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Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The foundation industries in the UK were responsible for emitting 42 Mt CO2eq in 2020, which is approximately 10% of the yearly territorial greenhouse gas emissions. The UK government decarbonisation roadmap issued in 2015 predicted that high-tech strategies such as carbon capture and utilisation, hydrogen and biofuels, as well as electrification of processes are key for achieving the climate mitigating targets by 2050. In this study, a critical assessment was performed on the limitations to achieve these high-tech strategies such as biomass availability, capital investment, and technology readiness. The study is the first to use the UK carbon budget values as the resource limit for the high-tech decarbonisation strategies. The findings show that the significant uncertainty associated with the high-tech scenarios limits their decarbonisation potential by 2050. More importantly, to stay within the mid-century carbon budget for the foundation industries, 20–40% reduction in production, through circular economic strategies such as material efficiency and/or changes in product specifications, is required in order to achieve the decarbonisation targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is written in response to the paper "How green is blue hydrogen?" by R. W. Howarth and M. Z. Jacobson. It aims at highlighting and discussing the method and assumptions of that paper, and thereby providing a more balanced perspective on blue hydrogen, which is in line with current best available practices and future plant specifications aiming at low CO2 emissions. More specifically, in this paper, we show that: (i) the simplified method that Howarth and Jacobson used to compute the energy balance of blue hydrogen plants leads to significant overestimation of CO2 emissions and natural gas (NG) consumption and (ii) the assumed methane leakage rate is at the high end of the estimated emissions from current NG production in the United States and cannot be considered representative of all‐NG and blue hydrogen value chains globally. By starting from the detailed and rigorously calculated mass and energy balances of two blue hydrogen plants in the literature, we show the impact that methane leakage rate has on the equivalent CO2 emissions of blue hydrogen. On the basis of our analysis, we show that it is possible for blue hydrogen to have significantly lower equivalent CO2 emissions than the direct use of NG, provided that hydrogen production processes and CO2 capture technologies are implemented that ensure a high CO2 capture rate, preferably above 90%, and a low‐emission NG supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many studies anticipate that carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) will be essential to decarbonizing the U.S. economy. However, prior work has not estimated the time required to develop, approve, and implement a geologic sequestration site in the United States. We generate such an estimate by identifying six clearance points that must be passed before a sequestration site can become operational. For each clearance point (CP), we elicit expert judgments of the time required in the form of probability distributions and then use stochastic simulation to combine and sum the results. We find that, on average, there is a 90% chance that the time required lies between 5.5 and 9.6 y, with an upper bound of 12 y. Even using the most optimistic expert judgements, the lower bound on time is 2.7 y, and the upper bound is 8.3 y. Using the most pessimistic judgements, the lower bound is 3.5 y and the upper bound is 19.2 y. These estimates suggest that strategies must be found to safely accelerate the process. We conclude the paper by discussing seven potential strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work suggests that horizontal injectors are a safe way to keep CO2 trapped in the storage site and reduce/prevent any unexpected event associated with leakage through the caprock since the horizontal well minimizes or avoids CO2 contact with the caprock. This study used numerical simulations of CO2 storage to identify the benefits of horizontal wells for geological carbon storage, such as enhancing CO2 trapped in porous media due to relative permeability and capillary hysteresis. Two injection schemes were tested: one using a vertical injector and the other employing a horizontal well. The results revealed two main findings. Firstly, the horizontal injection well effectively prevented or minimized CO2 penetration into the caprock across various sensitivity scenarios and over a thousand years of CO2 redistribution. Secondly, horizontal wells provided a safe approach to trapping CO2, increasing its entrapment as a residual phase by up to 19% within the storage site. This, in turn, reduced or prevented any unexpected events associated with CO2 leakage through the caprock. Additionally, the paper proposes a practical method for designing the optimal length of a horizontal well. This method considers a combination of two parameters: the additional CO2 that can be trapped using a horizontal well and the gravity number. In the case of the reservoir model of this study, a horizontal branch with a length of 2000 m was found to be the most effective design in enhancing CO2 entrapment and reducing CO2 buoyancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU considers carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology as an option for achieving climate goals, but its cost remains appreciable. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the implementation of a ton-based incentive system for CCS in the EU using Croatia as an example based on an analysis of the existing legislative framework in the EU and relevant tax credit provisions in the USA. A novel methodology for the design of the incentive system is presented in the form of partial allocation of the state's auction revenues from the EU emissions trading system (ETS) into the CCS fund for five years. The CCS fund assets then incentivize the capture site for 10 years. The incentives are determined for each emitter in cement, electricity, paper and pulp, glass, oil refining, and petrochemical sectors based on varying European Union allowance (EUA) prices, CCS fund sizes, and CO2 emission scenarios. In addition to designing the methodology, a novel method for forecasting CO2 emissions is applied using geometric Brownian motion. The calculated incentives are categorized as underperforming, optimal, or overperforming, with upper and lower limits set to 80 and 10 EUR/t. The results are optimistic, since all sectors can be efficiently incentivized within the defined boundaries, meaning that the incentive system can be applied to all member states. The contracting of the incentives is proposed through carbon contracts for difference to avoid irregularities. Also, regulatory amendments are proposed so that emitters with emissions higher than 100 kt would have to consider CCS. Finally, the contributions are presented by proving the feasibility of the incentive system together with demonstrating its applicability to all member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve greenhouse gas neutrality, hydrogen generated from renewable sources will play an important role. Additionally, as underlined in the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), new technologies to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere are required on a large scale. A novel concept for hydrogen production with net negative emissions referred to as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) combines