2,738 results
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2. Critically appraised paper: Online education improves physiotherapists' confidence and competence with mechanical insufflation-exsufflation [synopsis].
- Author
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Cavalheri, Vinicius
- Subjects
EDUCATIONAL outcomes ,CONFIDENCE ,INSUFFLATION ,ONLINE education ,PHYSICAL therapy education ,PROFESSIONAL competence - Abstract
The article focuses on how online education enhances physiotherapists' confidence and competence in mechanical insufflation-exsufflation. Topics discussed include the effectiveness of online learning, its impact on healthcare professionals' skills development, and the role of technology in advancing medical education.
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings–paper 6: how to assess relevance of the data
- Author
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Jane Noyes, Andrew Booth, Simon Lewin, Benedicte Carlsen, Claire Glenton, Christopher J. Colvin, Ruth Garside, Meghan A. Bohren, Arash Rashidian, Megan Wainwright, Özge Tunςalp, Jacqueline Chandler, Signe Flottorp, Tomas Pantoja, Joseph D. Tucker, and Heather Munthe-Kaas
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Qualitative research ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Systematic review methodology ,Research design ,Methodology ,Confidence ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s relevance component. Methods We developed the relevance component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual relevance component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define relevance as the extent to which the body of data from the primary studies supporting a review finding is applicable to the context (perspective or population, phenomenon of interest, setting) specified in the review question. In this paper, we describe the relevance component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess relevance in the context of a review finding. This guidance outlines the information required to assess relevance, the steps that need to be taken to assess relevance and examples of relevance assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of relevance in the context of the CERQual approach. Assessing the relevance component requires consideration of potentially important contextual factors at an early stage in the review process. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase.
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings–paper 7: understanding the potential impacts of dissemination bias
- Author
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Andrew Booth, Simon Lewin, Claire Glenton, Heather Munthe-Kaas, Ingrid Toews, Jane Noyes, Arash Rashidian, Rigmor C. Berg, Brenda Nyakang’o, Joerg J. Meerpohl, and GRADE-CERQual Coordinating Team
- Subjects
Qualitative research ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Systematic review methodology ,Research design ,Methodology ,Confidence ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on a probable fifth component, dissemination bias. Given its exploratory nature, we are not yet able to provide guidance on applying this potential component of the CERQual approach. Instead, we focus on how dissemination bias might be conceptualised in the context of qualitative research and the potential impact dissemination bias might have on an overall assessment of confidence in a review finding. We also set out a proposed research agenda in this area. Methods We developed this paper by gathering feedback from relevant research communities, searching MEDLINE and Web of Science to identify and characterise the existing literature discussing or assessing dissemination bias in qualitative research and its wider implications, developing consensus through project group meetings, and conducting an online survey of the extent, awareness and perceptions of dissemination bias in qualitative research. Results We have defined dissemination bias in qualitative research as a systematic distortion of the phenomenon of interest due to selective dissemination of studies or individual study findings. Dissemination bias is important for qualitative evidence syntheses as the selective dissemination of qualitative studies and/or study findings may distort our understanding of the phenomena that these syntheses aim to explore and thereby undermine our confidence in these findings. Dissemination bias has been extensively examined in the context of randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews of such studies. The effects of potential dissemination bias are formally considered, as publication bias, within the GRADE approach. However, the issue has received almost no attention in the context of qualitative research. Because of very limited understanding of dissemination bias and its potential impact on review findings in the context of qualitative evidence syntheses, this component is currently not included in the GRADE-CERQual approach. Conclusions Further research is needed to establish the extent and impacts of dissemination bias in qualitative research and the extent to which dissemination bias needs to be taken into account when we assess how much confidence we have in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses.
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings—paper 4: how to assess coherence
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Christopher J. Colvin, Ruth Garside, Megan Wainwright, Heather Munthe-Kaas, Claire Glenton, Meghan A. Bohren, Benedicte Carlsen, Özge Tunçalp, Jane Noyes, Andrew Booth, Arash Rashidian, Signe Flottorp, and Simon Lewin
- Subjects
Qualitative research ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Systematic review methodology ,Research design ,Methodology ,Confidence ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The GRADE-CERQual (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE working group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) relevance, (3) coherence and (4) adequacy of data. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s coherence component. Methods We developed the coherence component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual coherence component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define coherence as how clear and cogent the fit is between the data from the primary studies and a review finding that synthesises that data. In this paper, we describe the coherence component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess coherence in the context of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess coherence, the steps that need to be taken to assess coherence and examples of coherence assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of coherence in the context of the CERQual approach. We suggest that threats to coherence may arise when the data supporting a review finding are contradictory, ambiguous or incomplete or where competing theories exist that could be used to synthesise the data. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase.
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- 2018
- Full Text
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6. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings—paper 2: how to make an overall CERQual assessment of confidence and create a Summary of Qualitative Findings table
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Simon Lewin, Meghan Bohren, Arash Rashidian, Heather Munthe-Kaas, Claire Glenton, Christopher J. Colvin, Ruth Garside, Jane Noyes, Andrew Booth, Özge Tunçalp, Megan Wainwright, Signe Flottorp, Joseph D. Tucker, and Benedicte Carlsen
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Qualitative research ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Systematic review methodology ,Research design ,Methodology ,Confidence ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on making an overall assessment of confidence in a review finding and creating a CERQual Evidence Profile and a CERQual Summary of Qualitative Findings table. Methods We developed this guidance by examining the methods used by other GRADE approaches, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We then piloted the guidance on several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the approach. Results Confidence in the evidence is an assessment of the extent to which a review finding is a reasonable representation of the phenomenon of interest. Creating a summary of each review finding and deciding whether or not CERQual should be used are important steps prior to assessing confidence. Confidence should be assessed for each review finding individually, based on the judgements made for each of the four CERQual components. Four levels are used to describe the overall assessment of confidence: high, moderate, low or very low. The overall CERQual assessment for each review finding should be explained in a CERQual Evidence Profile and Summary of Qualitative Findings table. Conclusions Structuring and summarising review findings, assessing confidence in those findings using CERQual and creating a CERQual Evidence Profile and Summary of Qualitative Findings table should be essential components of undertaking qualitative evidence syntheses. This paper describes the end point of a CERQual assessment and should be read in conjunction with the other papers in the series that provide information on assessing individual CERQual components.
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings—paper 3: how to assess methodological limitations
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Heather Munthe-Kaas, Meghan A. Bohren, Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Jane Noyes, Özge Tunçalp, Andrew Booth, Ruth Garside, Christopher J. Colvin, Megan Wainwright, Arash Rashidian, Signe Flottorp, and Benedicte Carlsen
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Qualitative research ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Systematic review methodology ,Research design ,Methodology ,Confidence ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s methodological limitations component. Methods We developed the methodological limitations component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual methodological limitations component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define methodological limitations as the extent to which there are concerns about the design or conduct of the primary studies that contributed evidence to an individual review finding. In this paper, we describe the methodological limitations component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess methodological limitations of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess methodological limitations component, the steps that need to be taken to assess methodological limitations of data contributing to a review finding and examples of methodological limitation assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of methodological limitations in the context of the CERQual approach. More work is needed to determine which criteria critical appraisal tools should include when assessing methodological limitations. We currently recommend that whichever tool is used, review authors provide a transparent description of their assessments of methodological limitations in a review finding. We expect the CERQual approach and its individual components to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase.
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- 2018
- Full Text
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8. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings—paper 5: how to assess adequacy of data
- Author
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Claire Glenton, Benedicte Carlsen, Simon Lewin, Heather Munthe-Kaas, Christopher J. Colvin, Özge Tunçalp, Meghan A. Bohren, Jane Noyes, Andrew Booth, Ruth Garside, Arash Rashidian, Signe Flottorp, and Megan Wainwright
- Subjects
Qualitative research ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Systematic review methodology ,Research design ,Methodology ,Confidence ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) working group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations; (2) coherence; (3) adequacy of data; and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s adequacy of data component. Methods We developed the adequacy of data component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual adequacy of data component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define adequacy of data as an overall determination of the degree of richness and the quantity of data supporting a review finding. In this paper, we describe the adequacy component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess data adequacy in the context of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess data adequacy, the steps that need to be taken to assess data adequacy, and examples of adequacy assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of adequacy in the context of the CERQual approach. We approach assessments of data adequacy in terms of the richness and quantity of the data supporting each review finding, but do not offer fixed rules regarding what constitutes sufficiently rich data or an adequate quantity of data. Instead, we recommend that this assessment is made in relation to the nature of the finding. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase.
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- 2018
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9. The effects of distant professional development model on second grade teachers’ instruction and students’ quality of procedural papers
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Zoi A. Philippakos and Ashley Voggt
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Linguistics and Language ,Persuasion ,Online PD ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Fidelity ,Procedural writing ,Confidence ,Coaching ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Psycholinguistics ,Literacy ,Education ,Speech and Hearing ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Quality (business) ,media_common ,Medical education ,Writing PD ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Professional development ,050301 education ,Genre-based strategy instruction ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Writing instruction ,Scale (social sciences) ,business ,Psychology ,0503 education - Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a distant-professional development model that supported the implementation of genre-based strategy instruction for procedural writing on second grade teachers’ fidelity of implementation and students’ writing quality. Participants were 84 s graders and four teachers who were randomly assigned to condition. Teachers completed an online workshop module prior to instruction, a survey on their instruction and confidence to teach writing, received coaching feedback during implementation, and were interviewed at pretest and posttest. Students wrote in response to two procedural topics at pretest and posttest, at maintenance, completed transfer tasks in science and in persuasion, were interviewed at posttest, completed a confidence scale, and standardized measures. Results showed that treatment teachers positively evaluated the PD and its components, taught with high fidelity, and positively commented on the instructional approach. Treatment students wrote papers of better quality at posttest and maintenance tasks, while there were no statistically significant differences at the transfer tasks, on students’ confidence, and on standardized measures. Implications for professional development, practice, and research are further discussed.
