRODUCTIVITY, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, Public sector, BOTH SEXES, GENDER IMPACT, WORKERS, STATUS OF WOMEN, INFORMAL SECTOR, JOBS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FEMALE, ECONOMIC INSECURITY, PENSION, OCCUPATIONS, DOWNSIZING PROGRAM, PREVIOUS JOB, GENDER IMPLICATIONS, PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS, GENDER BREAKDOWN, Unpaid work, COMPENSATION PACKAGES, OCCUPATION, EARLY RETIREMENT, EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, MASS LAYOFFS, SALARIED EMPLOYMENT, PENSIONS, TRAINING MATERIAL, LIVING STANDARDS, Labor demand, WORKER, Development, NUMBER OF WORKERS, PROPORTION OF WOMEN, UNEMPLOYED, LABOR REDUNDANCIES, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, WAGES, JOB LOSS, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, education, GENDERS, INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, LABOR MARKET, MALE WORKERS, SOCIAL STATUS, JOB LOSSES, MATERNITY LEAVE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMS, POLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON GENDER, MALE WORKER, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, COMPENSATION, SEVERANCE PAYMENTS, JOB DISPLACEMENT, CULTURAL CHANGE, LABOR DEMAND, NUMBER OF WOMEN, SALARIED WORKERS, SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ATTRITION, WORK FORCE, Demographic economics, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, SOCIAL IMPACT, EMPLOYMENT HISTORY, EQUALITY, LABOUR OFFICE, SOCIAL POLICY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, PRIVATE FIRMS, GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, LABOUR, OLD-AGE, LABOR REDUNDANCY, GENDER STEREOTYPES, Transition economy, RESIDENCE, LIFE EXPECTANCY, DISPLACEMENT, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, WILL, Informal sector, UNSKILLED LABOR, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, SEXES, Banks&Banking Reform,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Labor Standards,Work&Working Conditions, EMPLOYMENT LEVEL, DISPLACED WORKERS, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, INSURANCE, UNIFEM, GENDER BIAS, LABOR CONTRACTS, PRIVATE SECTOR, RESPECT, Economics and Econometrics, HUMAN RESOURCES, Population, PRODUCTION UNITS, EMPLOYMENT PATTERN, RETIREMENT PROGRAMS, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, FEMALE WORKER, POLICY RESEARCH, JOB SEPARATION, CHILD CARE, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, FEMALE LABOR, UNDP, GENDER ISSUES, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, COMPENSATION PACKAGE, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE, FEMALE WAGE EMPLOYMENT, Earnings, business.industry, TRAINING VOUCHER, GENDER PERSPECTIVE, DIVISION OF LABOR, RETIREMENT PROGRAM, SELF-RELIANCE, FEMALE WORKERS, WORK EXPERIENCE, Private sector, LABOR FORCE, TRANSPORTATION, SOCIAL INSURANCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE GAP, GENDER BIASES, PRESENT VALUE, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, GENDER, MARKET ECONOMY, WORKING HOURS, Business, LABOR-INTENSIVE GROWTH
Abstract

Men and women may be affected differently by the transition from central planning to a market economy and especially by the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises. After briefly reviewing the international evidence on this issue, the author looks at the recent experience of Vietnam and the prospects of its new reform program. During the massive downsizing in Vietnam in the early 1990s, many more women than men were laid off. Women withdrew from the labor force in larger numbers than men after separation, but the difference nearly vanished after a year. Economic reforms were associated with a considerable decline in the gender gap in earnings, both in the state sector and outside it. Women are less likely to be retrenched in large numbers in the downsizing in the early part of this decade. Labor redundancies are concentrated in male-dominated sectors, such as mining, transport, and construction; redundancies are smaller in female-dominated sectors, such as footwear, textiles, and garments. Moreover, temporary and short-term contracts are more prevalent in female-dominated sectors, suggesting demand for women's work. Assistance programs for redundant workers have potential gender biases. The authors shows that separation packages defined as a multiple of earnings favor men more, while lump-sum packages favor women more. Packages based on seniority are roughly gender neutral, but require a substantially higher expenditure to reach the same acceptance rate as the other two.