these two purposes in one technological approach. The HyBECCS concept combines biohydrogen production from biomass with the capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide. Various technology combinations of HyBECCS processes are possible, whose ecological effects and economic viability need to be analyzed in order to provide a basis for comparison and decision‐making. This paper presents fundamentals for the techno‐economic and environmental evaluation of HyBECCS approaches. Transferable frameworks on system boundaries as well as emission, cost, and revenue streams are defined and specifics for the application of existing assessment methods are elaborated. In addition, peculiarities concerning the HyBECCS approach with respect to political regulatory measures and interrelationships between economics and ecology are outlined. Based on these considerations, two key performance indicators (KPIs) are established, referred to as levelized cost of carbon‐negative hydrogen (LCCNH) and of negative emissions (LCNE). Both KPIs allow deciding whether a specific HyBECCS project is economically viable and allows its comparison with different hydrogen, energy provision, or negative emission technologies (NETs). Carbon‐negative hydrogen production referred to as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) combines hydrogen production from biomass with the capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide. Various technology combinations of HyBECCS processes are possible, whose ecological effects and economic viability need to be analysed. This paper presents fundamentals for the techno‐economic and environmental evaluation of HyBECCS approaches. Transferable frameworks on system boundaries as well as emission, cost and revenue streams are defined and specifics for the application of existing assessment methods are elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the overconsumption of fossil carbon resources, resulting in a large amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, caused by global climate change has become one of the major challenges facing all mankind. At the same time, the development and utilization of coal resources will produce a large amount of coal-based solid wastes containing calcium and magnesium, such as fly ash, desulfurization gypsum and other solid wastes. How to realize efficient CO2 capture and sequestration is a very challenging issue nowadays, as well as the large-scale comprehensive utilization of fly ash, coal gasification slag, and other large-scale heavy polluting industrial solid wastes is still in need of a breakthrough. Under the goal of “double carbon”, CO2 mineralization from coal-based solid waste is a potential strategy to effectively address global warming, and mineral carbonation of coal-based solid wastes containing calcium and magnesium has great prospects for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) as well as for the resource-based disposal of solid waste. However, the industrial application bottleneck of CO2 mineralization in coal-based solid waste is still unable to break through. This paper reviews the current development of CO2 mineralization from fly ash (FA), desulfurization gypsum (FGDG), and coal gasification slag (CGS), with the aim of exploring the reasons for their technical limitations. Firstly, this paper briefly elaborates on the pathways for CO2 mineralization of coal based solid waste, revealing the reaction process and principles of CO2 mineralization of coal based solid waste. Secondly, the mineralization potential and process of typical coal-based solid waste were summarized and compared to clarify the mechanism of the regulation of the process parameters on the product properties during CO2 mineralization process. Finally, the performance of CO2 mineralization products from coal-based solid waste was summarized, and the feasibility of the mineralization process and its environmental impact were elucidated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This paper will provide optimization suggestions on the process technology of coal-based solid waste CO2 mineralization to promote the strategic goal of low-carbon transformation in the coal industry.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) appears to be essential for lowering emissions during the necessary energy transition. However, in Australia, it has not delivered this result, at any useful scale, and this needs explanation. To investigate the reasons for this failure, the paper undertakes a historical and social case study of the Gorgon gas project in Western Australia, which is often declared to be one of the biggest CCS projects in the world. The Gorgon project could be expected to succeed, as it has the backing of government, a practical and economic reason for removing CO2, a history of previous exploration, nearby storage sites, experienced operators and managers, and long-term taxpayer liability for problems. However, it has run late, failed to meet its targets, and not lowered net emissions. The paper explores the social factors which seem to be disrupting the process. These factors include the commercial imperatives of the operation, the lack of incentives, the complexity of the process, the presence of ignored routine problems, geological issues (even in a well-explored area), technical failures, regulatory threats even if minor, tax issues, and the project increasing emissions and consuming carbon budgets despite claims otherwise. The results of this case study suggest that CCS may work in theory, but not well enough under some contemporary forms of social organisation, and the possibilities of CCS cannot be separated from its social background. Social dynamics should be included in CCS projections to enhance the accuracy of expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At COP28, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage was declared a removal technology whose application must be accelerated. In 2017, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) published the CO2 Storage Resource Management System (SRMS) as a framework for stakeholder communication. The SRMS guidelines were designed to support the creation of reports that inform readers regarding the contingencies that must be overcome to obtain project approval, uncertainty in the mass of CO2 that can be stored, and the commerciality of the project. However, working examples where the SRMS has been used to communicate project status in the public domain are limited. In 2023, the authors of this paper referred to the SRMS as the standard for completing an expert report, termed a Competent Persons Report (CPR), for the Viking Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) development in the United Kingdom. During the application of the SRMS framework, challenges were identified in conveying the progress made by the project proponent in identifying and addressing technical risks. This paper describes innovations developed to supplement the SRMS guidelines and improve communication with stakeholders. First, a flowchart was developed to explain a vital interpretation of the SRMS. Next, a defined framework of technical milestones was designed to assess the maturity of a given technical topic within the SRMS. This framework was combined with radial data visualization. The combination allowed multiple storage sites to be compared simultaneously and allowed stakeholders to quickly identify the maturity of technical analysis for any given site. We conclude that improving the consistency and clarity of CCS reporting to stakeholders can help build trust in this emerging industry.