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- 2021
10. Secondary preservice teachers' critical reflecting practices: examining perceptions of confidence using a two-part reflection
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Smith, Jess, Shelton, Ryann N., Scholten, Nate, and McCall, Madelon
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- 2023
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11. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings — paper 5: how to assess adequacy of data
- Author
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Ruth Garside, Arash Rashidian, Andrew Booth, Claire Glenton, Özge Tunçalp, Jane Noyes, Christopher J. Colvin, Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, Benedicte Carlsen, Simon Lewin, Megan Wainwright, Signe Flottorp, Meghan A. Bohren, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, and Faculty of Health Sciences
- Subjects
Research design ,Data Analysis ,Evidence-based practice ,Biomedical Research ,Decision Making ,Method ,Health Informatics ,Confidence ,Health informatics ,Health administration ,03 medical and health sciences ,Systematic review methodology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Qualitative research ,Data adequacy ,Confidence Intervals ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Grading (education) ,Publishing ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,business.industry ,Management science ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health services research ,Methodology ,General Medicine ,Evidence-based medicine ,Data Accuracy ,GRADE ,Guidance ,0305 other medical science ,business ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) working group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations; (2) coherence; (3) adequacy of data; and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s adequacy of data component. Methods We developed the adequacy of data component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual adequacy of data component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define adequacy of data as an overall determination of the degree of richness and the quantity of data supporting a review finding. In this paper, we describe the adequacy component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess data adequacy in the context of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess data adequacy, the steps that need to be taken to assess data adequacy, and examples of adequacy assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of adequacy in the context of the CERQual approach. We approach assessments of data adequacy in terms of the richness and quantity of the data supporting each review finding, but do not offer fixed rules regarding what constitutes sufficiently rich data or an adequate quantity of data. Instead, we recommend that this assessment is made in relation to the nature of the finding. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-017-0692-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
12. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 7: understanding the potential impacts of dissemination bias
- Author
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Claire Glenton, Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, Andrew Booth, Brenda Nyakang'o, Arash Rashidian, Jane Noyes, Ingrid Toews, Joerg J Meerpohl, Simon Lewin, Rigmor C. Berg, GRADE-CERQual Coordinating Team, and University of St Andrews. School of Medicine
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Research design ,Knowledge management ,Biomedical Research ,T-NDAS ,Method ,Confidence ,Publication bias ,Health informatics ,Systematic review methodology ,0302 clinical medicine ,RA0421 ,RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Grading (education) ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Health services research ,General Medicine ,VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800 ,Evidence-based practice ,Data Accuracy ,Systematic review ,GRADE ,VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800 ,0305 other medical science ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Decision Making ,Health Informatics ,Dissemination bias ,VDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200::Statsvitenskap og organisasjonsteori: 240 ,03 medical and health sciences ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Bias ,Qualitative research ,Confidence Intervals ,Humans ,VDP::Social science: 200::Political science and organizational theory: 240 ,Publishing ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,business.industry ,Information Dissemination ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Methodology ,business ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Funding: This work, including the publication charge for this article, was supported by funding from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO (http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/en/). Additional funding was provided by the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO (www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/en/); Norad (Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation: www.norad.no), the Research Council of Norway (www.forskningsradet.no); and the Cochrane Methods Innovation Fund. SL is supported by funding from the South African Medical Research Council (www.mrc.ac.za). Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on a probable fifth component, dissemination bias. Given its exploratory nature, we are not yet able to provide guidance on applying this potential component of the CERQual approach. Instead, we focus on how dissemination bias might be conceptualised in the context of qualitative research and the potential impact dissemination bias might have on an overall assessment of confidence in a review finding. We also set out a proposed research agenda in this area. Methods: We developed this paper by gathering feedback from relevant research communities, searching MEDLINE and Web of Science to identify and characterise the existing literature discussing or assessing dissemination bias in qualitative research and its wider implications, developing consensus through project group meetings, and conducting an online survey of the extent, awareness and perceptions of dissemination bias in qualitative research. Results: We have defined dissemination bias in qualitative research as a systematic distortion of the phenomenon of interest due to selective dissemination of studies or individual study findings. Dissemination bias is important for qualitative evidence syntheses as the selective dissemination of qualitative studies and/or study findings may distort our understanding of the phenomena that these syntheses aim to explore and thereby undermine our confidence in these findings. Dissemination bias has been extensively examined in the context of randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews of such studies. The effects of potential dissemination bias are formally considered, as publication bias, within the GRADE approach. However, the issue has received almost no attention in the context of qualitative research. Because of very limited understanding of dissemination bias and its potential impact on review findings in the context of qualitative evidence syntheses, this component is currently not included in the GRADE-CERQual approach. Conclusions: Further research is needed to establish the extent and impacts of dissemination bias in qualitative research and the extent to which dissemination bias needs to be taken into account when we assess how much confidence we have in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses. Publisher PDF
- Published
- 2018
13. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings – paper 6 : how to assess relevance of the data
- Author
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Megan Wainwright, Tomas Pantoja, Joseph D. Tucker, Christopher J. Colvin, Ruth Garside, Jacqueline Chandler, Andrew Booth, Özge Tunςalp, Arash Rashidian, Signe Flottorp, Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, Benedicte Carlsen, Simon Lewin, Claire Glenton, Jane Noyes, Meghan A. Bohren, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, and Faculty of Health Sciences
- Subjects
Research design ,Biomedical Research ,Evidence-based practice ,Decision Making ,Population ,Method ,Confidence ,Health Informatics ,Relevance ,Health informatics ,Systematic review methodology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Qualitative research ,Confidence Intervals ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,Grading (education) ,Publishing ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,education.field_of_study ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Management science ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Methodology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Reproducibility of Results ,General Medicine ,Evidence-based medicine ,Data Accuracy ,GRADE ,Systematic review ,Guidance ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s relevance component. Methods We developed the relevance component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual relevance component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define relevance as the extent to which the body of data from the primary studies supporting a review finding is applicable to the context (perspective or population, phenomenon of interest, setting) specified in the review question. In this paper, we describe the relevance component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess relevance in the context of a review finding. This guidance outlines the information required to assess relevance, the steps that need to be taken to assess relevance and examples of relevance assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of relevance in the context of the CERQual approach. Assessing the relevance component requires consideration of potentially important contextual factors at an early stage in the review process. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-017-0693-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
14. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 2: how to make an overall CERQual assessment of confidence and create a Summary of Qualitative Findings table
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Arash Rashidian, Andrew Booth, Ruth Garside, Jane Noyes, Özge Tunçalp, Meghan A. Bohren, Joseph D. Tucker, Christopher J. Colvin, Simon Lewin, Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, Claire Glenton, Benedicte Carlsen, Signe Flottorp, Megan Wainwright, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, and Faculty of Health Sciences
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Research design ,Evidence-based practice ,Biomedical Research ,Applied psychology ,Decision Making ,Method ,Health Informatics ,Confidence ,Health informatics ,03 medical and health sciences ,Systematic review methodology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Qualitative research ,Confidence Intervals ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Grading (education) ,Publishing ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health services research ,Methodology ,General Medicine ,Evidence-based medicine ,Confidence interval ,Data Accuracy ,GRADE ,Data Display ,Guidance ,0305 other medical science ,business ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on making an overall assessment of confidence in a review finding and creating a CERQual Evidence Profile and a CERQual Summary of Qualitative Findings table. Methods We developed this guidance by examining the methods used by other GRADE approaches, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We then piloted the guidance on several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the approach. Results Confidence in the evidence is an assessment of the extent to which a review finding is a reasonable representation of the phenomenon of interest. Creating a summary of each review finding and deciding whether or not CERQual should be used are important steps prior to assessing confidence. Confidence should be assessed for each review finding individually, based on the judgements made for each of the four CERQual components. Four levels are used to describe the overall assessment of confidence: high, moderate, low or very low. The overall CERQual assessment for each review finding should be explained in a CERQual Evidence Profile and Summary of Qualitative Findings table. Conclusions Structuring and summarising review findings, assessing confidence in those findings using CERQual and creating a CERQual Evidence Profile and Summary of Qualitative Findings table should be essential components of undertaking qualitative evidence syntheses. This paper describes the end point of a CERQual assessment and should be read in conjunction with the other papers in the series that provide information on assessing individual CERQual components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-017-0689-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
15. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings—paper 3: how to assess methodological limitations
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Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, Ruth Garside, Claire Glenton, Signe Flottorp, Jane Noyes, Benedicte Carlsen, Megan Wainwright, Simon Lewin, Özge Tunçalp, Arash Rashidian, Andrew Booth, Christopher J. Colvin, Meghan A. Bohren, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, and Faculty of Health Sciences
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Research design ,Methodological limitations, GRADE ,Biomedical Research ,Evidence-based practice ,Decision Making ,Method ,Health Informatics ,Confidence ,Health informatics ,03 medical and health sciences ,Systematic review methodology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Qualitative research ,Confidence Intervals ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Grading (education) ,Publishing ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,business.industry ,Management science ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health services research ,Methodology ,General Medicine ,Evidence-based medicine ,Critical appraisal ,Data Accuracy ,Guidance ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Background The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s methodological limitations component. Methods We developed the methodological limitations component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual methodological limitations component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define methodological limitations as the extent to which there are concerns about the design or conduct of the primary studies that contributed evidence to an individual review finding. In this paper, we describe the methodological limitations component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess methodological limitations of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess methodological limitations component, the steps that need to be taken to assess methodological limitations of data contributing to a review finding and examples of methodological limitation assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of methodological limitations in the context of the CERQual approach. More work is needed to determine which criteria critical appraisal tools should include when assessing methodological limitations. We currently recommend that whichever tool is used, review authors provide a transparent description of their assessments of methodological limitations in a review finding. We expect the CERQual approach and its individual components to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase.
