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In forensic document analysis, the authenticity of a document must be properly checked in the context of suspected forgery. Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) is a non-invasive way of detecting fraudulent papers in a multipage document. The occurrence of a forged paper in a multi-page document may have a substantial difference from rest of the papers in its age, type, color, texture, and so on. Each pixel in an HSI data can be used as the material fingerprint for the spatial point it corresponds to. Hence, hyperspectral data of paper samples made of the same substance have similar characteristics and can be grouped into a single cluster. Similarly, paper samples made of different substances have different spectral properties. This paper relies on this heuristic and proposes a tensor based clustering framework for hyperspectral paper data, with an application to detect the forged papers in multi-page documents. Information embedded in the hyperspectral patches of the papers to be clustered is arranged into individual lateral slices of a third-order tensor in this framework. Further, this work employs the self-expressiveness property of submodules and an objective function is formulated to extract self-expressive representation tensor with low multirank and f-diagonal structure. Objective function of the proposed method incorporates $l_{\frac {1}{2}}$ -induced Tensor Nuclear Norm (TNN) and $l_{\frac {1}{2}}$ regularization to impart better low rankness and f-diagonal structure to the representation tensor. Experimental results of the proposed method were compared to the state-of-the-art subspace clustering approaches. The results demonstrate improved performance of the proposed method over the existing clustering algorithms.

Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of depression and the considerable pressure it puts on individuals, society and healthcare system, it is essential to conduct sufficient research to help with decision making in prevention, treatment and control of this condition. To assist with research planning and setting priorities, this paper aimed to identify the thematic structure of papers related to depression treatment. Methods: This was an applied research study which used Scientometrics approach. To obtain data, the keyword “Depression” was searched as a mesh descriptor with the subdivision “Therapy” in PubMed database for the period of 2005 to 2014. The data were analyzed using co-word and clustering methods with the help of Excel and SPSS software packages. Results: The growth of scientific production in this field appeared to have been balanced throughout the ten-year period examined in the study. The most active research areas for the two five year periods (2005-2009 and 2010-2014) were drug therapy, psychology, and medication adherence. Two hierarchical graphs of descriptors for each five-year period were prepared both of which were composed of 12 clusters with 34 common descriptors. Conclusion: The findings based on the inclusion index showed that only 20 percent of topics in the second five-year period of the study were novel. Therefore, it could be concluded that research areas that were related with each other in previous years will probably co-occur with other topics in the future might disappear. In every discipline, some topics are considered to be fundamental and research works are being carried out on them almost every year.

Renewable energy production throughout low-voltage grids has gradually increased in electrical distribution systems, therefore introducing small energy producers - prosumers. This paradigm challenges the traditional unidirectional energy distribution flow to include disperse power production from renewables. To understand how energy usage can be optimized in the dynamic electrical grid, it is important to understand the behavior of prosumers and their impact on the grid's operational procedures. The main focus of this study is to investigate how grid operators can obtain an automatic data-driven system for the low-voltage electrical grid management, by analyzing the available grid topology and time-series consumption data from a real-life test area. The aim is to argue for how different consumer profiles, clustering and prediction methods contribute to the grid-related operations. Ultimately, this work is intended for future research directions that can contribute to improving the trade-off between systematic and scalable data models and software computational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene expression responses of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) leaves to elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3 were studied with microarray analyses from three time points during the summer of 2004 at Aspen FACE. Microarray data were analyzed with clustering techniques, self-organizing maps, K-means clustering and Sammon''s mappings, to detect similar gene expression patterns within sampling times and treatments. Most of the alterations in gene expression were caused by O3, alone or in combination with CO2. O3 induced defensive reactions to oxidative stress and earlier leaf senescence, seen as decreased expression of photosynthesis- and carbon fixation-related genes, and increased expression of senescence-associated genes. The effects of elevated CO2 reflected surplus of carbon that was directed to synthesis of secondary compounds. The combined CO2 +O3 treatment resulted in differential gene expression than with individual gas treatments or in changes similar to O3 treatment, indicating that CO2 cannot totally alleviate the harmful effects of O3. