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This article presents a case study on two fourth grade students with learning disabilities in two different writing situations: writing for test preparation and writing for digital stories. The students' writing behaviors, processes, and products in these two settings are contrasted. The differences in the students' writing experiences suggest that classroom teachers need to transform our teaching of writing by drawing on students' home literacies to ignite their passion and creativity. The research findings demonstrate that a test-driven teaching approach tends to limit students' ability as learners. Also, in contrast, instruction that values students' technological expertise energizes students' learning, helps them to reach their potential, and ensures their school success. The article concludes by advocating for change in classroom teachers teaching methods and curriculum by inviting students' home literacies into school, valuing their interests, and preparing them to be literate citizens for the 21st century.

A rare constitutional translocation between chromosomes 15 and 21 predisposes to catastrophic chromosomal damage followed by amplification of megabase regions, causing a specific subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Chromothripsis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia A subgroup comprising some 2% of patients with the childhood cancer acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) carries an intrachromosomal amplification of one copy of chromosome 21, iAMP21, with distinct prognostic and therapeutic implications. Peter Campbell and colleagues combined genomic, cytogenetic, transcriptional and bioinformatic analyses to reconstruct the evolution of this form of ALL. They find that the rare constitutional Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 15 and 21 greatly increases the risk of developing iAMP21 ALL. In these cases, amplification is initiated by chromothripsis (multiple chromosome rearrangements) involving both sister chromatids of the Robertsonian chromosome, a novel mechanism for cancer predisposition. In sporadic iAMP21, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles are typically the initiating event, often followed by chromothripsis. The data indicate that dicentric chromosomes may be an important precipitant of chromothripsis. Changes in gene dosage are a major driver of cancer, known to be caused by a finite, but increasingly well annotated, repertoire of mutational mechanisms.sup.1. This can potentially generate correlated copy-number alterations across hundreds of linked genes, as exemplified by the 2% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with recurrent amplification of megabase regions of chromosome 21 (iAMP21).sup.2,3. We used genomic, cytogenetic and transcriptional analysis, coupled with novel bioinformatic approaches, to reconstruct the evolution of iAMP21 ALL. Here we show that individuals born with the rare constitutional Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 15 and 21, rob(15;21)(q10;q10)c, have approximately 2,700-fold increased risk of developing iAMP21 ALL compared to the general population. In such cases, amplification is initiated by a chromothripsis event involving both sister chromatids of the Robertsonian chromosome, a novel mechanism for cancer predisposition. In sporadic iAMP21, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles are typically the initiating event, often followed by chromothripsis. In both sporadic and rob(15;21)c-associated iAMP21, the final stages frequently involve duplications of the entire abnormal chromosome. The end-product is a derivative of chromosome 21 or the rob(15;21)c chromosome with gene dosage optimized for leukaemic potential, showing constrained copy-number levels over multiple linked genes. Thus, dicentric chromosomes may be an important precipitant of chromothripsis, as we show rob(15;21)c to be constitutionally dicentric and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles generate dicentric chromosomes somatically. Furthermore, our data illustrate that several cancer-specific mutational processes, applied sequentially, can coordinate to fashion copy-number profiles over large genomic scales, incrementally refining the fitness benefits of aggregated gene dosage changes., Author(s): Yilong Li [sup.1] , Claire Schwab [sup.2] , Sarra L. Ryan [sup.2] , Elli Papaemmanuil [sup.1] , Hazel M. Robinson [sup.3] , Patricia Jacobs [sup.4] , Anthony V. Moorman [...]

The breakpoint mapping analyses technique is employed to present a comparative study of the translocations observed in the phenotypically normal and abnormal patients. The translocations in abnormal patients are shown to be more associative with the genomic imbalances, as compared to those observed in the normal patients.

Research is presented concerning random scheduling and the amount of redirection of tasks which can be made to non-specialists from specialists in a service system model. Methods of discerning random assignment probabilities are discussed.

Results demonstrate that progression of crystallization of colloidal Silicalite-1 with aqueous tetrapropylammonium in the open and closed systems can be monitored at defined composition and temperature. Data also indicate that the aggregation of molecules is mediated by the interaction potentials of the nanoslab planes carrying tetrapropylammonium cations.

X-ray scattering and gel permeation chromatography were used to study the formation of silicate particles when gradually introduced to tetraethyl orthosilicate in tetrapropylammonium hydroxide and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solutions. Results from the x-ray scattering experiments suggest that the scattering intensity is proportional to the volume of the particles and that it reaches a maximum reading only for cubelike entities. Therefore, it has been assumed that silicon is present within all scattering entities.

Turner's syndrome causes lack of sexual development and short stature in some females and is the result of all or part of one of the two female X chromosomes being absent. A study of 80 females with Turner's syndrome, 25 with a paternally-derived X chromosome and 55 with a maternally-derived X chromosome show that those with paternally-derived X chromosomes have greater cognitive function and better social skills than those with maternally-derived X chromosomes. It is concluded that the paternal copy of the X chromosome contains a genetic locus for social cognition.

A generalized quasi-one-dimensional simulation scheme for free-piston shock tunnels yields good performance data. The scheme's test model is the T4 shock tunnel's free piston compression. The simulation divides the test model into individual components and formulates boundary conditions for component interactions. A time-stepping loop uses the boundary conditions to move the whole model through each time step.

Application of the allylation of toluene, benzene and anisole in mineral acid medium and in microporous solid acids formed part of an attempt to study the feasibility of attaining functional selectivity in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The related preferential formation of allyl substituted aromatics over acid zeolites was analyzed. In cases where the reaction does not involve the formation of homogeneous acid, functional selectivity which is unattainable in homogenous phase is feasible over microporous phase.

A three-stage approximate Riemann solver for the computation of hypervelocity turbulent flows is presented. The solver consists of three stages that complements each other in the analysis of the flows' intermediate pressure and velocity. To evaluate its dependability, this formulation is employed in the experimental study of a sphere and a sharp cone subjected to high Mach number flows. Results indicate that the approximate Riemann solver is a powerful tool in the analysis of exterme flow conditions and is highly compatible with vector computers.

A mass-loss model based on fundamental boundary-layer theory helps in predicting shock tube test time and shock speed. A quasi-one-dimensional simulation code employs the model to design shock and expansion tubes. A study demonstrates that the model can provide accurate test time predictions for all turbulent flow shock tubes. The model uses a computationally less expensive method to provide design information. The formulations, however, do not provide as much information as two-dimensional viscous codes.