An equation of state (EOS) of CH4-N2 fluid mixtures in terms of Helmholtz free energy has been developed by using four mixing parameters, which can reproduce the pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTx) and vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) properties of CH4-N2 fluid mixtures. The average absolute deviation of all the PVTx data available up to 673.15 K and 1380 bar from this EOS is 0.38%. Combining this EOS of CH4-N2 fluid mixtures and the EOS of CH4-CO2 and CO2-N2 fluid mixtures in our previous work, an EOS of CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures has been developed, which is named ZMS EOS. The ZMS EOS can calculate all thermodynamic properties of ternary CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures and the average absolute deviation of the PVTx data from the ZMS EOS is 0.40% for the CO2-CH4-N2 system. The ZMS EOS can be applied to calculate excess enthalpies of CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures, predict the solubility of CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures in brine and water, and quantitatively estimate the impact of the impurities (CH4 and N2) on the CO2 storage capacity in the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) processes. The ZMS EOS can also be applied to calculate the isochores of CO2-CH4-N2 system in the studies of fluid inclusions. All Fortran computer codes and Origin drawing projects in this paper can be obtained freely from the corresponding author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of urban water caused by CCS retrofitting over coal-fired power plants has become an emerging issue, especially in China where water resources are scarce. In this study, we quantified the impact of CCS retrofitting on water resources and analyzed the increased water pressures due to CCS retrofits in 234 cities of China. We identified 54 cities with 165 power plants that would face water pressure due to CCS retrofitting for achieving 2 °C targets. The results show that the average water withdrawal and water consumption of power plants in 234 cities would increase by 1.63 times and 1.49 times, respectively, involving 480 million people in China. The ratio of freshwater withdrawal to available water (WTA) and the ratio of freshwater consumption to available water (CTA) at the city-level increased by 0.2 and 0.06 under 2 °C constraints respectively, involving a population of 84 million people. Moreover, CO2-EWR technology does not provide relief from urban water stress. This paper assesses the water demand for carbon capture technologies and provides a basis for siting future large-scale deployment of carbon capture technologies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of an industrial-scale chemical looping combustion (CLC) power plant, including all process units (reactors, flue gas treatment units, heat integration, steam cycle, and CO2 compression train). A model of a 525 MWth CLC power plant was built using a rigorous representation of the solid fuel and oxygen carrier. Petcoke was considered the main fuel of interest in this study, and it is compared with other solid fuels. The flue gas compositions obtained with the model show that cleanup units are mandatory to comply with CO2 quality requirements. High levels of flue gas treatment, including 97.1% deNOx and 99.4% deSOx, are needed to achieve typical specifications for captured CO2. This is mainly due to the high level of contaminants in the fuel, but also to the absence of nitrogen in the CLC flue gas, thus resulting in higher concentrations for all substances. The high level of flue gas treatment is thus one of the important challenges for solid fuel combustion in CLC. The overall CO2 capture efficiency of the plant is estimated to be as high as 94%. Regarding the energy balance, a process net efficiency of 38% is obtained. Comparing the results with other available technologies shows that CLC exhibits one of the highest net plant efficiencies and carbon capture rates. CLC is thus a promising technology to produce clean energy from solid fuels. Finally, based on a sensitivity analysis, it is shown that process efficiency is mainly affected by the design and performance of the CLC furnace, the steam injection rate in the fuel reactor, the char separation efficiency, and the excess oxygen in the air reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Norwegian policy to reduce emissions in the short term and the strategies proposed to promote technology switching and facilitate Norway's transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050. Relying on European tradable emissions permits and domestic emission taxation is not regarded as sufficient to meet the ambitious long-term target of becoming a low-carbon society by 2050. The key policy recommendations from our analysis are: First of all, Norway should carefully reconsider the goals and policies in place aimed at sectors already covered by the EU ETS. Second, although subsidising electric vehicles has been a good policy in the past, the time may have come to gradually phase out these supports. Finally, establishing new 'green' industries in Norway should be based on sound economic principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New challenges regarding system stability and efficiency arise when power systems operate with a high penetration level of inverter-based renewable sources (IBRSs) and few synchronous generators. Since IBRSs have been on the rise, to secure the stable operation of future power systems, IBRSs will be required to support systems without having to rely on remaining synchronous generators. Also, to efficiently manage the uncertainty of renewable production, power-to-gas technology can provide the required flexibility. This study proposes modelling and a control coordination scheme (CCS) of a wind-to-hydrogen (W2H) set to optimise electricity production from a variable-speed wind turbine generator (WTG) while helping balance between supply and demand in a system. To achieve this, a grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based WTG is modelled and a set of electrolyser and fuel cell is integrated at the DC circuit of a GFM-WTG to be coordinated. Furthermore, the CCS offers an opportunity to reduce the investment cost for deploying a W2H set by utilising the control capabilities of a WTG and reducing the need for an additional device. The performance of the proposed W2H set with the CCS was verified considering the variations in system load and wind speed by using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD)/ElectroMagnetic Transients including Direct Current (EMTDC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a set of technologies aimed at capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from point-source emitters to either store permanently or use as a feedstock to produce chemicals and fuels. In this paper, the potential benefits of CCUS integration into the energy supply sector are evaluated from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective by comparing two different routes for the CO2 captured from a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC). Both the complete storage of the captured CO2 and its partial utilization to produce dimethyl ether are investigated. Moreover, the assessment is performed considering the region-specific features of two of the largest CO2 emitters in Europe, namely Italy and Poland. Results shows that the complete storage of the captured CO2 reduces Global Warming Potential (GWP) by ~89% in Italy and ~97%, in Poland. On the other hand, the partial utilization of CO2 to produce dimethyl ether leads to a decrease of ~58% in Italy and ~68% in Poland with respect to a comparable reference entailing conventional dimethyl ether production. A series of environmental trade-offs was determined, with all the investigated categories apart from GWP showing an increase, mainly connected with the higher energy requirements of CCUS processes. These outcomes highlight the need for a holistic-oriented approach in the design of novel implemented configurations to avoid burden shifts throughout the value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capillary trapping of gas in porous media is important for many processes such as oil recovery and gas geo-sequestration. Foam can mitigate gravity override and viscous fingering