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- 2018
16. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings—paper 4: how to assess coherence
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Megan Wainwright, Claire Glenton, Ruth Garside, Simon Lewin, Signe Flottorp, Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, Meghan A. Bohren, Arash Rashidian, Christopher J. Colvin, Özge Tunçalp, Andrew Booth, Jane Noyes, Benedicte Carlsen, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, and Faculty of Health Sciences
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Research design ,Data Analysis ,Evidence-based practice ,Biomedical Research ,Qualitative evidence ,Decision Making ,Method ,Health Informatics ,Confidence ,Health informatics ,03 medical and health sciences ,Systematic review methodology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Qualitative research ,Confidence Intervals ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Grading (education) ,Publishing ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Qualitative evidence synthesis ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health services research ,Methodology ,General Medicine ,Evidence-based medicine ,Data science ,Data Accuracy ,GRADE ,Guidance ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Coherence ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Background The GRADE-CERQual (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE working group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) relevance, (3) coherence and (4) adequacy of data. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual’s coherence component. Methods We developed the coherence component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual coherence component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application. Results When applying CERQual, we define coherence as how clear and cogent the fit is between the data from the primary studies and a review finding that synthesises that data. In this paper, we describe the coherence component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess coherence in the context of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess coherence, the steps that need to be taken to assess coherence and examples of coherence assessments. Conclusions This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of coherence in the context of the CERQual approach. We suggest that threats to coherence may arise when the data supporting a review finding are contradictory, ambiguous or incomplete or where competing theories exist that could be used to synthesise the data. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-017-0691-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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- 2018
17. Security and Justice Overview : Security and Justice Thematic Paper
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Harborne, Bernard and Sage, Caroline
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PUBLIC INFORMATION ,CONTAINMENT ,PEACEKEEPING ,WEAPONS ,RECONCILIATION ,CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,CIVILIAN POPULATIONS ,CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ,FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ,ROAD ,WAR CRIMES ,HUMAN RIGHT ,CRIMES ,PUNISHMENT ,ARMED GROUPS ,HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,TERRORISM ,THEMATIC PAPERS ,RULE OF LAW ,VIOLENT CONFLICT ,EXTERNAL INTERVENTION ,CRIME ,PRIVILEGE ,JURISDICTION ,ASSETS ,ABUSES ,WAR ,CRIMINAL JUSTICE ,ECONOMIC CRIME ,PRIORITIES ,VIOLENCE ,GRAVE ,HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ,DISENGAGEMENT ,CORRUPT ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ,PEACE RESEARCH ,TRIBUNALS ,ARMED CONFLICT ,PEACE ,INJUSTICES ,RAPE ,RECONSTRUCTION ,EXTORTION ,EQUAL TREATMENT ,PRIVILEGES ,CONFLICT RESOLUTION ,FIGHTING ,WHITE COLLAR CRIME ,NEGOTIATIONS ,VICTIMS ,AMNESTY ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,INDICTMENTS ,PROSECUTION ,EX-COMBATANTS ,PUBLIC OPINION ,REBEL ,GANGS ,MILITARY INTERVENTIONS ,CONSENT ,LOCAL CONFLICT ,GENOCIDE ,INTERNATIONAL NORMS ,POLITICAL VIOLENCE ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT ,CIVIL RIGHTS ,CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,ARMED CONFLICTS ,COMPROMISES ,POLICE ,JUSTICE ,BATTLE ,YOUTH ,INEQUALITIES ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,CORRUPT ACTS ,COURTS ,CRIMINAL ,MILITIA ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,TORTURE ,JUDICIAL SYSTEM ,SOVEREIGNTY ,UNDP ,INEQUITIES ,TRAFFICKING ,ABUSE ,ECONOMIC RIGHTS ,NEEDS ASSESSMENT ,MEMBER STATES ,HUMAN SECURITY ,CORRUPTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,FREEDOM ,GANG ,LAWS ,POLITICAL SETTLEMENT ,DISARMAMENT ,PEACEBUILDING ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT ,LEADERSHIP ,DEMOBILIZATION ,ACCOUNTABILITY - Abstract
The central theme of the 2011 World Development Report (WDR) is that violent conflict remains a constant threat to human rights, peace and sustainable development. While the nature of violent conflict maybe changing1 its negative impact on poor people in terms of rights violations, public health, forced displacement and diminution of life chances is the same. Critical to establishing peace and the necessary confidence between state and citizen is providing a sense of security, freedom from fear, and the protection of basic rights and entitlements. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship, overlapping and sometimes contradictory, between a range of approaches to security and justice in conflict affected contexts, and to place these efforts within a broader rule of law framework. This, it will be argued, greatly assists in addressing the kind of frictions and blind-spots that commonly exist in making the transition from violence to peace. The paper will then examine some of the instruments and approaches adopted by governments and international partners in addressing the kinds of stresses which result in violent conflict. Finally, it will examine the gaps in the international arena which continue to persist in this area of support. A series of security and justice-themed papers produced for the WDR 2011 outline in more detail the issues, approaches and lessons of the key components including: security, public security in peacekeeping settings, criminal justice, justice and administrative law, and transitional justice.
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- 2010
18. Developing a Virtual Reality Simulation Program for Improving Nursing Students' Clinical Reasoning Skills in Home Settings: A Protocol Paper.
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Yoshioka-Maeda, Kyoko, Honda, Chikako, Sumikawa, Yuka, Okamoto, Yuko, Shimada, Megumi, Fujii, Hitoshi, Iwasaki-Motegi, Riho, Miura, Takahiro, and Otsuki, Mai
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COMPUTER simulation ,CONFIDENCE ,VIRTUAL reality ,HOME care services ,SELF-evaluation ,SATISFACTION ,COMMUNITIES ,CLINICAL competence ,NURSING students ,MEDICAL logic - Abstract
Most nursing simulation programs focus on persons' healthcare needs in hospital settings, and little is known about how to identify them in home settings. This study aims to develop and validate a virtual reality (VR) simulation program for nursing students to improve their clinical reasoning skills and confidence in assessing persons' healthcare needs in home settings. We developed a VR simulation program based on a literature review and expert discussion. In Phase 1, home visit nurses or public health nurses will validate the program through their interviews in 2022. In Phase 2, we will conduct a pilot and main single-blinded randomized trial for nursing students to confirm the effectiveness from 2022 and 2023. Participants will be randomly allocated into an intervention group using VR simulations and a control group receiving videos regarding three kinds of community residents' lives [1:1]. After obtaining informed consent, the students will submit their anonymous data to the researchers to prevent associating their grade evaluation. The primary outcome will be their clinical reasoning skills. The second outcome will include their satisfaction and self-confidence. This study will examine the effectiveness of improving their clinical reasoning skills and confidence in assessing persons' healthcare needs in home settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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19. The Use of 360-Degree Video in Developing Emotional Coping Skills (Reduced Anxiety and Increased Confidence) in Mental Health Nursing Students: A Protocol Paper.
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Laker, Caroline, Knight-Davidson, Pamela, Hawkes, David, Driver, Paul, Nightingale, Maxine, Winter, Ann, and McVicar, Andrew
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ANXIETY prevention ,PSYCHIATRIC nursing ,CONFIDENCE ,NURSING ,QUALITATIVE research ,EXPERIENCE ,ABILITY ,TRAINING ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,STUDENTS ,RESEARCH funding ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,NURSING students ,EMOTIONS ,STUDENT attitudes ,SUPERVISION of employees ,MEDICAL education ,PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience ,VIDEO recording ,EDUCATIONAL outcomes - Abstract
Higher education institutions are uniquely placed to introduce emotional coping skills to promote resilience in pre-registration nurses in order to reduce anxiety and increase confidence before they enter clinical placement for the first time. In this qualitative study, we will explore the use of a 360-degree video in developing skills for coping. The participants will be mental health nursing students. We will develop a 360-degree video in collaboration with a mental health service user. All participants will watch the video. A sub-group will receive a supportive clinical supervision discussion within a cognitive reappraisal/solution-focused/VERA framework. We will record the experiences of the participant to explore: (1) how students felt about the use of 360-degree video, as an education tool to build skills of resilience; (2) whether the students involved felt more confident and less anxious about the situation in the video as a result of participating in the cognitive reappraisal/solution-focused/VERA supervision discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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20. Behavioural errors and stock market investment decisions: recent evidence from Pakistan
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Rashid, Kashif, Tariq, Yasir Bin, and Rehman, Mamoon Ur
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- 2022
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21. Critically appraised paper: Participation-focused therapy for children with cerebral palsy improves perception of leisure-time physical activity goal performance, satisfaction and confidence [synopsis].
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Spittle, Alicia
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CEREBRAL palsy treatment ,ACCELEROMETERS ,COMMUNITY health services ,CONFIDENCE ,LEISURE ,PHYSICAL therapy ,QUALITY of life ,SATISFACTION ,PATIENT participation ,BODY movement ,PHYSICAL activity ,PATIENTS' attitudes ,CHILDREN - Abstract
The article focuses on the application of participation-focused therapy in children with cerebral palsy for improvement in physical activity goal performance, satisfaction, and confidence.