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper overviews an assortment of recent research work undertaken on recommender system models based on using multiple views of user and item-related data across the recommendation process. A summary of representative literature on multi-view recommender approaches is provided, describing their main characteristics, such as: their potential to overcome most common shortcomings in conventional recommender systems, as well as the use of data science, learning techniques and aggregation processes to combine information stemming from multiple views. A tabular summary is provided to facilitate the comparison of the similarities and differences among the surveyed works, along with commonly identified directions for future research in the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Data nowadays is the language of technologies as every process needs a data to be processed the input is data and the output also is data. Analyzing the data is a significant task especially with the increasing production of the data particularly data as a text, it would be difficult to manually analyze the data, extract information and detect the hidden patterns from unstructured text. Datamining is automated technique for gathering or deriving a new high-quality information and uncover the relations among the data. Text mining is one of main branches of the data mining however data mining this paper, an is more comprehensive overview for mining the publication papers via text mining techniques and their results and evaluation would be presentedas following: the first approachis keywords extraction using natural language processing (NLP) approach, the second approach named entity recognition and the last approach is document clustering where machine learning techniques are applied to the both of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a very famous network because of its many applications. IoT network has an integration of large-scale IoT devices that generate data. These IoT devices are very low power computing devices due to which they have a low level of communication. These devices construct data and transmit the data to the base station via intermediate IoT devices. The base station gathers and integrates the data and sends it to the administrator for further processing. The data attains the base station using various routing algorithms with the goal of low power consumption. When discussing low power IoT devices, power efficiency is an important performance measurement when creating a routing algorithm. This paper proposes a Minimum Power Consumption Routing (MPCR) algorithm using Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic Clustering (HFLC) algorithm for IoT networks. The MPCR with HFLC algorithm is an energy-efficient algorithm because of its lower power consumption for the cluster by aggregating the data within the cluster head and decreasing the number of data transmissions to the base station. In this paper, the cluster formation and cluster-head selection are explained, and a simulation has been conducted. In addition, the proposed algorithm is compared with the existing algorithms based on different metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption of the network. The experimental results show that the proposed MPCR with the HFLC algorithm provides high throughput and packet delivery ratio and reduces energy consumption more efficiently than other existing algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New discoveries and knowledge are summarized in thousands of published papers per year per scientific domain, making it incomprehensible for scientists to account for all available knowledge relevant for their studies. In this paper, we present ACCORDION (ACCelerating and Optimizing model RecommenDatIONs), a novel methodology and an expert system that retrieves and selects relevant knowledge from literature and databases to recommend models with correct structure and accurate behavior, enabling mechanistic explanations and predictions, and advancing understanding. ACCORDION introduces an approach that integrates knowledge retrieval, graph algorithms, clustering, simulation, and formal analysis. Here, we focus on biological systems, although the proposed methodology is applicable in other domains. We used ACCORDION in nine benchmark case studies and compared its performance with other previously published tools. We show that ACCORDION is: comprehensive, retrieving relevant knowledge from a range of literature sources through machine reading engines; very effective, reducing the error of the initial baseline model by more than 80%, recommending models that closely recapitulate desired behavior, and outperforming previously published tools; selective, recommending only the most relevant, contextspecific, and useful subset (15%-20%) of candidate knowledge in literature; diverse, accounting for several distinct criteria to recommend more than one solution, thus enabling alternative explanations or intervention directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of 2020, over 16,300 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) from 950 universities worldwide had enrolled over 180 million students. Interest in MOOCs has been matched by significant research on the topic, including a considerable number of reviews. This study uses Machine Learning techniques and human expert supervision to generate a comprehensive systematic literature mapping review that overcomes some limitations of the traditional ones and provides a broader overview of the content and main topics studied in the specialized literature devoted to MOOCs. The sample consisted of 6320 publications automatically classified within six research topics, denominated by human experts: institutional approach, pedagogical approach, evaluation, analytics, participation, and educational resources. The content analysis of the topics identified was conducted using visual network analysis, which supported the identification of different thematic sub-clusters and endorsed the classification. Results from the review show that the