of gas by reducing its relative permeability through gas trapping. However, there are limited studies dedicated to understanding how foam assists in gas trapping, the best mode of foam injection for trapping, and its application in geo-sequestration. This paper uses an initial–residual saturation analysis to investigate foam-assisted capillary trapping during the surfactant alternating gas (SAG) injection process in saline aquifers. More specifically, we studied the effects of pore geometric properties, in situ generated foam, and surfactant concentration on gas trapping efficiency and final residual gas saturation, Sgr. First, NMR surface relaxometry measurements were carried out on the rock samples to indicate the mean pore sizes of the rocks. A series of core flooding tests, equipped with resistivity measurements, were then conducted using single-cycle gas injection followed by water injection, water alternating gas (WAG), and SAG injection methods to identify which mode of injection results in the most trapped gas. The results showed that the SAG method had a better sweep efficiency and trapped more gas than other methods. The initial–residual (IR) gas saturation relationships from SAG data measured from several rock samples were then analyzed using Land's trapping model. Gas trapping efficiency (indicated by Land's coefficient, C) and residual gas were also found to increase in rocks with large average pore sizes and with increasing surfactant concentration. However, increasing the surfactant concentration above a certain limit did not cause further improvement in the trapping coefficient but only increased the Sgr. The results also showed that high values of surfactant concentrations might cause a slight reduction in the foam's apparent viscosity, which then reduces the initial gas saturation, and consequently, Sgr. Finally, a linear relationship between the Sgr and the measured log mean of surface relaxation times (T2LM) was obtained, and two correlations were proposed. Therefore, the NMR measurements can be considered a reliable prediction method for Sgr in porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal challenges like public resistance, lack of appropriate policy and regulations, unsolid business cases and uncertainty concerning the impact on the environment. In this paper we elaborate on societal aspects that influence technology development and deployment and introduce the societal embeddedness level (SEL) framework. Building upon the technology readiness level (TRL), the SEL framework enables the assessment of the current level of societal embeddedness of energy technologies in order to identify the societal aspects which need to be taken into account to accelerate deployment of energy technologies. The SEL framework takes into account four societal dimensions (impact on the environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and market and financial resources) and four stages of technology development (exploration, development, demonstration and deployment) that are linked to the TRL. The SEL framework has been elaborated for CCS technologies and is being applied to the monitoring of geological CO2 storage by the ACT II project DigiMon (Digital Monitoring of CO2 storage projects). DigiMon is an ACT second call project, funded by the national funding agencies in the period September 2019–August 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand has a commitment to achieve net zero emissions. The roles of energy service demand reduction and hydrogen in the energy transition have not been sufficiently evaluated. This study analyzed energy and technological implications in the energy sector to attain net zero emissions in Thailand by 2050. This study used the AIM/Enduse model, a bottom-up type energy system model, as an analytical tool. A business-as-usual scenario and a net zero emission scenario are analyzed. Unlike other studies, this paper explored the energy transition in the absence of carbon, capture and sequestration (CCS) technology with a focus on energy service demand reduction and green hydrogen-based technologies. Decarbonization of the energy sector and transition towards net zero emission by 2050 in Thailand would require rapid deployment of renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass. In the net zero scenario, installed capacity of solar PV and wind for power generation in 2050 would reach 64 GW and 40 GW, respectively. In addition, green hydrogen will have a crucial role in achieving net zero emission target. The high carbon removals from LULUCF sector in Thailand will aid in reaching net zero emission without CCS technology in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: With the growing population of cancer survivors, survivorship management has become central for both medical professionals and patients. This entails, among other factors, empowering survivors with the necessary knowledge about their medical history and their risk for late effects, because informed patients make better lifestyle and health choices. Although a lack of information and low satisfaction with information received are fairly well-documented phenomena among childhood cancer survivors, less is known about survivors of young adult cancer and populations of long-term survivors no longer engaged in follow-up care. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating information provision in childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Background: Knowledge of medical history and late effects is central in modern survivorship management, especially for long-term childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer survivors' (CAYACS) with long life expectancy rates and high risks of late effects. Identifying information and knowledge gaps is, therefore, important. As part of the population-based NOR-CAYACS study, we investigated the following: (1) written information received about their disease and treatment, and any information about late effects; (2) satisfaction with this information and associated factors; (3) knowledge about late effects and factors associated with low knowledge of specific late effects. Material and methods: A questionnaire-based survey (Nor-CAYACS) was mailed to 5361 CAYACS (childhood cancers, breast and colorectal cancer, acute lymphatic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and malignant melanoma) identified by the Cancer Registry of Norway (CRN). Of these, 2018 answered questions about disease and late effects information and knowledge. Exposure variables were extracted from the questionnaire and CRN. Unfortunately, it was not possible to stratify by treatment in the analyses. We ran descriptive statistics for comparisons and logistic regressions to identify factors associated with outcomes of interest. Results: Overall, 50% to 60% of survivors reported not having received written information about their disease and treatment, or any information about late effects. There was a large variation in reported knowledge across 17 late effects. Lower levels of knowledge were associated with male sex, lower education and poorer health literacy in multivariable regression models. Conclusions: Knowledge of cancer history and risks of late effects is essential for effective self-management, yet significant information and knowledge gaps were reported in this population-based sample of long-term CAYACS. Systematic approaches to making (up-to-date) information available to long-term survivors are needed to ensure that information does not get lost in medical and life transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important low‐carbon management technology used to reduce CO2 emissions with the captured anthropogenic CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This paper provides an overview and analysis of current issues related to CCS projects and CCS technologies. The paper also assesses risks and costs as well as policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks relevant for CCS and the major countries with CCS deployment. Currently, the few CCS projects in operation are mostly for EOR purposes. However, miscible CO2‐EOR in depleted oil and gas reservoirs appears to be the industry's first choice for CO2 sequestration and increasing oil production. Potential CO2 leakage is a major risk for pipelines and geological storage and a comprehensive monitoring program needs to be