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- 2020
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22. Information seeking and evaluation: a multi-institutional survey of veterinary students.
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Eldermire, Erin R. B., Fricke, Suzanne, Alpi, Kristine M., Davies, Emma, Kepsel, Andrea C., and Norton, Hannah F.
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ANALYSIS of variance ,CHI-squared test ,CONFIDENCE ,INTERNET ,MEDICAL students ,REGRESSION analysis ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,STUDENT attitudes ,T-test (Statistics) ,VETERINARY medicine ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,QUALITATIVE research ,QUANTITATIVE research ,INFORMATION-seeking behavior ,THEMATIC analysis ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objective: To practice evidence-based medicine, clinicians must be competent in information literacy (IL). Few studies acknowledge the critical role that reading strategies play in IL instruction and assessment of health professional students. The purpose of this study was to understand the information-seeking and evaluation behaviors of doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) students in regard to scientific papers. Methods: The authors studied DVM student behaviors across eight programs in North America using a web-based survey of closed- and open-ended questions about finding and evaluating scientific papers, including a task to read a linked scientific paper and answer questions about it. Results: A total of 226 individuals responded to the survey. The sections of a scientific paper that were most commonly read were the abstract, introduction, and conclusions. Students who reported reading a higher proportion of scientific papers were more likely to feel confident in their abilities to interpret them. A third of respondents answered open-ended questions after the paper reading task. Respondents felt the least amount of confidence with one of the final steps of evidence-based medicine, that of interpreting the significance of the paper to apply it in veterinary medicine. Conclusions: DVM students may lack the skills needed to evaluate scientific literature and need more practice and feedback in evaluating and interpreting scientific papers. Librarians who support DVM students can (1) help DVM students to efficiently evaluate scientific literature, (2) seek training opportunities in alternative modes of teaching and learning IL skills, and (3) partner with veterinary faculty and clinicians to provide students with practice and feedback in information evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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23. From laurels to learners: leadership with virtue
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Antonacopoulou, Elena and Bento, Regina F.
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- 2018
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24. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 6: how to assess relevance of the data.
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Noyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Lewin, Simon, Carlsen, Benedicte, Glenton, Claire, Colvin, Christopher J., Garside, Ruth, Bohren, Meghan A., Rashidian, Arash, Wainwright, Megan, Tunςalp, Özge, Chandler, Jacqueline, Flottorp, Signe, Pantoja, Tomas, Tucker, Joseph D., and Munthe-Kaas, Heather
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QUALITATIVE research ,EVIDENCE ,CONFIDENCE ,DECISION making ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual's relevance component.Methods: We developed the relevance component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual relevance component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application.Results: When applying CERQual, we define relevance as the extent to which the body of data from the primary studies supporting a review finding is applicable to the context (perspective or population, phenomenon of interest, setting) specified in the review question. In this paper, we describe the relevance component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess relevance in the context of a review finding. This guidance outlines the information required to assess relevance, the steps that need to be taken to assess relevance and examples of relevance assessments.Conclusions: This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of relevance in the context of the CERQual approach. Assessing the relevance component requires consideration of potentially important contextual factors at an early stage in the review process. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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25. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 5: how to assess adequacy of data.
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Glenton, Claire, Carlsen, Benedicte, Lewin, Simon, Munthe-Kaas, Heather, Colvin, Christopher J., Tunçalp, Özge, Bohren, Meghan A., Noyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Garside, Ruth, Rashidian, Arash, Flottorp, Signe, and Wainwright, Megan
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QUALITATIVE research ,CONFIDENCE ,EVIDENCE ,DECISION making ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) working group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations; (2) coherence; (3) adequacy of data; and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual's adequacy of data component.Methods: We developed the adequacy of data component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual adequacy of data component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application.Results: When applying CERQual, we define adequacy of data as an overall determination of the degree of richness and the quantity of data supporting a review finding. In this paper, we describe the adequacy component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess data adequacy in the context of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess data adequacy, the steps that need to be taken to assess data adequacy, and examples of adequacy assessments.Conclusions: This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of adequacy in the context of the CERQual approach. We approach assessments of data adequacy in terms of the richness and quantity of the data supporting each review finding, but do not offer fixed rules regarding what constitutes sufficiently rich data or an adequate quantity of data. Instead, we recommend that this assessment is made in relation to the nature of the finding. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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26. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 4: how to assess coherence.
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Colvin, Christopher J., Garside, Ruth, Wainwright, Megan, Munthe-Kaas, Heather, Glenton, Claire, Bohren, Meghan A., Carlsen, Benedicte, Tunçalp, Özge, Noyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Rashidian, Arash, Flottorp, Signe, and Lewin, Simon
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QUALITATIVE research ,CONFIDENCE ,EVIDENCE ,DECISION making ,COHERENCE (Philosophy) - Abstract
Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE working group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) relevance, (3) coherence and (4) adequacy of data. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual's coherence component.Methods: We developed the coherence component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual coherence component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application.Results: When applying CERQual, we define coherence as how clear and cogent the fit is between the data from the primary studies and a review finding that synthesises that data. In this paper, we describe the coherence component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess coherence in the context of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess coherence, the steps that need to be taken to assess coherence and examples of coherence assessments.Conclusions: This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of coherence in the context of the CERQual approach. We suggest that threats to coherence may arise when the data supporting a review finding are contradictory, ambiguous or incomplete or where competing theories exist that could be used to synthesise the data. We expect the CERQual approach, and its individual components, to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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27. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 3: how to assess methodological limitations.
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Munthe-Kaas, Heather, Bohren, Meghan A., Glenton, Claire, Lewin, Simon, Noyes, Jane, Tunçalp, Özge, Booth, Andrew, Garside, Ruth, Colvin, Christopher J., Wainwright, Megan, Rashidian, Arash, Flottorp, Signe, and Carlsen, Benedicte
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QUALITATIVE research ,DECISION making ,EVIDENCE ,CONFIDENCE ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on CERQual's methodological limitations component.Methods: We developed the methodological limitations component by searching the literature for definitions, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We tested the CERQual methodological limitations component within several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the current definition and principles for application.Results: When applying CERQual, we define methodological limitations as the extent to which there are concerns about the design or conduct of the primary studies that contributed evidence to an individual review finding. In this paper, we describe the methodological limitations component and its rationale and offer guidance on how to assess methodological limitations of a review finding as part of the CERQual approach. This guidance outlines the information required to assess methodological limitations component, the steps that need to be taken to assess methodological limitations of data contributing to a review finding and examples of methodological limitation assessments.Conclusions: This paper provides guidance for review authors and others on undertaking an assessment of methodological limitations in the context of the CERQual approach. More work is needed to determine which criteria critical appraisal tools should include when assessing methodological limitations. We currently recommend that whichever tool is used, review authors provide a transparent description of their assessments of methodological limitations in a review finding. We expect the CERQual approach and its individual components to develop further as our experiences with the practical implementation of the approach increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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28. The impact of consumers’ positive online recommendations on the omnichannel webrooming experience
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Orús, Carlos, Gurrea, Raquel, and Ibáñez-Sánchez, Sergio
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- 2019
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29. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 7: understanding the potential impacts of dissemination bias.
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Booth, Andrew, Lewin, Simon, Glenton, Claire, Munthe-Kaas, Heather, Toews, Ingrid, Noyes, Jane, Rashidian, Arash, Berg, Rigmor C., Nyakang'o, Brenda, Meerpohl, Joerg J., and GRADE-CERQual Coordinating Team
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QUALITATIVE research ,EVIDENCE ,CONFIDENCE ,DECISION making ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision-making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on a probable fifth component, dissemination bias. Given its exploratory nature, we are not yet able to provide guidance on applying this potential component of the CERQual approach. Instead, we focus on how dissemination bias might be conceptualised in the context of qualitative research and the potential impact dissemination bias might have on an overall assessment of confidence in a review finding. We also set out a proposed research agenda in this area.Methods: We developed this paper by gathering feedback from relevant research communities, searching MEDLINE and Web of Science to identify and characterise the existing literature discussing or assessing dissemination bias in qualitative research and its wider implications, developing consensus through project group meetings, and conducting an online survey of the extent, awareness and perceptions of dissemination bias in qualitative research.Results: We have defined dissemination bias in qualitative research as a systematic distortion of the phenomenon of interest due to selective dissemination of studies or individual study findings. Dissemination bias is important for qualitative evidence syntheses as the selective dissemination of qualitative studies and/or study findings may distort our understanding of the phenomena that these syntheses aim to explore and thereby undermine our confidence in these findings. Dissemination bias has been extensively examined in the context of randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews of such studies. The effects of potential dissemination bias are formally considered, as publication bias, within the GRADE approach. However, the issue has received almost no attention in the context of qualitative research. Because of very limited understanding of dissemination bias and its potential impact on review findings in the context of qualitative evidence syntheses, this component is currently not included in the GRADE-CERQual approach.Conclusions: Further research is needed to establish the extent and impacts of dissemination bias in qualitative research and the extent to which dissemination bias needs to be taken into account when we assess how much confidence we have in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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30. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings-paper 2: how to make an overall CERQual assessment of confidence and create a Summary of Qualitative Findings table.
