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As the use of simulation has become more established in the delivery of healthcare education and training, there has been a corresponding increase in healthcare simulation research. Simulation-based research can be divided into research about simulation (answers research questions in which the focus is on simulation itself) and research through simulation (simulation as a method/tool for research). However, there are barriers, particularly for smaller less well-resourced simulation centres, that may prohibit participation in research. Therefore, it is suggested that quality improvement (QI) through simulation may be a pragmatic way in which simulation centres of all sizes can contribute to improving patient care beyond education and training. QI is defined as systematic, data-guided activities designed to bring about immediate, positive changes in the delivery of healthcare. Although not the case in healthcare, other industries routinely used simulation to support QI. For example, in aviation simulation is used to inform the design of the working environment, the appropriate use of technology, to exercise emergency procedures and to ‘re-fly’ flights following an adverse event as part of the mishap investigation. Integrating simulation within healthcare QI can support the development of novel interventions as well helping to address heretofore intractable issues.

This paper aims to analyze and understand the impact of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) on aviation and also the role aviation played in the spread of COVID-19, by reviewing the recent scientific literature. We have collected 110 papers on the subject published in the year 2020 and grouped them according to their major application domain, leading to the following categories: Analysis of the global air transportation system during COVID-19, the impacts on the passenger-centric flight experience, and the long-term impacts on broad aviation. Based on the aggregated reported findings in the literature, this paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future scientific directions; hopefully helping aviation to prepare for a post-COVID-19 world.

Aviation is often seen as an innovative sector eager to seek technological solutions. It is often assumed that aircraft cockpits have panels with electronic displays and many buttons, some labeled "auto." While this might be the case for commercial aviation (Figure 1), the vast majority of noncommercial civil aircraft cockpits look nothing like these modern cockpits. Non-commercial civil aircraft, known as general aviation (GA), typically have cockpits that mainly consist of analog instruments that show the heading of the aircraft, the altitude, and the air speed (Figure 2). While flying, the pilots make calculations using a compass and an aviation calculator. Due to the slow entry rate of new, glass-cockpit aircraft [1], the composition of the GA aircraft fleet is not going to change any time soon.

Errors in examination papers and other assessment instruments can compromise fairness. For example, a history question containing an incorrect historical date could be impossible for students to answer. Incorrect instructions at the start of an examination could lead students to answer the wrong number of questions. As there is little research on this issue within the educational assessment community, we reviewed the literature on minimizing errors in other industries and domains, including aviation, energy, and medicine. We identified generalizable principles and applied them to our context of educational assessment. We argue that since assessment instrument construction is a complex system comprising numerous interacting components, a holistic approach to system improvement is required. Assessment instrument errors stem primarily from human failure. When human failure occurs, it is not good enough to suggest that ‘to err is simply human’. Instead it is necessary to look deeper, evaluating the latent working conditions that underpin the efficacy of procedures, making the human failure more or less likely. Drawing from the aviation industry’s ergonomic SHELLO model, we articulate and explore three of the most critical working conditions that relate to our context: (i) time pressure, (ii) workload and stress, and (iii) wider organizational culture, including good error data collection. We conclude with recommendations for best practice in minimizing errors in assessment instruments. A ‘good’ error culture should be promoted, which avoids blaming individuals. Errors should be acknowledged readily by all, and system owners should take a scientific approach to understanding and learning from them.

Writers in the field of postal history have incredibly diverse interests and approaches. As a result, the postal history symposia have been organized around themes. The three themes represented in papers here are mail and the Civil War (2012), the development of transoceanic air mail service (2014), and the influence of postal treaties on post office reforms (2016).The American Civil War affected mail in many ways, particularly in the Confederate States of America, which faced the challenge of quickly developing its own postal system as well as shortages of supplies, in-cluding paper. The mail itself can be used to tell the story of the conflict through the examination of patriotic and propaganda images on envelopes and through the study of shifts in mail routes and practices as the war progressed.The histories of aviation and of mail delivery are intertwined. Pressure to deliver mail faster and more efficiently helped to propel investment in aviation innovations. In turn, developments in flight opened new possibilities for carrying the mail. The development of transoceanic air mail from its very early days in the 1920s through the rise of military air mail services during World War II is examined.Throughout much of history, mail has been the primary means of communication both within and be-tween nations; thus, the regulations and agreements concerning what may be mailed, and for what cost, have had a profound effect on a population’s access to information. Postal reform, and particularly the creation of national postal systems, required that immediate needs as well as political and economic visions of the future be considered and addressed legally and structurally during state-building. Cases of the United States in the revolutionary era and Brazil in the nineteenth century are examined.