lowest production of MOOC papers is within the topics of the pedagogical approach and educational resources. In contrast, participation and evaluation are the most frequent ones. In addition, the most cited papers are on the topics of analytics and resources, being the pedagogical approach and the institutional approach the less cited. This highlights the need for more MOOC research from a pedagogical perspective and calls upon the presence of educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food loss ans waste, referred next as FLW, has a great extent on the economic and behavioural patterns of consumption. In this paper, we aim to present statistical univariate and multivariate analyses based on a statistical study run during a period of several months in the Romanian territory. In this matter, the main purpose of the analysis developed in this paper is to determine several patterns of FLW phenomenon. This is made based on a methodology which comprises two main sections: the univariate analysis, consisting in statistical determinations of indicators and direct observation, and the multivariate analysis, related to the clustering analysis. The clustering analysis is based on the usage of hierarchical method, which has as final result the determination of clusters describing patterns of consumption related to food loss and waste. After the analysis was run, five main clusters related to food waste behaviour patterns were determined, with slight differences between food consumption habits, but with various combinations between the parameters taken into consideration. The obtained clusters offer important information for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to customize interventions and programs to target specific demographic groups or segments of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of internet communication and the wide application of intelligent terminal, moving the cache to the edge of the network is an effective solution to shorten the delay of users accessing content. However, the existing cache work lacks the comprehensive consideration of users and content, resulting in low cache hit ratio and low accuracy of the whole system. In this paper, the authors propose a collaborative caching model that considers both user request content and content prediction, so as to improve the caching performance of the whole network. Firstly, the model uses the clustering algorithm based on Akike information criterion to cluster users. Then, combined with the clustering results, echo state network is used as the machine learning framework to predict the content. Finally, the cache contents are selected according to the prediction results and cached in the cache unit of the small base station. Simulation results show that compared with the existing cache algorithms, the proposed method has obvious improvement in cache hit ratio, accuracy, and recall rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of archives, particularly those related to cultural heritage, depends on their accessibility and navigability. An intuitive interface is essential for improving accessibility and inclusivity, enabling users with diverse backgrounds and expertise to interact with archival content effortlessly. This paper introduces a new method for visualizing and navigating dataset information through the creation of semantic graphs. By leveraging pre-trained large language models, this approach groups data and generates semantic graphs. The development of multi-layer maps facilitates deep exploration of datasets, and the capability to handle multilingual datasets makes it ideal for archives containing documents in various languages. These features combine to create a user-friendly tool adaptable to various contexts, offering even non-expert users a new way to interact with and navigate the data. This enhances their overall experience, promoting a greater understanding and appreciation of the content. The paper presents experiments conducted on diverse datasets across different languages and topics employing various algorithms and methods. It provides a thorough discussion of the results obtained from these experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a method is introduced to control the dark knowledge values also known as soft targets, with the purpose of improving the training by knowledge distillation for multi-class classification tasks. Knowledge distillation effectively transfers knowledge from a larger model to a smaller model to achieve efficient, fast, and generalizable performance while retaining much of the original accuracy. The majority of deep neural models used for classification tasks append a SoftMax layer to generate output probabilities and it is usual to take the highest score and consider it the inference of the model, while the rest of the probability values are generally ignored. The focus is on those probabilities as carriers of dark knowledge and our aim is to quantify the relevance of dark knowledge, not heuristically as provided in the literature so far, but with an inductive proof on the SoftMax operational limits. These limits are further pushed by using an incremental decision tree with information gain split. The user can set a desired precision and an accuracy level to obtain a maximal temperature setting for a continual classification process. Moreover, by fitting both the hard targets and the soft targets, one obtains an optimal knowledge distillation effect that mitigates better catastrophic forgetting. The strengths of our method come from the possibility of controlling the amount of distillation transferred non-heuristically and the agnostic application of this model-independent study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accurately analyze the influence of similar weather scenes in the terminal area, a framework is proposed for identifying such scenarios based on the Multiresolution