Published
2002

3. Racial equity or racial equality.

Author

Daymont, Thomas N. and Daymont, T N

Subjects
RACISM, LABOR market, RESEARCH institutes, EQUALITY, LABOR supply, SOCIAL science research, AGE distribution, BLACK people, COMPARATIVE studies, EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, PREJUDICES, RESEARCH, TIME, WAGES, WHITE people, EVALUATION research
Abstract

This study examines the relationship between racial equity in labor market processes and racial equality in future labor market rewards. In particular, a regression standardization procedure is used to project the degree of racial inequality in earnings that would exist among men at various future points in time based on three different sets of assumptions about attainment processes in labor market and educational institutions. The most important results suggest that even if racial discrimination were eliminated immediately in labor market and educational institutions, it would take almost 50 years for the black-white earnings ratio to reach .95. This incompatibility between equity and equality needs to be considered more explicitly both by those who advocate a color-blind labor market and those who advocate preferential treatment for blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1980
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4. The Republic of Beliefs : A New Approach to ‘Law and Economics’

Author

Basu, Kaushik

Subjects
INFORMATION, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, CHILDREN, RIGHTS, CRIMINAL LAW, MATHEMATICS, CHILD, EMPLOYMENT, DISCIPLINE, BENEFIT, MARKET ECONOMIES, MONITORING, INCOME, OUTCOMES, BRIBE, HOUSES, GOVERNMENTS, CRIME, POLITICAL LEADERS, INCENTIVES, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DEMOCRACIES, GAME THEORY, BANK, BRIBES, NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS, SANCTIONS, STANDARDS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, ORGANIZATIONS, STRATEGIES, SERVANTS, SUBSIDIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEMOCRACY, LEGAL, PROFIT, UNEMPLOYED, JAILS, FINANCE, OPPRESSION, PRICES, WAGES, COLLECTIVE ACTION, CORRUPTION ACT, CRIME CONTROL, LABOR MARKET, NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMISTS, BRIBERY, EMPLOYMENT LAW, SERVICES, HUMAN RIGHTS LAW, THEORY, PENALTY, JUDGES, LIBERTY, CRIMINOLOGY, COMPENSATION, SUPPLY, HUMAN RIGHTS, MINISTER, PROPERTY, MALFEASANCE, EQUALITY, COURT, INVESTIGATION, RENTS, INNOVATION, ECONOMIC THEORY, TRADITIONAL LAW, LEGAL THEORY, CRIMINALS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, OLIGARCHIES, VALUE, SECURITY, RISK, WILL, CHILD LABOR, JUDGE, POLICIES, GOVERNANCE, CIVIL SERVANTS, SEXES, POLICY, POLICE, JUSTICE, LIABILITY, EFFECTS, INSURANCE, SANCTION, CRIMINAL, COURTS, GOVERNMENT, BANKS, EFFICIENCY, MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA, FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL LAW, LEGISLATION, LABOR STANDARDS, MANAGEMENT, WELFARE STATE, PRISONER, STRATEGY, LABOR, POLITICS, HARASSMENT, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMICS, CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS, POLITICIANS, CORRUPTION, MOTIVATION, ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS, LAWYERS, SUBSIDY, LAWS, ADVERSE EFFECTS, DISCRIMINATION, CIVIL LAW, LEGITIMACY, SINGLE MAN, GENDER, LAW
Abstract

The discipline of law and economics deals with wide-ranging topics, from competition and environmental policy to crime control, and has been instrumental in determining how an economy performs. Yet its success has fallen short of its potential. The discipline’s shortcomings are nowhere as visible as in developing economies, where a common refrain is how the law looks good on paper but does not get implemented. This paper articulates a methodological flaw that underlies much of contemporary law and economics, and argues that there is an intimate connection between human beliefs and expectations, on the one hand, and the effectiveness of the law, on the other. I propose a new approach to law and economics that is rooted in game theory and rectifies the flaw. It is argued that this approach can open up new areas of research and be marshalled to address some of the more pressing policy challenges of our time.