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Lewin, Simon, Bohren, Meghan, Rashidian, Arash, Munthe-Kaas, Heather, Glenton, Claire, Colvin, Christopher J., Garside, Ruth, Noyes, Jane, Booth, Andrew, Tunçalp, Özge, Wainwright, Megan, Flottorp, Signe, Tucker, Joseph D., and Carlsen, Benedicte
- Subjects
QUALITATIVE research ,EVIDENCE ,CONFIDENCE ,DECISION making ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
Background: The GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach has been developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group. The approach has been developed to support the use of findings from qualitative evidence syntheses in decision making, including guideline development and policy formulation. CERQual includes four components for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from reviews of qualitative research (also referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses): (1) methodological limitations, (2) coherence, (3) adequacy of data and (4) relevance. This paper is part of a series providing guidance on how to apply CERQual and focuses on making an overall assessment of confidence in a review finding and creating a CERQual Evidence Profile and a CERQual Summary of Qualitative Findings table.Methods: We developed this guidance by examining the methods used by other GRADE approaches, gathering feedback from relevant research communities and developing consensus through project group meetings. We then piloted the guidance on several qualitative evidence syntheses before agreeing on the approach.Results: Confidence in the evidence is an assessment of the extent to which a review finding is a reasonable representation of the phenomenon of interest. Creating a summary of each review finding and deciding whether or not CERQual should be used are important steps prior to assessing confidence. Confidence should be assessed for each review finding individually, based on the judgements made for each of the four CERQual components. Four levels are used to describe the overall assessment of confidence: high, moderate, low or very low. The overall CERQual assessment for each review finding should be explained in a CERQual Evidence Profile and Summary of Qualitative Findings table.Conclusions: Structuring and summarising review findings, assessing confidence in those findings using CERQual and creating a CERQual Evidence Profile and Summary of Qualitative Findings table should be essential components of undertaking qualitative evidence syntheses. This paper describes the end point of a CERQual assessment and should be read in conjunction with the other papers in the series that provide information on assessing individual CERQual components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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31. Improving Security in Violent Conflict Settings : Security and Justice Thematic Paper
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Spear, Joanna and Harborne, Bernard
- Subjects
CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES ,INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ,MISCONDUCT ,PEACEKEEPING ,WEAPONS ,RECONCILIATION ,ALCOHOL ,CIVILIAN POPULATIONS ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,GUNS ,ORGANIZED CRIME ,ROAD ,MERCENARY ,GUERRILLA ,ARMED GROUPS ,WEAPON ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,TERRORISM ,ARMS CONTROL ,FOREIGN POLICY ,INCARCERATION ,INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION ,NATIONS ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,REBEL FORCES ,SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ,VIOLENT CONFLICT ,TEENAGERS ,COMMUNITY VIOLENCE ,GENDER BASED VIOLENCE ,MASS VIOLENCE ,DEMOCRACIES ,INTEGRITY ,SOCIAL REINTEGRATION ,MENTAL HEALTH ,ASSETS ,ABUSES ,EXCOMBATANTS ,WAR ,CRIMINAL JUSTICE ,PARLIAMENTARY OVERSIGHT ,VIOLENCE ,GRAVE ,HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ,REHABILITATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,LAW ENFORCEMENT ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,DEATHS ,CORRUPT ,PEACE AGREEMENTS ,POLITICAL REFORM ,PEACE RESEARCH ,DEMOCRACY ,ARMED CONFLICT ,OFFENDERS ,PEACE ,VIOLENT CRIME ,RAPE ,ARMED FORCES ,RECONSTRUCTION ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,CIVIL WARS ,EXTORTION ,PRIVATE ARMY ,DONOR COUNTRIES ,COUNTERINSURGENCY ,YOUTH GANGS ,FIGHTING ,VIOLENCE PREVENTION ,WARS ,INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,VICTIMS ,YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,GANG MEMBERS ,MINISTER ,MUGGING ,PEACE PROCESSES ,EX-COMBATANTS ,EX-COMBATANT ,COCAINE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,REBEL ,MEDIATION ,SLUM ,CRIMINAL ACTIVITY ,MILITARY INTERVENTIONS ,HOMICIDE ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,ALLIANCE ,GENOCIDE ,INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT ,INTERNATIONAL DONORS ,INSECURITY ,GUN ,POLITICAL VIOLENCE ,PRISON ,JAIL ,EX-FIGHTERS ,HIGH RISK YOUTH ,DRUG ,SOCIAL SERVICE ,JUDICIARY ,CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ,BOUNDARIES ,MONOPOLY ,CESSATION OF HOSTILITY ,POLICE ,BATTLE ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,YOUTH ,POLITICAL TRANSITIONS ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,SOCIAL WELL-BEING ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,CRIMINAL ,MILITIA ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,FORMER FIGHTERS ,MILITARY REFORM ,ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION ,PEACE ACCORDS ,PRIVATIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ,ELECTIONS ,VIOLENT CONFLICTS ,SOVEREIGNTY ,UNDP ,DRUGS ,TRAFFICKING ,CONFLICTS ,ABUSE ,INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE ,NEEDS ASSESSMENT ,PRISONS ,HUMAN SECURITY ,CORRUPTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY ,GANG MEMBER ,GANG ,LAWS ,POLITICAL SETTLEMENT ,SOLDIERS ,REFUGEES ,DISARMAMENT ,PEACEBUILDING ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT ,LEADERSHIP ,DEMOBILIZATION ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXTERNAL INTERVENTIONS ,MILITARY OFFICERS ,ORGANISED CRIME - Abstract
Violent conflict is the multifaceted and cyclical problem that the international community is trying to grapple with. To date, there has been a clear hierarchy concerning what forms of violence are seen to matter most, with political violence that threatens the state taking pole position. In examining this argument, this paper sets out a number of issues relating to security and justice definitions. It will then examine some of the problems associated with placing conflict into a box-set typology: mass violence associated with war and genocide carries unique features but also spawns new challenges which are often being ignored. The paper will then examine in brief some of the measures used by communities, governmental actors and international partners in contending with violence before outlining some key conclusions and recommendations. In reading this paper two further points need be borne in mind: 1) this does not provide a comprehensive overview of violence and security - that is the role of the World Development Report (WDR) itself, and 2) this paper does not present fresh research, but more an overview, along with the other papers in the security-justice series, of some of the key issues confronting policy makers in the domain of security and development.
- Published
- 2010
32. Broad perspectives in understanding vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence: an introduction to the special issue.
- Author
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Baldwin, Austin S., Tiro, Jasmin A., and Zimet, Gregory D.
- Subjects
VACCINATION ,CONFIDENCE ,COVID-19 ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,SOCIAL media ,VACCINATION coverage ,WORLD health ,VACCINE hesitancy ,HEALTH attitudes ,HEALTH equity ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
The World Health Organization has designated vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence among the most pressing issues in global health. The COVID-19 pandemic has made vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence particularly salient and urgent. The purpose of this special issue is to highlight a broad range of perspectives on these critical issues. We have included a total of 30 papers that address issues related to vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence across multiple levels of the Socio-Ecological Model. We have organized the empirical papers into the following sections: individual-level beliefs, minority health and health disparities, social media and conspiracy beliefs, and interventions. In addition to the empirical papers, three commentaries are included in this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Justice : Security and Justice Thematic Paper
- Author
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Desai, Deval and Sage, Caroline
- Subjects