This article presents a review of current aircraft noises. Noise is a fascinating area of research combining statistics, applied mathematics, and engineering. Aircraft noises are an impact of enormous financial, environmental, and technological issue. Aircraft noise remains the key inhibitor of the growth of air transportation and remains an acute environmental problem that requires advanced solutions. To advance our understanding of the sound source mechanisms, it should be noted that predominant noise sources of aircraft engines are from the exhaust (referred to as the jet) and fan (including the stator). The noise generated in these two areas during takeoff and landing has a strong influence on the communities around the airports. One of the most important sources of aircraft noises in modern jet aircraft is the turbulence that occurs in the shear layers around the engine’s exhaust. But this is not just an academic issue also jet noise is highly relevant to the aviation industry and on a wider scale, has been related to economic, social, and subsequently political. To deal with this problem, aircraft manufacturers and public establishments are engaged in research on technical and theoretical approaches for noise reduction concepts that should be applied to new aircraft. This review paper discusses a selection of enabling technologies and their implications on acoustics and noise and gives a perspective on future trends and new directions in aeroacoustics required to address the challenges.

This study shows how to apply the essential principles of paper plane on the flight experiment. It applies three basic structures of paper plane including nose, wing, and rudder movements to predict the optimal flight distance. This study employs the artificial neural network model for data analysis and prediction. The data collected from the flight distance of paper plane are calculated and analyzed in the artificial neural network model in order to predict the optimal flight distance of paper plane. This study is intended to discover the essential principles and basic structures of manufacturing paper plane and provide theoretical and practical contributions in hands-on experiments and aviation science.

This study examined whether pilots operating a flight simulator completed digital or paper flight checklists more accurately after receiving postflight graphic and verbal feedback. The dependent variable was the number of checklist items completed correctly per flight. Following treatment, checklist completion with paper and digital checklists increased from 38% and 39%, respectively, to nearly 100% and remained close to 100% after feedback and praise for improvement were withdrawn. Performance was maintained at or near 100% during follow-up probes.

Personal transportation accounts for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, in particular, when international aviation is included, yet relatively little is known about the composition and socioeconomic makeup of travel emissions at the household and individual levels. Do they vary by choice of transportation mode, geographical location, socioeconomic factors, vehicle technology choice, and other personal characteristics and if so, by how much? This paper aims to shed some light on the profile of greenhouse gas emissions at the disaggregate level. It presents the results of a substantive case study, performed in the United Kingdom, based on a newly developed greenhouse gas emissions evaluation tool. When all known climate effects are accounted for, however uncertain they may be, air travel dominates overall as the source of greenhouse gas emissions from personal travel. There is a huge range in emissions, with the highest 20% of emitters producing 61% of emissions. This 61% to 20% emission rule is mirrored in the “hockey-stick” shape of the curves ranking respondents by their emissions levels, which is surprisingly similar when transportation modes, location, and unit of analysis (individual, household) are compared. Although income, working status, age, and car ownership are significantly related to overall emissions, factors related to accessibility, household location, and gender are not. The paper concludes by discussing methodological considerations and policy implications.

During the latter half of 1990 the Royal Air Force established a medical evacuation chain in support of the British First Armoured Division during Operation Granby (known as Operation Desert Storm in the USA). Medical contingency plans, formulated prior to embarkation from the UK, foresaw the need for five aeromedical staging facilities sub-deployed throughout the east of the Arabian Peninsula. The early days of the deployment found personnel busy with the construction of tented and hardened facilities and with the establishment of local operating procedures. Many problems were initially encountered, especially with supply, communications and in co-ordinating with collaborating coalition and host nation units. Nevertheless, progress was rapid and non-combatant operations were started within days of arrival. As the ground offensive became more imminent, training took on a sense of urgency. Advanced first aid techniques were taught to all non-medical staff, whereas doctors, nurses and paramedical personnel were taught ACLS and ATLS skills. All studied field hygiene, the hazards of nuclear, chemical and biological warfare, casualty handling, battle psychology and the intricacies of loading and unloading various types of aircraft. By the start of the ground phase of the war the British evacuation chain was fully operational and capable of treating and transferring hundreds of casualties per day. In the event, only about 850 patients were transported down the evacuation chain during the conflict, and less than 10% of these were battle casualties. This paper presents an overview of the British aeromedical evacuation system and discusses, in more detail, the establishment and operation of the busiest aeromedical staging facility at Al Jubail in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

This publication has two parts. The first outlines the Sustainable Development Commission's analysis and recommendations on the air transport white paper entitled 'The future of air transport'. The second is an analysis by The Centre for Sustainable Investment. The aim of this analysis was to identify the extent to which it has set out a 30-year framework that is consistent with the development of a sustainable aviation industry, as predicated by the Sustainable Development Commission’s six principles for sustainable development. Publisher PDF

The Aeronautical Telecommunications Network or ATN is the next generation network being developed by the international aviation community for providing voice and data communications between ground stations and aircraft. It is currently being trialed and will ultimately be used for applications such as air traffic control.

Six months after scientific societies and publishers won a hard-fought battle with the U.S. government to edit and publish manuscripts from countries under a U.S. trade embargo, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has decided to bar such submissions from its journals and conferences.