developed to ascertain its impact on pipeline material integrity, humans, and the environment. The cost of the CCS chain largely depends on the compression solvent for the synthesis gas or flue gas treatment for separation, heat rate, energy required for capture, capital costs of capture equipment, pipeline diameter, and flow capacity, and the homogeneity and permeability of the geological formations. An effective carbon pricing and cap‐and‐trade system as a part of national carbon policy is needed to achieve the goal of CCS. This paper finally discusses China's carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) systems and proposes a new CCUS‐LNG transportation process system for the coastal areas of China. Special attention was focused on CO2 transportation, CCUS‐EOR, and a new CCUS‐LNG process system for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines sustainable agriculture's core objective: reducing environmental impact while ensuring continuity in food production. It distinguishes agroecology from sustainable agriculture and organic food production. The feasibility of sustainable organic food production in controlled settings is explored, especially for animal farming. The paper underscores agriculture's substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the pressing need for action. It discusses the intricate relationship between agriculture and climate change, emphasizing the challenges in meeting emission reduction targets within the sector. In this article, Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) is explored as a viable method to reduce agricultural emissions. Additionally, EU policies such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), are designed to align agriculture with climate objectives. Integrating agriculture into CBAM presents challenges due to the absence of a carbon pricing mechanism. EU's policies and EU's CBAM in this paper are given just a good decarbonization model that can be implemented worldwide. Balancing environmental preservation, economic stability, and international relations is complex in agriculture, as a significant emitter of GHGs. Innovative strategies like Agricultural Sector Management and Carbon Absorption offer promise in reducing agricultural emissions. This study employs a triangulation approach and contributes significantly to the field of sustainable agriculture. It explores various aspects of sustainable agriculture, tackles challenges related to climate change, and presents decarbonization strategies. These findings have relevance for all who are involved in agriculture and environmental sustainability.

New Web 2.0-based technologies have emerged in the field of competitor/market intelligence. This paper discusses the factors influencing long-term product development, namely coal combustion long-term R&D/Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, and presents a new method application for studying it via opinion mining. The technology market deployment has been challenged by public acceptance. The media images/opinions of coal power and CCS are studied through the opinion mining approach with a global machine learning based media analysis using M-Adaptive software. This is a big data-based learning machine media sentiment analysis focusing on both editorial and social media, including both structured data from payable sources and unstructured data from social media. If the public acceptance is ignored, it can at its worst cause delayed or abandoned market deployment of long-term energy production technologies, accompanied by techno-economic issues. The results are threefold: firstly, it is suggested that this type of methodology can be applied to this type of research problem. Secondly, from the case study, it is apparent that CCS is unknown also based on this type of approach. Finally, poor media exposure may have influenced technology market deployment in the case of CCS. This paper is the extended version of a paper from the ICI 2018 international conference on Competitive & Market intelligence, June 5-8 Bad Neuheim, Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is considered to be one of the key technologies to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper reviews the industry corrosion accidents of CCS transportation system, in which the pipeline corrosion risk is analyzed, and the pipeline corrosion theory is summarized. Also, the effect of impurities on gas phase properties is discussed. We analyze the corrosion mechanism of multicomponent impurities on metals in a supercritical CO2 environment from the aspects of corrosion rate and corrosion products. We also describe the mechanism of pitting and stress corrosion of metals in a supercritical CO2 environment. Besides, the formation mechanism of FeCO3 protective layer and the research status of corrosion resistant alloys in supercritical CO2 are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, a series of shortcomings and prospects of the current research are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The targets of limiting global warming levels below 2°C or even 1.5°C set by Paris Agreement heavily rely on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which can remove carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Biomass and coal co‐firing with CCS is one of BECCS technologies, as well as a pathway to achieve low carbon transformation and upgrading through retrofitting coal power plants. However, few studies have considered co‐firing ratio of biomass to coal based on each specific coal power plant's characteristic information such as location, installed capacity, resources allocation, and logistic transportation. Therefore, there is a need to understand whether it is worth retrofitting any individual coal power plant for the benefit of GHG emission reduction. It is also important to understand which power plant is suitable for retrofit and the associated co‐firing ratio. In order to fulfill this gap, this paper develops a framework to solve these questions, which mainly include three steps. First, biomass resources are assessed at 1 km spatial resolution with the help of the Geography Information Science method. Second, by setting biomass collection points and linear program model, resource allocation and supply chain for each power plants are complete. Third, is by assessing the life‐cycle emission for each power plant. In this study, Hubei Province in China is taken as the research area and study case. The main conclusions are as follows: (a) biomass co‐firing ratio for each CCS coal power plant to achieve carbon neutral is between 40% and 50%; (b) lower co‐firing ratio sometimes may obtain better carbon emission reduction benefits; (c) even the same installed capacity power plants should consider differentiated retrofit strategy according to their own characteristic. Based on the results and analysis above, retrofit suggestions for each power plant are made in the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper is written in response to the paper “How green is blue hydrogen?” by R. W. Howarth and M. Z. Jacobson. It aims at highlighting and discussing the method and assumptions of that paper, and thereby providing a more balanced perspective on blue hydrogen, which is in line with current best available practices and future plant specifications aiming at low CO2 emissions. More specifically, in this paper, we show that: (i) the simplified method that Howarth and Jacobson used to compute the energy balance of blue hydrogen plants leads to significant overestimation of CO2 emissions and natural gas (NG) consumption and (ii) the assumed methane leakage rate is at the high end of the estimated emissions from current NG production in the United States and cannot be considered representative of all‐NG and blue hydrogen value chains globally. By starting from the detailed and rigorously calculated mass and energy balances of two blue hydrogen plants in the literature, we show the impact that methane leakage rate has on the equivalent CO2 emissions of blue hydrogen. On the basis of our analysis, we show that it is possible for blue hydrogen to have significantly lower equivalent CO2 emissions than the direct use of NG, provided that hydrogen production processes and CO2 capture technologies are implemented that ensure a high CO2 capture rate, preferably above 90%, and a low‐emission NG supply chain.