CONTAINMENT ,RECONCILIATION ,CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,CONVENTION ,PRISONERS ,MULTINATIONALS ,THEFT ,LAND ISSUES ,CRIMES ,MEETINGS ,CODES ,JUSTICES ,DEFENSE LAWYERS ,PROSECUTIONS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,JUSTICE SYSTEM ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ,YOUTH VIOLENCE ,TRIAL ,ABUSES ,WAR ,VIOLENCE ,TRANSPARENCY ,ARBITRATORS ,EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW ,COMPARATIVE LAW ,ACCESS TO LAND ,PEACE AGREEMENTS ,INHERITANCE ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,TRIBUNALS ,PEACE ,PATRONAGE ,SEPARATION OF POWERS ,WARFARE ,OPPRESSION ,MULTINATIONAL ,PUBLISHERS ,ARMED FORCES ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,NATIONALISM ,CIVIL WARS ,DONOR COUNTRIES ,COUNTERPARTS ,JUDGES ,ETHNIC POLITICS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,VICTIMS ,ATTORNEYS ,DOMINANCE ,MINISTER ,LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY ,LABOR LAWS ,COURT ,EMPOWERMENT ,HOMICIDE ,LAW REFORM ,INTERNATIONAL DONORS ,INTERNATIONAL NORMS ,CRISIS MANAGEMENT ,CRIMINALS ,LEGAL AID ,CITIZENSHIP ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES ,BANKRUPTCY ,CODES OF CONDUCT ,POLITICAL WILL ,POSSESSION ,JUDICIARY ,CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ,JUDGE ,MONOPOLY ,ACTIONS ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ,POLICE ,JUSTICE ,TRIALS ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,YOUTH ,REMEDIES ,FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT ,CRIMINAL ,LAND DISPUTES ,RULINGS ,LEGAL REFORMS ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,CUSTOMARY LAW ,FEDERALISM ,PRIVATIZATION ,COMMUNITY CONFLICT ,ELECTIONS ,UNDP ,LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ,LEGAL SYSTEMS ,VIOLATIONS ,HOME ,COLLAPSE ,CORRUPTION ,LEGISLATIVE PROCESS ,LAWS ,NATIONAL LAW ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT ,LEADERSHIP ,GENDER ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EU ,FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LEGISLATION ,OBSERVER ,INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ,VIGILANTISM ,BASIC SERVICES ,COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,LEGAL RESOURCES ,WAR CRIMES ,MODALITY ,SECURITY FORCES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,ACTS ,INTERNATIONAL LEVELS ,LEGAL PLURALISM ,SEXUAL VIOLENCE ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,LEGAL CHALLENGES ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,LEGALITY ,NATIONS ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,HOUSES ,VIOLENT CONFLICT ,ARBITRATION ,COMMUNITY VIOLENCE ,CRIME ,SOCIAL RIGHTS ,JURISDICTION ,TAX LAW ,MILITARY LEADERS ,CRIMINAL JUSTICE ,SANCTIONS ,JURISPRUDENCE ,FOUNDATIONS ,CORRUPT ,GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ,DEMOCRACY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,RELIGIOUS LAW ,ARMED CONFLICT ,MEDIA ,CONFLICT PREVENTION ,RAPE ,RECONSTRUCTION ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,COMMON LAW ,BRIBERY ,TRADE AGREEMENT ,SECESSION ,CONFLICT RESOLUTION ,PROSECUTORS ,FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ,ECONOMIC BENEFITS ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,LEGAL ISSUES ,PUBLIC OPINION ,FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ,EQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,REBEL ,ASIAN STUDIES ,MEDIATION ,GANGS ,AUTHORITY ,LOCAL CONFLICT ,GENOCIDE ,INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT ,CONSTITUTIONS ,DUE PROCESS ,LEGAL PROTECTION ,POPULAR PARTICIPATION ,LEGAL FORMS ,EUROPEAN UNION ,APPLICABLE LAW ,ACCESS TO JUSTICE ,LABOR LAW ,COMPROMISES ,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,RULING PARTY ,COURTS ,INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE ,FINAL JUDGMENT ,JUDICIAL CORRUPTION ,LEGAL REFORM ,SELF-DETERMINATION ,SOCIAL STRUCTURE ,INTERNATIONAL LAW ,LEGISLATION ,COMPLAINTS ,OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ,ANTI-CORRUPTION ,CONFLICTS ,UNIVERSITIES ,HARASSMENT ,MARGINALIZATION ,PRE-TRIAL DETENTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,LAWYERS ,REFUGEE ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,WAR ECONOMIES ,POLITICAL SETTLEMENT ,DISCRIMINATION ,LEGITIMACY ,PEACEBUILDING ,GENDER RIGHTS ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS - Abstract
There is broad recognition, across the political spectrum and in both 'northern' and 'southern' countries, that justice reform, and more generally the promotion of the 'rule of law', are central to development policy, particularly in conflict-affected, fragile and violent contexts. More recently an increased focus on global security and the interaction between security and development as put a renewed emphasis on such efforts. However, while legal, regulatory and 'justice' institutions are now seen as key part of the 'solution' to problems of conflict, fragility and development, this recognition is not matched by a correspondingly clear sense of what should be done, how it should be done, by whom, in what order, or how 'success' may be determined. There often tends to be a clear misunderstanding of both the nature of the problem and (thus) of the solution. In this paper, the author seek to provide some insight into these questions and sketch out a practical conception of effective justice reform in situations of conflict and fragility that may provide the basis for effective programming.
- Published
- 2010
34. Donor Coordination and Harmonization in Bangladesh : A Joint Evaluation Paper
- Author
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Thornton, Paul, Kolkma, Walter, and Fostvedt, Nils
- Subjects
ECONOMIC ISSUES ,AGRICULTURE ,ALLIANCES ,UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ,DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ,INFANT MORTALITY ,AUDITOR ,TARGETING ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,VALUE ADDED ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPMENT AGENCY ,MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,GDP ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,AID ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,ACCOUNTING ,FINANCES ,COST EFFECTIVENESS ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL ,GOVERNMENT ISSUES ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,AID FLOWS ,DISEASES ,PROCUREMENT ,HIV/AIDS ,NUTRITION ,ECONOMIC RELATIONS ,PRIORITIES ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,AID PROGRAMMES ,AID COORDINATION ,CORRUPT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,MALARIA ,SANITATION ,GAPS ,VACCINES ,DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,FINANCE MANAGEMENT ,CHILD IMMUNIZATION ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,SUPERVISION ,CORRUPTION ,POLITICIANS ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,TRANSPORT ,LEADERSHIP ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - Abstract
In recent years, issues of aid effectiveness have come centre stage, motivated amongst other factors by the increased emphasis on impact evidenced in particular by the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Improved aid alignment and harmonization (A&H) is seen as vital for enhanced aid effectiveness, as reflected most prominently in the 2005 Paris Declaration. In this context, this Joint Evaluation Paper (JEP) addresses key aspects of donor coordination and harmonization in Bangladesh. The subject of the JEP is the Joint Strategic Framework (JSF) of the four largest aid donors in Bangladesh the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), and Japan. At the time it was started around 2005, the JSF was considered a major step forward in aid A&H, and as such merits serious joint evaluation.
- Published
- 2010
35. Criminal Justice : Security and Justice Thematic Paper
- Author
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Sherman, Jake
- Subjects
PUBLIC INFORMATION ,PEACEKEEPING ,BASIC SERVICES ,CUSTOMARY COURTS ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,PRISONERS ,COMMUNITY POLICING ,DRUG TRAFFICKING ,LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CRIMES ,PUNISHMENT ,STREET CHILDREN ,SEXUAL VIOLENCE ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES ,TERRORISM ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,SENTENCING ,PROSECUTIONS ,SPECIAL PROSECUTORS ,ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,RULE OF LAW ,HOUSES ,ARBITRATION ,POLICE OFFICERS ,CORRUPT OFFICIALS ,CRIME ,JUSTICE SYSTEM ,CRIMINALITY ,INTEGRITY ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ,JURISDICTION ,INVESTIGATIONS ,TRIAL ,WAR ,CRIMINAL JUSTICE ,PARLIAMENTARY OVERSIGHT ,CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES ,SANCTIONS ,VIOLENCE ,TRANSPARENCY ,COLLUSION ,LAW ENFORCEMENT ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,CORRUPT ,DETENTION ,LAWYER ,DEMOCRACY ,INHERITANCE ,CORRUPTION LEGISLATION ,JAILS ,OFFENDERS ,OVERCROWDED PRISONS ,VIOLENT CRIME ,CORRUPTION LEGISLATION ,MULTINATIONAL ,RAPE ,NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES ,PROSECUTORS ,JUDGES ,URBAN CRIME ,COMPENSATION ,STATUTORY AUTHORITY ,VICTIMS ,ATTORNEYS ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,PROSECUTION ,EXTRADITION ,POLICE SERVICES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,COURT ,INVESTIGATION ,MEDIATION ,GANGS ,JUDICIAL TRAINING ,ATTORNEYS GENERAL ,HOMICIDE ,SOCIAL PROBLEMS ,JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE ,IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW ,INTERNATIONAL NORMS ,INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS ,PARENTS ,PRISON ,CRIMINALS ,LEGAL AID ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,WITNESS ,INVESTIGATORS ,CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ,ARRESTS ,WILL ,JUDICIARY ,PUBLIC DEFENDERS ,JUDGE ,ACCESS TO JUSTICE ,MONOPOLY ,LEGAL ASSISTANCE ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,MINISTRIES OF JUSTICE ,MILITARY COURTS ,POLICE ,JUSTICE ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,YOUTH ,INEQUALITIES ,GENDER BIAS ,LEGAL EDUCATION ,COURTS ,CRIMINAL ,BANKS ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,CRIME PREVENTION ,CUSTOMARY LAW ,LEGAL REFORM ,PEACE ACCORDS ,LEGAL PROCEDURES ,POLICING ,LEGAL REPRESENTATION ,PRETRIAL DETENTION ,COMPLAINTS ,ANTI-CORRUPTION ,LEGAL SYSTEMS ,HOME ,ABUSE ,REMEDY ,PROSECUTOR ,JUDICIARIES ,PRISONS ,ANTICORRUPTION ,DETAINEES ,REPRESSION ,CORRUPTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,POLITICIANS ,LAWYERS ,CRIMINAL CASES ,GANG ,LAWS ,NATIONAL LAW ,DISCRIMINATION ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,SOLDIERS ,CIVIL LAW ,PENAL CODE ,STATE GOVERNMENTS ,LEADERSHIP ,GENDER ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EU - Abstract
Strengthening the rule of law is widely regarded among traditional donors, multilateral institutions, and a growing number of middle income and fragile states as a necessary precondition for sustainable peace, poverty alleviation, and development. Crime and violence deter investment and lower employment, undermine social institutions, and divert resources through direct and indirect costs, all of which hinder development. It is likely to disproportionately affect poor and marginalized populations by limiting access to basic services. The formal criminal justice system is seen in many environments as failing to deliver justice. Most states experiencing fragility do not have the capacity to effectively prevent crime, enforce laws, or peacefully resolve disputes across the whole of their territories. There is another powerful deterrent for communities to seek redress through state criminal justice institutions: they are frequently a primary instrument for the government and elites to maintain power and control through the perpetration of injustice. The informal system, however, is alone insufficient to handle the pressing justice requirements of fragile states, not least for preventing and responding to inter-communal conflict, to serious organized and cross-border crime, and to public corruption and other 'white collar' crime.