Published
2015

5. The changing situation of labor market entrants in Germany.

Author

Reinhold, Mario and Thomsen, Stephan

Subjects
LABOR market, REAL wages, EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION, HIGHER education, EQUALITY
Abstract

Copyright of Journal for Labour Market Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2017
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6. The Labour Market and Inequality.

Author

Keating, Michael

Subjects
LABOR market, EQUALITY, INCOME inequality, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES
Abstract

Newspoll reported in 2000 that by a margin of 70 to 28 per cent, Australians would prefer the gap between rich and poor to get smaller rather than have the nation's overall wealth grow as quickly as possible. This article examines the reasons for the increase in the dispersion of earnings, and changes in unemployment and workforce participation, which are central to this concern about inequality. The major finding is that the widening dispersion of earnings and changes in labour force status are principally due to changes in the structure of labour demand in favour of more skilled jobs. The article then considers what this changing job mix implies for policy directed to maintaining income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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7. Financing for Development : Using Independent Evaluation to Turn Aspirations into Achievements

Author

Independent Evaluation Group

Subjects
INVESTMENT, PAYMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PROJECTS, BUSINESS ENABLING, TRANSACTION COSTS, FINANCING, EMPLOYMENT, EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN, LENDING, INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC FINANCE LAW, ECONOMIC CRISIS, GUARANTEE AGENCY, WOMEN, GOVERNMENTS, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT, GUARANTEE, BANK, BUSINESS SUCCESS, LOANS, DEVELOPMENT BANKS, RISK MANAGEMENT, INTERESTS, STRATEGIES, COLLECTIONS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, SUBSIDIES, MARKETS, PUBLIC SERVICES, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, FINANCE, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES, MULTINATIONAL, WAGES, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, PROPERTY RIGHTS, WELFARE, GENDERS, LABOR MARKET, ENTERPRISES, CIVIL SERVICE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, SERVICES, DEBT, GRANT, COST OF CAPITAL, LOAN SIZE, USER FEES, SAVING, PAYMENTS, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, PROPERTY, CREDITS, INEQUALITY, EQUALITY, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, PROFITABILITY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, AUTONOMY, FEES, FREE ACCESS, EMPOWERMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, ENTREPRENEURS, ACCESS TO MARKETS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, CAPITAL, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, BANKRUPTCY, APPROVAL PROCESSES, ACCOUNTING, TAXATION, CAPITAL COSTS, COMMERCIAL BANK, VALUE, RISK, BUSINESS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, DEMONSTRATION EFFECTS, ENTERPRISE, TARIFFS, CAPITAL MARKETS, GOVERNANCE, ENDOWMENTS, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, REVENUE MOBILIZATION, PRINCIPAL, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, REVENUE, HOUSEHOLDS, TAXES, EQUITY, BANKS, LAND ADMINISTRATION, GRANTS, LAND, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, FUNDING SOURCES, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PUBLIC POLICY, LOAN, EXPENDITURES, DEBT MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC FINANCE, LEGISLATION, FINANCING COSTS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, PEOPLE, PUBLIC POLICIES, LABOR, SUBSIDIARY, GENDER EQUALITY, INTEREST, CORRUPTION, JOB CREATION, NATURAL RESOURCES, SUBSIDY, TRANSPORT, LAWS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, SAVINGS, REVENUES, CAPACITY BUILDING, HEALTH SERVICES, TAX ADMINISTRATION, FINANCING NEEDS, TRUST FUNDS, GENDER, LEVEL PLAYING FIELD, ACCOUNTABILITY, EXPENDITURE, ADVISORY SERVICES, OPERATING COSTS
Abstract

The development community is increasingly accepting the importance of evidence, feedback, and learning. Some of which is generated through research, monitoring, and self-evaluation during policy-making, program design, and implementation. Others come from feedback from people directly affected by interventions who have gained a greater voice, be it through third-party feedback mechanisms, social media, beneficiary surveys, or otherwise. And, there is independent evaluation. At the World Bank Group, the independent evaluation group (IEG) has over the past years deepened the evidence that can help development finance succeed in translating the sustainable development goals (SDGs) into actions and results. This paper brings together insights from a cross-section of relevant evaluations that cover various aspects of the large, multifaceted agenda of the SDGs and their financing needs.

Published
2015