Oxy-fuel combustion is an effective technology for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Oxy-combustion for coal-fired power stations is a promising technology by which to diminish CO2 emissions. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to the oxy-combustion characteristics affected by the combustion atmosphere. This paper is aimed at investigating the oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of Australian coal in a 0.3 MWth furnace. In particular, the influences of various oxygen flow rates and recirculated flue gas (RFG) on heating performance and pollutant emissions are examined in O2/RFG environments. The results show that with increases in the secondary RFG flow rate, the temperatures in the radiative and convective sections decrease and increase, respectively. At a lower oxygen flow rate, burning Australian coal emits lower residual oxygen and NO concentrations. In the flue gas, a high CO2 concentration of up to 94.8% can be achieved. Compared to air combustion, NO emissions are dramatically reduced up to 74% for Australian coal under oxy-combustion. Note that the high CO2 concentrations in the flue gas under oxy-coal combustions suggest great potential for reducing CO2 emissions through carbon capture and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a review of the current state of the Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage (CCTS) technology, this paper analyzes the layout and costs of a potential CO2 infrastructure in Europe at the horizon of 2050. We apply the mixedinteger model CCTS-Mod to compute a CCTS infrastructure network for Europe, examining the effects of different CO2 price paths with different regional foci. Scenarios assuming low CO2 certificate prices lead to hardly any CCTS development in Europe. The iron and steel sector starts deployment once the CO2 certificate prices exceed 50 €/tCO2. The cement sector starts investing at a threshold of 75 €/tCO2, followed by the electricity sector when prices exceed 100 €/tCO2. The degree of CCTS deployment is found to be more sensitive to variable costs of CO2 capture than to investment costs. Additional revenues generated from utilizing CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (CO2 -EOR) in the North Sea would lead to an earlier adoption of CCTS, independent of the CO2 certificate price; this case may become especially relevant for the UK, Norway and the Netherlands. However, scattered CCTS deployment increases unit cost of transport and storage infrastructure by 30% or more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a part of the strategic research program 'Advanced technologies for energy generation: Development of a technology for highly efficient zero-emission coal-fired power units integrated with CO capture', a mobile CO absorption pilot plant was erected. The main purpose of the pilot plant was to demonstrate the post-combustion technology in conjunction with a coal-fired power plant. The pilot plant captured CO by chemical absorption in amine-based solvents, which was considered to be the best adapted technology to the requirements of coal-fired power plants and suitable for retrofitting to existing units. The pilot plant captured up to 1000 kg/day of CO from the power plant's flue gases with CO recovery exceeding 90 %. The flexible process flowsheet of the pilot plant offered high potential for the validation of various improvements, which were designed to reduce the process energy demand and to increase the CO recovery. This paper summarizes the initial operation experience at the TAURON Łaziska Power Plant in Poland. Selected first results obtained are presented and discussed. The initial campaigns utilized 20 and 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions recognized as baseline solvents that were suitable for comparative purposes. The initial campaigns at the pilot plant successfully demonstrated reliable operation and promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) appears to be essential for lowering emissions during the necessary energy transition. However, in Australia, it has not delivered this result, at any useful scale, and this needs explanation. To investigate the reasons for this failure, the paper undertakes a historical and social case study of the Gorgon gas project in Western Australia, which is often declared to be one of the biggest CCS projects in the world. The Gorgon project could be expected to succeed, as it has the backing of government, a practical and economic reason for removing CO2, a history of previous exploration, nearby storage sites, experienced operators and managers, and long-term taxpayer liability for problems. However, it has run late, failed to meet its targets, and not lowered net emissions. The paper explores the social factors which seem to be disrupting the process. These factors include the commercial imperatives of the operation, the lack of incentives, the complexity of the process, the presence of ignored routine problems, geological issues (even in a well-explored area), technical failures, regulatory threats even if minor, tax issues, and the project increasing emissions and consuming carbon budgets despite claims otherwise. The results of this case study suggest that CCS may work in theory, but not well enough under some contemporary forms of social organisation, and the possibilities of CCS cannot be separated from its social background. Social dynamics should be included in CCS projections to enhance the accuracy of expectations.