- Published
- 2010
36. Induction: Possibilities, frequency, and confidence.
- Author
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López-Astorga, Miguel
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE ,INDUCTION (Logic) ,MENTAL models theory (Communication) - Abstract
The theory of mental models describes how human beings often make inductive inferences. That account is based on possibilities. It claims that, in inductions, people tend to prefer the possibility that seems to be more probable. The present paper tries to develop the account by proposing an additional quantitative method to determine which of the two possibilities in inductive processes is preferable. The paper resorts to a Non-Axiomatic Logic: NAL. NAL assigns quantitative values to the frequency and confidence of sentences. It also shows how those values can be transmitted from premises to conclusions in inductive inferences. This part of NAL is applied to the account of induction the theory of mental models gives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The importance of confidence in leadership role : A qualitative study of the process following two Swedish leadership programmes
- Author
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Söderhjelm, Teresa Martha, Larsson, Gerry, Sandahl, Christer, Björklund, Christina, and Palm, Kristina
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Reflections on developing a simulation model on sustainable and healthy diets for decision makers: Comment on the paper by Kopainsky.
- Author
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Kapmeier, Florian
- Subjects
COMPUTER simulation ,CONFIDENCE ,DECISION making ,DIET ,MEAT ,MILK ,NUTRITION ,WATER pollution ,HUMAN services programs - Abstract
The author presents comments on an article on a simulation model on sustainable and healthy diets for decision makers in 2021. Topics discussed include meat and dairy alternatives and the possible extension of the model boundary and understanding of transition policies, the expected tripling of insect market volume in Europe by 2023, and the environmental impacts of fertilizers and declining groundwater levels. Also noted is a suggested bipartisan approach on the food and health system.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Informed Search Strategy for Synchronous Recognition of Groundwater Pollution Sources and Aquifer Parameters Based on an Improved DCN Substitute.
- Author
-
Li, Guanghua, Wang, Han, Guo, Jiayuan, Zhang, Jinping, and Lu, Wenxi
- Subjects
DEEP learning ,INFORMATION resources ,AQUIFERS ,STATISTICS ,CONFIDENCE - Abstract
An informed search strategy based on random statistical analysis was developed for synchronous recognition of groundwater pollution source information and aquifer parameters. An informed search iterative course (ISIC) was accordingly designed, and each iteration included the determination of attempt point and state transition. In this paper, two improvement techniques were first adopted for choosing attempt points and judging state transition in ISIC to improve search efficiency and precision. The first improvement was that the variable radius free search method was applied to choosing the attempt point, and the size of the search radius was constantly adjusted in ISIC, taking the search ergodicity and efficiency into account. The second improvement technique was a Tsallis formula used for state transition judgment, and the controlled factor in the Tsallis formula was regulated continuously so that the search could consider ergodicity and efficiency simultaneously. Furthermore, frequent calls to the groundwater pollution numerical simulator to calculate the likelihood have inflicted a huge computational burden during ISIC. An effective way is to construct a substitute for emulating the simulator with a low calculating load. However, the mapping relation between the import and export of the numerical simulator was complex and had many variables. The precision of the substitute based on shallow learning is low sometimes. Therefore, we adopted the deep learning method and built an improved deep confidence network (DCN) substitute to emulate the highly nonlinear simulator. Finally, the synchronous recognition results for groundwater pollution source information and aquifer parameters were gained when ISIC ceased. The above-mentioned methods were verified in a case involving groundwater pollution. The consequence indicated that the ISIC with an improved DCN substitute can synchronously recognize groundwater pollution source information and aquifer parameters with a high degree of precision and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A joint multi-model machine learning prediction approach based on confidence for ship stability.
- Author
-
Jiang, Chaicheng, Xiang, Xianbo, and Xiang, Gong
- Subjects
SUPERVISED learning ,RADIAL basis functions ,CONFIDENCE ,RANDOM forest algorithms ,BOOSTING algorithms ,SHIPS - Abstract
Since the traditional ship stability failure probability assessment method has many input parameters and cumbersome intermediate calculation process, this paper proposes a joint multi-model machine learning prediction method based on confidence. The method calculates the confidence of each machine learning model for the current prediction result, selects the top n models among them, and takes the average of their prediction results as the output. The confidence is calculated by a method inspired by semi-supervised learning. To reduce the number of ship features that need to be input for assessment, a sensitivity analysis is used to reject irrelevant features. Eight machine learning models that have good performance and are widely used in other fields, including Radial Basis Function Neural Network, Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and so on, are used as component learners in this study. The hyperparameters of each model are obtained by cross-validation and grid search. The advancedness of the proposed method is verified by comparing it with other models on a small self-built ship stability failure probability dataset. By conducting experiments that simply average the results of the component learners, it is confirmed that simple superposition different models does not necessarily improve the accuracy. At the same time, after pre-processing the input features in different ways, the comparison of the prediction performance was conducted, and the experimental results showed that the proposed method is not affected by the way the input features are preprocessed and therefore has some robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Rejecting options from large and small choice sets: the mediating role of confidence
- Author
-
Chan, Eugene and Wang, Yitong
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Programs of Experimentation and Pivoting for (Overconfident) Entrepreneurs.
- Author
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Chen, John S., Elfenbein, Daniel W., Posen, Hart E., and Wang, Ming zhu
- Subjects
BUSINESSPEOPLE ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,CONFIDENCE ,NEW business enterprises ,EXPERIMENTS ,DECISION making in business - Abstract
How much should an entrepreneur experiment and when should they pivot? Do the answers to these questions change if the entrepreneur is subject to behavioral biases, such as overconfidence? In this paper, we develop a conceptual logic to address these questions. We focus on the design of a "program of experimentation," which we define as a sequentially interdependent set of experiments and pivot decisions an entrepreneur undertakes to develop a viable business idea. This conceptualization highlights two dimensions of program design: the number of experiments to run and the pivot threshold for evaluating experimental outcomes. Our computational model suggests that while experimenting and pivoting can improve new venture performance, it can also be taken too far. Programs of experimentation that generate frequent and early pivots may impede learning and underperform more conservative programs that generate fewer pivots. We also show that an effectively designed program of experimentation can partially remedy an entrepreneur's behavioral biases. Our work informs ongoing scholarly efforts to more fully understand the Lean Startup's strengths and limitations and advances the theoretical apparatus underlying a scientific approach to venturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Design and Use of Deep Confidence Network Based on Crayfish Optimization Algorithm in Automatic Assessment Method of Hearing Effectiveness.
- Author
-
Ying Cheng
- Subjects
OPTIMIZATION algorithms ,CRAYFISH ,FEATURE extraction ,ABSOLUTE value ,CONFIDENCE - Abstract
INTRODCTION: Listening strategy analysis and assessment not only need objective and fair sound listening strategy analysis, but also need high-precision and high real-time assessment model, and even more need in-depth analysis and feature extraction of the influencing factors of listening assessment. OBJECTIVES: To address the problems of current automatic assessment methods, such as non-specific application, poor generalization, low assessment accuracy, and poor real-time performance. METHODS: This paper proposes an automatic assessment method based on a deep confidence network based on crawfish optimization algorithm. First, the multi-dimensional listening strategy evaluation system is constructed by analyzing the listening improvement strategy; then, the depth confidence network is improved by the crayfish optimization algorithm to construct the automatic evaluation model; finally, through the analysis of simulation experiments. RESLUTS: The proposed method improves the evaluation accuracy, robustness, and real-time performance. The absolute value of the relative error of the automatic evaluation value of the proposed method is controlled in the range of 0.011, and the evaluation time is less than 0.005 s. The method is based on a deep confidence network based on the crayfish optimization algorithm. CONCLUSION: The problems of non-specific application of automated assessment methods, poor generalization, low assessment accuracy, and poor real-time performance are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Healthcare Practitioners' Perceptions of the Barriers to Prescribing or Promoting Exercise in the Treatment of People with Mental Illness: A Scoping Review.
- Author
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Kelly, Kate, Moloney, Andrew, de Jong, Gideon, and Lakeman, Richard
- Subjects
MENTAL illness treatment ,HEALTH services accessibility ,COMMUNITY health services ,NURSES ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,PSYCHOLOGISTS ,SOCIAL workers ,PERSONNEL management ,EXERCISE therapy ,CINAHL database ,PRIMARY health care ,LEADERSHIP ,DEVELOPED countries ,CONFIDENCE ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,THEMATIC analysis ,PROFESSIONS ,ALLIED health personnel ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,LITERATURE reviews ,ABILITY ,ONLINE information services ,DATA analysis software ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,TRAINING ,PROFESSIONAL competence ,EMPLOYEES' workload - Abstract
Contemporary healthcare for those experiencing mental illness requires healthcare practitioners (HCPs) to effectively incorporate the prescription of exercise in their treatment, in accordance with clinical guidelines. However, there has been a lack of effective implementation of such recommendations. The purpose of this review was to identify barriers to exercise prescription in the treatment of people diagnosed with mental illness as perceived by HCPs. APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published in the period from January 2005 to September 2023. A total of 18 papers were included for thematic synthesis. Four key themes were identified across the qualitative (8), quantitative (6), and mixed method (4) papers, including a lack of knowledge and confidence of HCPs in prescribing exercise; role and responsibility; HCPs' misconceptions of client barriers; and systemic issues impacting exercise prescription practices. A lack of knowledge or confidence was the most common barrier. Some HCPs indicated a desire to develop their skills in exercise prescription, while others indicated a preference for an exercise professional to take responsibility for this aspect of treatment. Systemic barriers were spread across a range of issues, with lack of time, excessive workload, and difficulties accessing qualified staff most commonly cited. This review provides further insight into the barriers to exercise prescription faced by HCPs and makes recommendations regarding how to address these barriers in order to better implement clinical guidelines and thus improve the quality of treatment provided to people diagnosed with a mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Complete Neuron Reconstruction Based on Branch Confidence.