Spatiotemporal Window (MRSTW). The goal is to analyze the impact of similar weather patterns. This paper introduces a simple and effective method called the rasterized weather severity index (WSI) to reduce the dimensionality of data used for extracting air transport weather features, which can cause the loss of spatial information in an image. Additionally, the paper uses Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and the Fuzzy C-mean (FCM) clustering algorithm to cluster time-series scenes influenced by convective weather in an unsupervised manner on a daily basis. The most similar weather scenes are then identified by searching for the same cluster within a multiresolution spatiotemporal window, using 4 h weather scenes as typical examples. Finally, the framework analyzes the impact of weather scenes on the operation of terminal area approach traffic flow by combining trajectory data. The findings demonstrate that this framework can effectively identify similar weather scenes and provide a more accurate reflection of their impact on the operation of terminal area approach traffic flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has become a crucial area of modern research. While the increasing number of IoT devices has driven significant advancements, it has also introduced several challenges, such as data storage, data privacy, communication protocols, complex network topologies, and IoT device management. In essence, the management of IoT devices is becoming more and more challenging, especially with the limited capacity and power of the IoT devices. The devices, having limited capacities, cannot store the information of the entire environment at once. In addition, device power consumption can affect network performance and stability. The devices' sensing areas with device grouping and management can simplify further networking tasks and improve response quality with data aggregation and correction techniques. In fact, most research papers are looking forward to expanding network lifetimes by relying on devices with high power capabilities. This paper proposes a device spatial clustering technique that covers crucial challenges in IoT. Our approach groups the dispersed devices to create clusters of connected devices while considering their coverage, their storage capacities, and their power. A new clustering protocol alongside a new clustering algorithm is introduced, resolving the aforementioned challenges. Moreover, a technique for non-sensed area extraction is presented. The efficiency of the proposed approach has been evaluated with extensive experiments that gave notable results. Our technique was also compared with other clustering algorithms, showing the different results of these algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, business sectors have focused on offering a wide variety of services through utilizing different modern technologies such as super apps in order to fulfill customers' needs and create a satisfactory user experience. Accordingly, studying the user experience has become one of the most popular trends in the research field due to its essential role in business prosperity and continuity. Thus, many researchers have dedicated their efforts to exploring and analyzing the user experience across social media, blogs, and websites, employing a variety of research methods such as machine learning to mine users' reviews. However, there are limited studies concentrated on analyzing super app users' experiences and specifically mining Arabic users' reviews. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze and discover the most important topics that affect the user experience in the super app environment by mining Arabic business sector users' reviews in Saudi Arabia using biterm topic modeling, CAMeL sentiment analyzer, and doc2vec with k-means clustering. We explore users' feelings regarding the extracted topics in order to identify the weak aspects to improve and the strong aspects to enhance, which will promote a satisfactory user experience. Hence, this paper proposes an Arabic text annotation framework to help the business sector in Saudi Arabia to determine the important topics with negative and positive impacts on users' experience. The proposed framework uses two approaches: topic modeling with sentiment analysis and topic modeling with clustering. As a result, the proposed framework reveals four important topics: delivery and payment, customer service and updates, prices, and application. The retrieved topics are thoroughly studied, and the findings show that, in most topics, negative comments outweigh positive comments. These results are provided with general analysis and recommendations to help the business sector to improve its level of services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role-based access control (RBAC) is a widely adopted access control model in various domains for defining security management. Role mining is closely related to role-based access control, as the latter employs role assignments to offer a flexible and scalable approach to managing permissions within an organization. The edge role mining problem (Edge RMP), a variant of the role mining problem (RMP), has long been recognized as an effective strategy for role assignment. Role mining, which groups users with similar access permissions into the same role, bears some resemblance to symmetry. Symmetry categorizes objects or graphics with identical characteristics into one group. Both involve a certain form of "classification" or "induction". Edge-RMP reduces the associations between users and permissions, thereby lowering the security risks faced by the system. While an algorithm based on Boolean matrix factorization exists for this problem, it fails to further refine the resulting user–role assignment (UA) and role–permission assignment (PA) relationships. Additionally, this algorithm does not