Nonwoven upholstery fabric is a waste product which is mainly generated during upholstered furniture production. The polyester composition makes it problematic to recycle and reuse this product. This study examined the manufacturing process of nonwoven fabric-reinforced plywood composites and their selected mechanical and physical properties. Nonwoven fabric was integrated between veneers bound with urea–formaldehyde resin to improve standard layered composites' mechanical and physical properties. Several board variants were produced, differing in the position of the nonwoven layers in the composite structure. The composites were evaluated for modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond, and screw withdrawal resistance, among others. The results showed that the addition of nonwoven fabric significantly improved some properties, like internal bond and screw withdrawal resistance. Variants with strategically placed nonwoven layers showed the highest performance increases. The results underscore the potential of nonwoven fabric as an effective reinforcing material, offering a path to developing high-performance plywood composites suitable for demanding applications. Another environmental advantage is that the nonwoven fabric waste used in the tested plywood production has not been subjected to burning or landfilling but, through its incorporation into plywood structure, has positively contributed to the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) policy. The findings advocate for a circular economy approach, in which industrial waste is effectively repurposed, contributing to the development of green materials in the wood-based composite industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents carbon capture and storage, CCS, as a climate change mitigation method. Many industrial processes, such as the manufacture of cement, the metallurgical industry, and the production of electricity from fossil fuels, produce large CO2 quantities. Carbon capture and storage is a method for these industrial areas to become carbon neutral for the environment. To combat climate change, the EU wants to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, and this goal, along with an intermediate goal of reducing emissions by 55% by 2030, is enshrined in the European Climate Law. The EU has launched various initiatives to achieve these goals, one of which is the 'Fit for 55' legislation. The first step that countries wanting to apply these technologies must take is the evaluation of the underground CO2 storage potential. The potential for CO2 storage in the depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs in Oltenia, one of the eight regions of Romania, makes it possible to develop safe long-term storage projects for the neighboring power plants currently producing energy from burning coal or hydrocarbons. The results of dynamic simulations of CO2 storage in one of these geological structures, Bradesti, which hosts depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, using a numerical simulator are successfully presented for the neighboring Isalnita Power Plant. In this case, the impact on the environment and climate will be minimal and in alignment with the European Union's long-term objectives. Our study also opens the path for future similar analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The greatest lever for advancing climate adaptation and mitigation is the defossilization of energy systems. A key opportunity to replace fossil fuels across sectors is the use of renewable hydrogen. In this context, the main political and social push is currently on climate neutral hydrogen (H2) production through electrolysis using renewable electricity. Another climate neutral possibility that has recently gained importance is biohydrogen production from biogenic residual and waste materials. This paper introduces for the first time a novel concept for the production of hydrogen with net negative emissions. The derived concept combines biohydrogen production using biotechnological or thermochemical processes with carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage. Various process combinations referred to this basic approach are defined as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) and described in this paper. The technical principles and resulting advantages of the novel concept are systematically derived and compared with other Negative Emission Technologies (NET). These include the high concentration and purity of the CO2 to be captured compared to Direct Air Carbon Capture (DAC) and Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC) as well as the emission-free use of hydrogen resulting in a higher possible CO2 capture rate compared to hydrocarbon-based biofuels generated with Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) technologies. Further, the role of carbon-negative hydrogen in future energy systems is analyzed, taking into account key societal and technological drivers against the background of climate adaptation and mitigation. For this purpose, taking the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, the ecological impacts are estimated, and an economic assessment is made. For the production and use of carbon-negative hydrogen, a saving potential of 8.49–17.06 MtCO2,eq/a is estimated for the year 2030 in Germany. The production costs for carbon-negative hydrogen would have to be below 4.30 € per kg in a worst-case scenario and below 10.44 € in a best-case scenario in order to be competitive in Germany, taking into account hydrogen market forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two major pathways for energy utilization from biomass are conversion to a liquid fuel (i.e., biofuels) or conversion to electricity (i.e., biopower). In the United States (US), biomass policy has focused on biofuels. However, this paper will investigate three options for biopower: low co-firing (co-firing scenarios refer to combusting a given percentage of biomass with coal) (5%-10% biomass), medium co-firing (15%-20% biomass), and dedicated biomass firing (100% biomass). We analyze the economic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impact of each of these options, with and without CO2 capture and storage (CCS). Our analysis shows that in the absence of land use change emissions, all biomass co-combustion scenarios result in a decrease in GHG emissions over coal generation alone. The two biggest barriers to biopower are concerns about carbon neutrality of biomass fuels and the high cost compared to today's electricity prices. This paper recommends two policy actions. First, the need to define sustainability criteria and initiate a certification process so that biomass providers have a fixed set of guidelines to determine whether their feedstocks qualify as renewable energy sources. Second, the need for a consistent, predictable policy that provides the economic incentives to make biopower economically attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological transformation of industrial value creation aims to provide solutions with regard to the ecological challenges of our time. Concerning climate change, the most critical transformation area is the energy sector. Alternatives to fossil energy supply as well as the active removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere are considered the most important challenges that technology must provide solutions for. A promising approach in this context is the carbon-negative hydrogen production from biogenic sources (HyBECCS). This approach can be implemented on the basis of existing biogas plants. Technology alternatives for retrofitting these plants to HyBECCS facilities are elaborated and their respective strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are derived in this paper. Further, taking the example of Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany, the ecologic potentials concerning hydrogen (H 2) production and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction are estimated. The current total H 2 demand of 1.8 TWh/a in this area could be fully covered if 1/7 to 1/4 of existing biogas plants were retrofitted for H 2 production. The substitution of gray H 2 can avoid GHG emissions of 2.2-3.7 million t CO 2 per year. In addition, capture and storage or long-term use of the resulting biogenic CO 2 can enable negative emissions of 2.5-6 million t CO 2 per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of current characteristics from the opening and closing coils is a crucial method for monitoring the state of high-voltage circuit breakers. Based on the waveform patterns of the opening and closing coil currents in high-voltage circuit breakers， the paper investigates a corner point extraction method of current waveform based on local thresholds of curvature scale space （CCS）. Subsequently， the characteristic curves of current at actual corner points are used to precisely monitor the mechanical state of high-voltage circuit breakers. Calculations based on the measured opening and closing coil currents from high-voltage circuit breakers in a specific substation indicate that the proposed local threshold method of the CCS can accurately identify the waveform features of the opening and closing coil currents. The mechanical state monitoring of high-voltage circuit breakers based on the characteristic curves of opening and closing coil currents shows excellent results. The research findings can provide crucial references for the mechanical state monitoring of high-voltage circuit breakers.