- Author
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Zeng, Ying and Wang, Yimin
- Subjects
NEURONS ,MARKOV processes ,BRAIN research ,BRAIN diseases ,CONFIDENCE - Abstract
In the past few years, significant advancements in microscopic imaging technology have led to the production of numerous high-resolution images capturing brain neurons at the micrometer scale. The reconstructed structure of neurons from neuronal images can serve as a valuable reference for research in brain diseases and neuroscience. Currently, there lacks an accurate and efficient method for neuron reconstruction. Manual reconstruction remains the primary approach, offering high accuracy but requiring significant time investment. While some automatic reconstruction methods are faster, they often sacrifice accuracy and cannot be directly relied upon. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to develop a neuron reconstruction tool that is both efficient and accurate. The tool aids users in reconstructing complete neurons by calculating the confidence of branches during the reconstruction process. The method models the neuron reconstruction as multiple Markov chains, and calculates the confidence of the connections between branches by simulating the reconstruction artifacts in the results. Users iteratively modify low-confidence branches to ensure precise and efficient neuron reconstruction. Experiments on both the publicly accessible BigNeuron dataset and a self-created Whole-Brain dataset demonstrate that the tool achieves high accuracy similar to manual reconstruction, while significantly reducing reconstruction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Judge Deborah and Pastor/Teacher Priscilla: Templates for Contemporary Biblical Women's Leadership.
- Author
-
Nelson, Jill E.
- Subjects
WOMEN in the Bible ,SERVANT leadership ,LEADERSHIP in women ,JUDGES ,LEADERSHIP ,CLERGY ,WOMEN leaders - Abstract
Based on the examples of Judge Deborah from the Old Testament and Pastor/Teacher Priscilla from the New Testament, this paper contends that women have a biblical responsibility to lead in any vocation for which God has called and anointed them, and the Christian church has a biblical responsibility to accept and encourage them. Women leaders offer valuable leadership qualities, as illustrated by Deborah, the prophetic judicial/governmental/military leader of a nation, and Priscilla, the theologian, educator, missionary, and pastor in the nascent church. This paper further argues that leadership structures are not complete or fully effective without feminine inclusion and participation. The church and the world have historically deprived themselves of rich resources by curtailing women's leadership roles. The need for rediscovering and recovering women's leadership gifts and styles has never been more urgent or appropriate in the current cultural atmosphere requiring an emphasis on collaboration and cooperation (relationality), emotional intelligence that seeks transformation rather than transaction, and servant leadership, as manifested in Deborah and Priscilla as leaders. The church would be wise to embrace the Deborahs and Priscillas, as well as other types of women leaders whomGod has placed in her midst, thus creating strong, responsive, and nurturing communities that reflect Jesus to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. How does ethnicity affect presence of advance care planning in care records for individuals with advanced disease? A mixed-methods systematic review.
- Author
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Crooks, Jodie, Trotter, Sophie, OBE, Ruby Bhatti, Monaghan, Elizabeth, and Clarke, Gemma
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SPIRITUALITY ,CONFIDENCE ,FAMILY support ,CONVERSATION ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ADVANCE directives (Medical care) ,CATASTROPHIC illness ,DOCUMENTATION ,MEDICAL records ,CLINICAL competence ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH equity ,THEMATIC analysis ,FINANCIAL management ,HEALTH promotion ,RELIGION ,CULTURAL values ,CORPORATE culture ,PALLIATIVE treatment - Abstract
Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is the process supporting individuals with life-limiting illness to make informed decisions about their future healthcare. Ethnic disparities in ACP have been widely highlighted, but interpretation is challenging due to methodological heterogeneity. This review aims to examine differences in the presence of documented ACP in individuals' care records for people with advanced disease by ethnic group, and identify patient and clinician related factors contributing to this. Methods: Mixed-methods systematic review. Keyword searches on six electronic databases were conducted (01/2000–04/2022). The primary outcome measure was statistically significant differences in the presence of ACP in patients' care records by ethnicity: quantitative data was summarised and tabulated. The secondary outcome measures were patient and clinician-based factors affecting ACP. Data was analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis; themes were developed and presented in a narrative synthesis. Feedback on themes was gained from Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) representatives. Study quality was assessed through Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools and Gough's Weight of Evidence. Results: N=35 papers were included in total; all had Medium/High Weight of Evidence. Fifteen papers (comparing two or more ethnic groups) addressed the primary outcome measure. Twelve of the fifteen papers reported White patients had statistically higher rates of formally documented ACP in their care records than patients from other ethnic groups. There were no significant differences in the presence of informal ACP between ethnic groups. Nineteen papers addressed the secondary outcome measure; thirteen discussed patient-based factors impacting ACP presence with four key themes: poor awareness and understanding of ACP; financial constraints; faith and religion; and family involvement. Eight papers discussed clinician-based factors with three key themes: poor clinician confidence around cultural values and ideals; exacerbation of institutional constraints; and pre-conceived ideas of patients' wishes. Conclusions: This review found differences in the presence of legal ACP across ethnic groups despite similar presence of informal end of life conversations. Factors including low clinician confidence to deliver culturally sensitive, individualised conversations around ACP, and patients reasons for not wishing to engage in ACP (including, faith, religion or family preferences) may begin to explain some documented differences. Trial registration: PROSPERO-CRD42022315252. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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48. Patients' Experiences of a Precision Medicine Clinic.
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Barrett, David, Sibalija, Jovana, and Kim, Richard B
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PREVENTION of drug side effects ,PHARMACOGENOMICS ,CONFIDENCE ,HEALTH services accessibility ,INDIVIDUALIZED medicine ,PATIENT satisfaction ,PATIENTS' attitudes ,RISK assessment ,QUALITY assurance ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DRUGS ,COMMUNICATION ,RESEARCH funding ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DRUG side effects ,DATA analysis software ,PATIENT compliance ,PATIENT-professional relations ,RESPECT ,PATIENT education ,STATISTICAL sampling - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of patients' experiences using a precision medicine (PM) clinic that conducts pharmacogenomics-based (PGx) testing for adverse drug reactions. The study aimed to identify the features of the clinic valued most by patients and areas for improvement. A paper survey was used to collect data. Survey questions focused on patients' perceptions of the PM testing and the overall clinic experience. Sixty-seven patients completed the survey. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and frequencies were reported. Open-ended responses were coded and organized thematically. Patients reported that the clinic services increased confidence in their medication usage. Feeling respected by staff, receiving education, and quick appointments were highly valued by patients. Suggested areas for improvement included better communication from the clinic to patients, expansion of clinic services, and education for other healthcare providers. The findings demonstrate that patient experience goes beyond the clinical care provided. Current and potential future providers of PM should invest the time and energy to configure their care delivery system to enhance the patient experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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49. The Impact of the SMILE Project on Thai EFL Learners: Collaborations between Thai and Japanese L2 Learners.
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Pornthanachotanan, Prapaipun, Wakabayashi, Shigenori, Jun Iio, Junji Sakurai, Yohei Honda, Insawat, Teera, and Singhapreecha, Pornsiri
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THAI people ,JAPANESE students ,SMILING ,ENGLISH as a foreign language ,SCHOOL size ,SECOND language acquisition - Abstract
This study presents an international collaboration in the Students Meet Internationally through Language Education (SMILE) project and investigates how the SMILE project impacts Thai EFL students. This program provides students with opportunities to use English as an Authentic Communication Tool (E-ACT) by sharing their experiences and culture with high school peers in Japan online. Thirty-one Thai twelfth graders from a public high school in Bangkok participated in the SMILE project in the 2022 academic year. The course of the SMILE project we describe in this paper consisted of four collaboration classes (50 minutes, four times), and each class consisted of two sessions (25 minutes, twice). In each session, the Thai students met Japanese students in the same school grade in small groups with four or five students in total. These classes were conducted via online channels. Thai students' data were collected from class observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The results revealed that the Thai students 1) increased their confidence in using English, 2) gained broader perspectives from the cultural exchange sessions, 3) were eager to have similar collaborations with new Japanese students, and 4) showed clear enjoyment in their activities. Given these benefits, we conclude that the experience that student participants gained through the SMILE project had a substantial impact on them, which is likely to change their attitude toward studying English in the future. Besides, we discuss how current approaches to learner psychology may or may not be applied to our findings. Based on the results, the authors argue that having students with different first languages meet online should be conducted more widely in EFL circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
50. STATE: Learning structure and texture representations for novel view synthesis.
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Jing, Xinyi, Feng, Qiao, Lai, Yu-Kun, Zhang, Jinsong, Yu, Yuanqiang, and Li, Kun
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CONFIDENCE - Abstract
Novel viewpoint image synthesis is very challenging, especially from sparse views, due to large changes in viewpoint and occlusion. Existing image-based methods fail to generate reasonable results for invisible regions, while geometry-based methods have difficulties in synthesizing detailed textures. In this paper, we propose STATE, an end-to-end deep neural network, for sparse view synthesis by learning structure and texture representations. Structure is encoded as a hybrid feature field to predict reasonable structures for invisible regions while maintaining original structures for visible regions, and texture is encoded as a deformed feature map to preserve detailed textures. We propose a hierarchical fusion scheme with intra-branch and inter-branch aggregation, in which spatio-view attention allows multi-view fusion at the feature level to adaptively select important information by regressing pixel-wise or voxel-wise confidence maps. By decoding the aggregated features, STATE is able to generate realistic images with reasonable structures and detailed textures. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves qualitatively and quantitatively better results than state-of-the-art methods. Our method also enables texture and structure editing applications benefiting from implicit disentanglement of structure and texture. Our code is available at http://cic.tju.edu.cn/faculty/likun/projects/STATE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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