address constraint-related issues, such as cardinality constraints, user exclusion constraints, and user capabilities. Furthermore, it demonstrates significant redundancy of roles when handling large datasets, leaving room for further optimization of Edge-RMP results. To address these concerns, this paper proposes the MFC-RMA algorithm based on Boolean matrix factorization. The method achieves significant optimization of Edge-RMP results by handling relationships between roles possessing various permissions. Furthermore, this paper clusters, compresses, modifies, and optimizes the original data based on the similarity between users, ensuring its usability for role mining. Both theoretical and practical considerations are taken into account for different types of constraints, and algorithms are devised to reallocate roles incorporating these constraints, thereby generating UA and PA matrices. The proposed approach yields optimal numbers of generated roles and the sum of the minimum number of generated edges to address the aforementioned issues. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm reduces management overhead, provides efficient execution results, and ensures the accuracy of generated roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional metrics may not adequately assess performance in certain situations, whereas the Area Under Curve (AUC) offers a comprehensive perspective by considering both sensitivity and specificity. This method enhances interpretability, addresses limitations, and promotes the development of robust clustering algorithms. In unsupervised learning, utilizing AUC is a significant method for improving the precision and accuracy of machine learning models. Our work is inspired by several recent related works that implement approaches to manage the challenges of developing new metrics that can effectively assess and evaluate the performance of clustering algorithms. The research question relies on the concept of using an optimal metric for model evaluation of classification and clustering. Therefore, the paper investigates the use of the classification metric AUC for clustering validation purposes. The methodology we adopt is a hybrid clustering model because such a technique offers a robust model by combining the strengths of each model. The linkage approach directly impacts the clustering results, so we give significant attention to this feature in our implementation. Among the various linkage methods, we utilized single and average linkages. The Manhattan and Euclidean metrics are the distance measures used in this work. Thus, our contribution is to explore the benefit of using linkages and distance measurement in clustering with the help of the AUC metric. In addition, the entire proposed work and the contributions of this paper are evaluated and applied to the NSL-KDD dataset. Based on the proposed approach of using AUC with clustering, the Detection Rate (DR), False Alarm Rate (FAR), and other criteria are chosen to examine the model's results and capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research productivity and impact (RPI) is commonly measured through citation analysis, such as the h-index. Despite the popularity and objectivity of this type of method, it is still difficult to effectively compare a number of related researchers in terms of various citation-related statistics at the same time, such as average cites per year/paper, the number of papers/citations, h-index, etc. In this work, we develop a method that employs information visualization technology, and examine its applicability for the assessment of researchers' RPI. Specifically, our prototype, a visualizing research productivity and impact (VisualRPI) system, is introduced, which is composed of clustering and visualization components. The clustering component hierarchically clusters similar research statistics into the same groups, and the visualization component is used to display the RPI in a clear manner. A case example using information for 85 information systems researchers is used to demonstrate the usefulness of VisualRPI. The results show that this method easily measures the RPI for various performance indicators, such as cites/paper and h-index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current edge devices for neural networks such as FPGA, CPLD, and ASIC can support low bit-width computing to improve the execution latency and energy efficiency, but traditional linear quantization can only maintain the inference accuracy of neural networks at a bit-width above 6 bits. Different from previous studies that address this problem by clipping the outliers, this paper proposes a two-stage quantization method. Before converting the weights into fixed-point numbers, this paper first prunes the network by unstructured pruning and then uses the K-means algorithm to cluster the weights in advance to protect the distribution of the weights. To solve the instability problem of the K-means results, the PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm is exploited to obtain the initial cluster centroids. The experimental results on baseline deep networks such as ResNet-50, Inception-v3, and DenseNet-121 show the proposed optimized quantization method can generate a 5-bit network with an accuracy loss of less than 5% and a 4-bit network with only 10% accuracy loss as compared to 8-bit quantization. By quantization and pruning, this method reduces the model bit-width from 32 to 4 and the number of neurons by 80%. Additionally, it can be easily integrated into frameworks such as TensorRt and TensorFlow-Lite for low bit-width network quantization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse mortgage is one of the products (perhaps the main one) that is good to obtain additional income by using the habitual residence as collateral. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the effects that reverse mortgage contracting has on household finances over the lifetime of a family according to the socioeconomic group to which it belongs in Spain. Four indicators are employed to measure the immediate and long-term effects. We use a stochastic model with a double source of randomness, survival and entry into dependency, and apply it to the three socioeconomic groups obtained with cluster methodology from the 2017 Spanish Household Financial Survey data. We conclude that the effects are very different depending on the group: regarding only the effects of hiring a reverse mortgage on the income of the family, widowed women aged between 81 and 85 years, with low income and expenses as well as little net wealth, and a habitual residence that represents half of her net wealth (Cluster 1) are the most benefited; considering that the highest impact indicators are on the probability of illiquidity and on the value of lack of liquidity, the use of reverse mortgages benefits more the families in Cluster 3 (high income and expenses and really high net wealth, head of household aged between 76 and 80 years) and less the families in Cluster 2 (medium income, net wealth and expenses, head of household aged between 65 and 75 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the management and monitoring of oil and gas processes demands the development of precise predictive analytic techniques. Over the past two years, oil and its prediction have advanced significantly using conventional and modern machine learning techniques. Several review articles detail the developments in predictive maintenance and the technical and non-technical aspects of influencing the uptake of big data. The absence of references for machine learning techniques impacts the effective optimization of predictive analytics in the oil and gas sectors. This review paper offers readers thorough information on the latest machine learning methods utilized in this industry's predictive analytical modeling. This review covers different forms of machine learning techniques used in predictive analytical modeling from 2021 to 2023 (91 articles). It provides an overview of the details of the papers that were reviewed, describing the model's categories, the data's temporality, field, and name, the dataset's type, predictive analytics (classification, clustering, or prediction), the models' input and output parameters, the performance metrics, the optimal model, and the model's benefits and drawbacks. In addition, suggestions for future research directions to provide insights into the potential applications of the associated knowledge. This review can serve as a guide to enhance the effectiveness of predictive analytics models in the oil and gas industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of a country's entry into the monetary union on its economic variables growth rate of real GDP as well as on GDP per capita growth for the period from 2010 to 2020. The clustering method and the ANFIS method were used in the data analysis. A total of two cluster analyses were performed. The first cluster includes countries that joined the EU in 2004 and became EZ members by 2010. The second cluster refers to those countries that joined the EU in 2004 but are not yet members of the EZ. For the first individual cluster analysis two models were analysed and for the second individual cluster three models were analysed using the ANFIS method. As expected, the results showed that GDP growth is connected with trade, inflation and gross investments in fixed capital in the observed countries, while GDP per capita is connected with unemployment, interest rates and public debt. With regard to GDP growth, the difference between countries that are in the eurozone and those that are not is not significant, which is in line with other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) applications from home applications to military applications have been expanding day by day. Energy efficient routing schemes are vital for resource constraint wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and IoT. Clustering based routing scheme is one of the basic methods to extend the lifetime of WSN-based IoT. On the other hand, clustering is NP-hard problem and metaheuristic algorithms are suitable for clustering. In this paper, a new energy-efficient routing scheme is presented for IoT using two metaheuristic algorithms Harris hawk's optimization (HHO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The selection of the cluster header (CH) is based on the WOA using various parameters such as residual energy of nodes, distance to neighbors, distance to sink. After clustering phase, an energy efficient routing scheme was proposed using the HHO algorithm. The simulation results in MATLAB environment justifies that the proposed protocol improves network life by 10%, average energy consumption by 15%, packet delivery rate (PDR) by 12%, throughput by 11% and number of alive nodes by 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of image-based detection of the variety of beans, using artificial intelligence, is currently dealt with by scientists of various profiles. The idea of this paper is to show the possibility of applying different types of distances, primarily those that are fuzzy metrics, in clustering models in order to improve existing models and obtain more accurate results. The paper presents the method of variable neighborhood search, which uses both standard and fuzzy t-metrics and dual fuzzy s-metrics characterized by appropriate parameters. By varying those parameters of the fuzzy metric as well as the parameters of the metaheuristic used, we have shown how it is possible to improve the clustering results. The obtained results were compared with existing ones from the literature. The criterion function used in clustering is a fuzzy metric, which is proven in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]