The implementation of emission reduction and carbon reduction measures and the implementation of the “double carbon” goal are important transformation opportunity for coal chemical enterprises to move towards high-end,diversified and low-carbon development. Shaanxi Coal Industry Group Yulin Chemical planned a 4 million ton/year carbon dioxide capture, transportation and storage (CCS) demonstration project and carried out a 400000 ton/year pilot test project to help the country reach carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Based on the experience of Shenhua 100000 ton CCS demonstration project and CO2 produced in the 1.8 million ton/year ethylene glycol project, two supercritical CO2 storage processes, high purity (98.94%) and low purity (77.78%), are designed in this paper; Based on the understanding of Triassic and Permian salt water layers in the eastern Ordos Basin, three sets of geological salt water layers (Liujiagou Formation, Shiqianfeng Formation and Shihezi Formation) with good physical properties and great CO2 storage potential were found.After in-depth evaluation and analysis of CO2 storage layer cover and storage capacity, it is believed that the best storage environment for CO2 in salt water layer over 1000 meters. By designing four injection and storage Wells and combining with the numerical simulation method, the storage operation mechanism of 400000 ton/year CO2 is studied and analyzed, and it is theoretically feasible; It is designed to use PNX logging, downhole optical fiber sensing and surface InSAR monitoring methods to build an integrated monitoring and management platform for CO2 from wellbore to reservoir and then to reservoir diffusion; From the perspective of CCS’s current economic and technological costs, industrial policy development, opportunities and challenges,the development of CCS in coal mining chemical industry has great potential.

Abstract Disc cutters are essential for full-section hard-rock tunnel boring machines. The performance of these devices directly affects tunnel engineering costs and duration. This paper proposes a sinusoidal variable cross-section (VCS) cutter ring and design method and establishes a digital model. Rock-like materials are simulated with a finite element model, and the model validity is verified via rock simulation mechanics tests. A disc cutter rolling rock simulation model for a linear cutting machine is also established, and simulation tests are performed for single- and three-cutter rolling using sinusoidal VCSs and constant cross-section (CCS) cutter models, respectively. The stress and energy changes for the cutters and rock-like material damage area were compared via simulation, confirming that some sinusoidal VCS cutter rings do less work on rock-like materials and cause larger crushing areas under the same engineering parameters; therefore, these cutter rings have smaller specific energies. The sinusoidal VCS cutter ring performance is 7% greater than that of CCS on average under single-cutter simulation, and the intermediate cutter performance of the intermediate cutter is 9% greater than that of CCS on average under three-cutter simulation. Thus, sinusoidal VCS cutter rings offer improved rock damage performance, and further research and application of this technology will improve the working efficiency of tunnel boring machines.

Gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) is an essential support material in dry sorbents used to capture CO2 from flue gas. This study explores the deactivation of potassium-based γ-Al2O3 sorbents due to by-products such as KAl(CO3)(OH)2 during CO2 capture. We synthesized sorbents with K2CO3 loadings of 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt% and subjected them to repeated capture and regeneration cycles. The results show significant variations in the deactivation degree: the sorbent with 5 wt% K2CO3 exhibited a 100% deactivation rate, while the 30 wt% variant showed a markedly reduced rate of 44.6%. These findings highlight the impact of the formation of KAl(CO3)(OH)2 at the interface between K2CO3 and γ-Al2O3 on sorbent deactivation. An equation that can be used to predict the final CO2 capture capacity based on the ratio of active material to support was proposed using these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) operations use the direct injection of CO2 in a gaseous phase from the surface as a carbon carrier. Due to CO2 properties under reservoir conditions with lower density and viscosity than in situ brine, CO2 flux is mainly gravity-dominated. CO2 moves toward the top and accumulates below the top seal, thus reinforcing the risk of possible leakage to the surface through unexpected hydraulic paths (e.g., reactivated faults, fractures, and abandoned wells) or in sites without an effective sealing caprock. Considering the risks, the potential benefits of the interplay between CO2 and an aqueous solution of formate ions (HCOO¯) were evaluated when combined to control CO2 gravity segregation in porous media. Three combined strategies were evaluated and compared with those where either pure CO2 or a formate solution was injected. The first strategy consisted of a pre-flush of formate solution followed by continuous CO2 injection, and it was not effective in controlling the vertical propagation of the CO2 plume. However, the injection of a formate solution slug in a continuous or alternated way, simultaneously with the CO2 continuous injection, was effective in slowing down the vertical migration of the CO2 plume and keeping it permanently stationary deeper than the surface depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]