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Fatty acids from fish are of great interest for human consumption, and the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is one of the most important aquaculture species in Mexico and perhaps in other countries with similar resource endowments. Channel catfish occupy a trophic level that theoretically and potentially allows the retention and de novo biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids (FAs), essential for human nutrition and health. Here, we present an overview of the main features of FAs, their reported average levels and extreme values in channel catfish assessments, and their correlations. The importance of FAs for human consumption and some implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the association between adherence to a traditional Mexican diet (TMexD) and obesity, diabetes and CVD-related outcomes in secondary data analysis of the cross-sectional Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018–2019. Data from 10 180 Mexican adults were included, collected via visits to randomly selected households by trained personnel. Adherence to the TMexD (characterised by mostly plant-based foods like maize, legumes and vegetables) was measured through an adapted version of a recently developed TMexD index, using FFQ data. Outcomes included obesity (anthropometric measurements), diabetes (biomarkers and diagnosis) and CVD (lipid biomarkers, blood pressure, hypertension diagnosis and CVD event diagnosis) variables. Percentage differences and OR for presenting non-communicable disease (NCD)-related outcomes (with 95 % CI) were measured using multiple linear and logistic regression, respectively, adjusted for relevant covariates. Sensitivity analyses were conducted according to sex, excluding people with an NCD diagnosis and using multiple imputation. In fully adjusted models, high, compared with low, TMexD adherence was associated with lower insulin (−9·8 %; 95 % CI (−16·0, −3·3)), LDL-cholesterol (−4·3 %; 95 % CI (−6·9, −1·5)), non-HDL-cholesterol (−3·9 %; 95 % CI (−6·1, −1·7)) and total cholesterol (−3·5 %; 95 % CI (−5·2, −1·8)) concentrations. Men and those with no NCD diagnosis had overall stronger associations. Effect sizes were smaller, and associations weakened in multiple imputation models. No other associations were observed. While results may have been limited due to the adaptation of a previously developed index, the results highlight the potential association between the TMexD and lower insulin and cholesterol concentrations in Mexican adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive adipose tissue can lead to metabolic abnormalities resulting in lipid alteration and oxidative stress (OS) status. The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index is a biomarker that indicates central lipid accumulation and has been proposed as an accurate and independent indicator of risk for several cardiometabolic related conditions. There is a lack of information about the possible association of LAP and OS biomarkers. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the relationship between LAP and OS biomarkers in adults. A cross-sectional study was performed in 250 subjects attending the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán. Anthropometrical and clinical parameters were measured. The serum oxidative biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated by spectrophotometry and by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), respectively. A positive and significant correlation between serum levels of MDA and LAP (r = 0.162, p = 0.010) was observed. This relationship was stronger in women (r = 0.189, p = 0.013) than in men. The association between them remained significant after adjusting for confounders (r = 0.23, p < 0.001). A cutoff of LAP of 73.73 predicts high levels of MDA in women aged between 40 and 59. LAP index was associated with OS biomarkers in women and men from Yucatan, Mexico. Therefore, the elevation of the LAP index could identify an imbalance in the redox status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the fatty acid (FA) profile, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and isomers in cow's milk produced under organic conditions in southeastern Mexico. Materials and methods. Forty-eight milk samples were collected during one year from three production units (PU 1, 2 and 3) and a collecting tank (CT) in the municipality of Tecpatán, Chiapas (12 months x 4 = 48), following the guidelines established in Mexican regulations. Fat was extracted with detergent solution; AG analysis was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and ALC and isomers were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector. Results. Chromatographic analyses identified and quantified 23 FA in all milks, from C4 to C20:1. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, Tukey) showed significance (p<0.05) at C4-C10, C16, C18, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6 and C20; in all cases the TC was similar in at least two PU. The mean values over time exhibited homogeneous regularity behavior. CLA and 9 of its isomers were also determined; ANOVA did not show significance. The isomer C18:2 9c-11t had the highest percentage of total CLA with a mean value of 90.06%. Conclusions. Gas and liquid chromatographic analyses allowed characterization of FA, CLA and isomers profiles in organic milk produced in southeastern Mexico, which had not been studied so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado fruits (Persea americana), native to Central America and Mexico, are highly nutritious and grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions. They are rich in fatty acids and other bioactive compounds such as vitamin E, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Recently, avocado cultivars grown in Vietnam have gained more interest due to their value. This study aimed to investigate variations in lipid contents and bioactive compounds among avocado cultivars grown in Vietnam. Avocado fruits were harvested at mature green and transferred to the laboratory and stored at room temperature for ripening. Lipid content was measured by extraction with hexane. Phenolic content, antioxidant activity and carotenoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH and spectral methods, respectively. The results showed that the lipid content varied from 35.41% for Sap bong cultivar to 61.40% for 034 cultivar. Booth 3 cultivar showed the highest total phenolic content (6.46 mg GAE/g DW), while this value is the lowest for HAC cultivar (2.67 mg GAE/g DW). Flavonoid content also significantly varied between cultivars from 0.70 to 2.01 mg catechin/g DW. Carotenoid content ranged from 38.55 µg/g for HAC to 226.77 µg/g for Nam long. Variations in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were also observed. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents varied from 127.60 to 316.30 µg/g and 46.83 to 223.81 µg/g, respectively. Significant variations in the lipid content and the bioactive compounds between the avocado cultivars provide information to select high quality avocado fruits for commercial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidioides is a soil-borne fungal pathogen and causative agent of a human respiratory disease (coccidioidomycosis) endemic to semi-desert regions of southwestern United States, Mexico, Central and South America. Aerosolized arthroconidia inhaled by the mammalian host first undergo conversion to large parasitic cells (spherules, 80–100 μm diameter) followed by endosporulation, a process by which the contents of spherules give rise to multiple endospores. The latter are released upon rupture of the maternal spherules and establish new foci of lung infection. A novel feature of spherule maturation prior to endosporulation is the secretion of a lipid-rich, membranous cell surface layer shed in vivo during growth of the parasitic cells and secretion into liquid culture medium during in vitro growth. Chemical analysis of the culture derived spherule outer wall (SOW) fraction showed that it is composed largely of phospholipids and is enriched with saturated fatty acids, including myristic, palmitic, elaidic, oleic, and stearic acid. NMR revealed the presence of monosaccharide- and disaccharide-linked acylglycerols and sphingolipids. The major sphingolipid components are sphingosine and ceramide. Primary neutrophils derived from healthy C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice incubated with SOW lipids revealed a significant reduction in fungicidal activity against viable Coccidioides arthroconidia compared to incubation of neutrophils with arthroconidia alone. Host cell exposure to SOW lipids had no effect on neutrophil viability. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice that were challenged subcutaneously with Coccidioides arthroconidia in the presence of the isolated SOW fraction developed disseminated disease, while control mice challenged with arthroconidia alone by the same route showed no dissemination of infection. We hypothesize that SOW lipids contribute to suppression of inflammatory response to Coccidioides infection. Studies are underway to characterize the immunosuppressive mechanism(s) of SOW lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is related to genetic background, dietary habits, and lifestyle. Anthropometric indices and lipid parameters have been shown to be simple and useful tools in clinical practice for predicting MetS. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential magnitudes of anthropometric characteristics (waist circumference and body mass index [BMI]) and lipid parameters, namely, lipid accumulation product (LAP), cardiometabolic index (CMI), and Castelli Risk Index (CRI-I), to estimate MetS, usingappropriate cut-off values, among adults from a public hospital in Yucatan, Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 250 adults (77 men, 173 women) was carried out in the Regional High Speciality Hospital of the Yucatan Peninsula (HRAEPY) in Merida, Yucatan. MetS was diagnosed using standard criteria (central obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), and derived parameters (LAP, CMI, and CRI-I) were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis-based receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to predict MetS. Results: Of the 250 participants, 48% had MetS. High prevalences of overweight (35.2%) and obesity (48.8%) were found in the sample. The CMI and LAP were found to be the best parameters in the prediction of MetS in men and women. The optimal cut-off values of the parameters were higher in men and decreased with advancing age. Conclusion: The CMI and LAP were shown to be the most effective indicators to diagnose MetS among adults from Yucatan, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaetoceros muelleri is one of the most widely used microalgae species in aquaculture in northwestern Mexico as food for fish and crustaceans. Its importance is due to its fast growth, nutritional quality and lipid accumulation under nutrient-limiting conditions. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of uptake of phosphorus (P) limiting conditions for this species is still unknown. This study aimed to analyze the growth and biochemical composition of C muelleri in response to different phosphorus concentrations. Four treatments under different phosphorus conditions were used: control (72 µM P), excess (144 µM P) and two treatments with phosphorus limitation, limited A (18 µM P) and limited B (7 µM P). The highest cell concentration was observed in control and excess of P (>3.4x106 cells mL-1). The highest dry mass concentration and chlorophyll-a content were found in control medium (72 µM P) whereas the highest total lipid (4.42%) was found in the lowest P-concentration medium (7 µM P). No significant differences were found in the total protein content, but we did find differences between the treatments with phosphorus limitation (7 and 18 µM P). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: dietary patterns (DP) analyse the relationship between consumption of foods or nutrients and disease or health outcomes. High prevalence of obesity in adults in Mexico is associated with factors such as high consumption of certain food groups and nutrients. However, few studies have been conducted to explore associations between dietary patterns and obesity in apparently healthy adults. Objective: to identify major dietary patterns (DP) associated with central-obesity (CO) and lipid concentrations in healthy adults. Methods: longitudinal study including usual dietary intakes derived from multiple 24-hour-recalls. Waist-circumference (WC) and biochemical measurements were obtained by standardized procedures and DP by principal component analysis. Adjusted-logistic regression was used to examine associations between DP, CO and serum-lipid concentrations. Results: three DP were identified: healthy-DP, risky-DP and empty-DP. Participants in the healthy-DP were more likely to have lower risk for central-obesity according to WC criteria (OR = 0.31, CI = 0.12, 0.82), p = 0.017, but also had the highest risk for elevated LDL-cholesterol (OR = 2.98, CI = 1.16, 7.66), p = 0.030. There was no significant association between risky and empty DP with obesity or overweight by body mass index (BMI), central-obesity by WC or serum lipid abnormalities. Conclusions: the healthy-DP is associated with lower risk for CO, with higher risk for elevated LDL-cholesterol. It is necessary to develop longitudinal studies of foods and nutritional analysis of the diet to clarify these associations, to promote the reduction of modifiable risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthful diet quality has been associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in several populations, but reports on Hispanic and Latino cohorts, grouped or by ethnic background, have been limited and inconsistent.Objective: We aimed to examine diet quality by using the 2010 Alternate Healthy Eating Index [(AHEI) range: 0-110, lowest to highest quality] and its cross-sectional association with MetS and its cardiometabolic components across 6 Hispanic and Latino backgrounds.Methods: We studied 12,406 US Hispanics and Latinos, aged 18-74 y and free of diabetes, from the multicenter, population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos cohort. Food and nutrients were assessed from two 24-h recalls. MetS was defined by using the 2009 harmonized guidelines. Complex survey procedures were used in multivariable-adjusted linear regression models to test the association of the AHEI with continuous markers and in logistic regression models with MetS as an outcome.Results: The prevalence of MetS was 24.2%. Overall, Hispanics and Latinos had low scores for intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juices, whole grains, and fruit and favorable scores for trans fats and nuts and legumes, according to AHEI criteria. Adjusted mean AHEI and its individual components differed by ethnic background (P < 0.001), ranging from 43.0 for Puerto Ricans to 52.6 for Mexicans. Overall, adjusted odds (95% CIs) of having MetS were 22% (9%, 33%) lower for each 10-unit increase in AHEI. This association was modified by ethnic background (P-interaction = 0.03), with significantly lower odds observed only for Mexicans (30%; 95% CIs: 13%, 44%) and Central Americans (42%; 95% CIs: 9%, 64%) for each 10-unit increase in AHEI. AHEI was inversely associated with waist circumference, blood pressure, and glucose among Mexicans and Puerto Ricans and with triglycerides among Mexicans only, and positively associated with HDL cholesterol among Puerto Ricans and Central Americans (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: Diet quality differed by Hispanic or Latino background. Although healthier diet quality was associated with lower odds of MetS in the overall Hispanic and Latino cohort, the association of AHEI and cardiometabolic factors varied by ethnic background. Nutrition-related research and interventions among ethnically diverse groups should consider individual ethnic backgrounds to optimally address diet quality and cardiometabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02060344. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in Mexican children has increased during the last decade, as has the risk of early onset metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease.Objective: To determine the association ofAcantosis nigricans (AN)with dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and risk factors related to eating behavior in overweight and obese children.Patients and Methods: This transverse analytical study, conducted in two Mexico City primary schools, included 300 boys and girls. Information was gathered on hereditary and perinatal background. A physical examination provided data on the presence/absence of AN, blood pressure, weight and height. The BMI and Z-score were calculated. The serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides was quantified and the lipoprotein profile determined.Results: The prevalence of AN was 41.7%. An association was found between ANand risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including BMI (rS 0.432; p < 0.0001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure above the 90th percentile (rS 0.231, p < 0.0001; rS 0.128, p = 0.026; respectively), hypertriglyceridemia (rS 0.156; p = 0.007), and low levels of cHDL (rS -0.160; p = 0.006). ANwas also associated with risk eating behavior, including dieting to lose weight (p = 0.004), losing control over eating (p = 0.023), and body fat percentage above the 90th percentile (χ2 = 35.1; p = 0.0001). No association was observed between ANand serum glucose concentration (rS -0.018; p = 0.759). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association of ANwith a low concentration of cHDL (RM: 1.726; p = 0.041) and a high percentage of body fat (> 48%) (RM: 3.591; p = 0.001).Conclusion: A high prevalence of ANwas found in overweight and obese children. There was an association between ANand risk factors of cardiovascular disease, including Z-score, BMI, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In an effort to prevent continued increases in obesity and diabetes, in January 2014, the Mexican government implemented an 8% tax on nonessential foods with energy density ≥275 kcal/100 g and a peso-per-liter tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Limited rigorous evaluations of food taxes exist worldwide. The objective of this study was to examine changes in volume of taxed and untaxed packaged food purchases in response to these taxes in the entire sample and stratified by socioeconomic status (SES).Methods and Findings: This study uses data on household packaged food purchases representative of the Mexican urban population from The Nielsen Company's Mexico Consumer Panel Services (CPS). We included 6,248 households that participated in the Nielsen CPS in at least 2 mo during 2012-2014; average household follow-up was 32.7 mo. We analyzed the volume of purchases of taxed and untaxed foods from January 2012 to December 2014, using a longitudinal, fixed-effects model that adjusted for preexisting trends to test whether the observed post-tax trend was significantly different from the one expected based on the pre-tax trend. We controlled for household characteristics and contextual factors like minimum salary and unemployment rate. The mean volume of purchases of taxed foods in 2014 changed by -25 g (95% confidence interval = -46, -11) per capita per month, or a 5.1% change beyond what would have been expected based on pre-tax (2012-2013) trends, with no corresponding change in purchases of untaxed foods. Low SES households purchased on average 10.2% less taxed foods than expected (-44 [-72, -16] g per capita per month); medium SES households purchased 5.8% less taxed foods than expected (-28 [-46, -11] g per capita per month), whereas high SES households' purchases did not change. The main limitations of our findings are the inability to infer causality because the taxes were implemented at the national level (lack of control group), our sample is only representative of urban areas, we only have 2 y of data prior to the tax, and, as with any consumer panel survey, we did not capture all foods purchased by the household.Conclusions: Household purchases of nonessential energy-dense foods declined in the first year after the implementation of Mexico's SSB and nonessential foods taxes. Future studies should evaluate the impact of the taxes on overall energy intake, dietary quality, and food purchase patterns (see S1 Abstract in Spanish). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The places where a child lives and attends to school are both major environmental and social determinants of its present and future health status. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and some of their risk factors among child and adolescent populations are obesity and dyslipidemia, so finding the patterns of distribution of these risk factors by gender, type of school, area, and margination level is important to do health intervention focusing in their necessities to prevent diseases at younger ages. Because of that, a cross-sectional study was performed among elementary and junior high school students from public and private schools in six of the seven areas of the metropolitan zone of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Biochemical dyslipidemia indicators (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein) and anthropometric data (weight and height) were obtained. Seventeen public schools and five private schools with a total of 383 students were included. More than half of the studied population (53.0%) had elevated triglyceride levels. A total of 330 students (86.2%) had normal levels of total cholesterol with a mean value of 141.7 mg/dl, and 202 schoolchildren (52.8%) had lower than acceptable levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with a mean value of 43.9 mg/dl. There were differences in the levels of high-density protein between the areas and the type of school where they had been studied. Finally, a total of 150 students (39.4%) had at least one altered lipid value and 103 participants (26.9%) had two altered values. Several students, despite their young age, showed a high prevalence of risk factors, so it is important to design programs according to their necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exposure to arsenic (As) concentrations in drinking water > 150 μg/L has been associated with risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the effects of lower exposures. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine whether moderate As exposure, or indicators of individual As metabolism at these levels of exposure, are associated with cardiometabolic risk. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional associations between arsenic exposure and multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk using drinking-water As measurements and urinary As species data obtained from 1,160 adults in Chihuahua, Mexico, who were recruited in 2008-2013. Fasting blood glucose and lipid levels, the results of an oral glucose tolerance test, and blood pressure were used to characterize cardiometabolic risk. Multivariable logistic, multinomial, and linear regression were used to assess associations between cardiometabolic outcomes and water As or the sum of inorganic and methylated As species in urine. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, concentrations in the second quartile of water As (25.5 to < 47.9 μg/L) and concentrations of total speciated urinary As (< 55.8 μg/L) below the median were significantly associated with elevated triglycerides, high total cholesterol, and diabetes. However, moderate water and urinary As levels were also positively associated with HDL cholesterol. Associations between arsenic exposure and both dysglycemia and triglyceridemia were higher among individuals with higher proportions of dimethylarsenic in urine. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate exposure to As may increase cardiometabolic risk, particularly in individuals with high proportions of urinary dimethylarsenic. In this cohort, As exposure was associated with several markers of increased cardiometabolic risk (diabetes, triglyceridemia, and cholesterolemia), but exposure was also associated with higher rather than lower HDL cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: even though overweight and obesity (O/O) are stated diseases, there is still a claim for a so-called "healthy obese" phenotype. Only few reports have explored the presence of different metabolic phenotypes along the body mass index (BMI) range and their corresponding associations to cardiovascular risks.Methods: as of BMI, and according to the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) features (waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glycemia, and lipid profile), phenotypes were determined. Cardiovascular risk was estimated with atherogenic quotients: total cholesterol/ HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c and the triglycerides (TG)/HDL-c index.Results: in 8 405 mexican adults, 36% lean, 43% overweighed and 21% obese, nine phenotypes were identified: for each weight category there were subjects with normal metabolism (none MS factors), intermediate (≤ 2) and dysmetabolic (≥ 3). Only 10.8% of O/O had normal metabolism, and 5.8% of the lean persons were dysmetabolic. Atherogenic risk was higher in dysmetabolic obese persons, but the risk was high among all dysmetabolic people, independently of the weight status. TG/HDL-c showed the same trend.Conclusions: elevated cardiometabolic risk derives from the high prevalence of O/O. A great proportion of non-obese people have intermediate dysmetabolism. A genetic predisposition to obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia in Mexican population is blended to an unhealthy lifestyle, yielding to a catastrophic epidemic of diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the predictors of hypercholesterolemia and of hypertriglyceridemia during the first half of pregnancy in Mexican women.Methods: Cross-sectional comparative study of pregnant women with less than 21 weeks of gestational age.Measurements: Demographic information, obstetric history, prepregnancy body mass index, cholesterol and triglycerides. Cross tabulations and multiple logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results: 230 participants; 61 women with normal prepregnancy body mass index, 108 with overweight, and 61 with obesity. Dyslipidemia was defined as elevated cholesterol (>180 mg/dL) or triglycerides (>170 mg/dL). After adjusting by potential confounders, independent predictors of hypercholesterolemia included being overweight (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.9), being obese (OR=3.7 95% CI 1.6-8.4) or being on the second trimester of pregnancy. The same predictors were found for hypertriglyceridemia, respectively OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.6, OR=2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.5, OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.7.Conclusion: Mexican women with prepregnancy overweight or obesity have greater risk of suffering hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy. Women in the second trimester had higher levels of both lipids as compared to the first one. This is the first Mexican study that confirms the increase of lipids as gestational age progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate stability of 48 total parenteral admixtures for pediatric patients who require home parenteral nutrition. Admixtures contain high amounts of electrolytes. In a clinical practice electrolytes-enrichment of the parenteral nutrition admixtures is a usual demand, especially on the neonatal/pediatric wards. The supplementation of parenteral nutrition with high concentration of electrolytes is a living problem due to decreased stability of lipid emulsions in nutrition admixtures caused by bivalent cations.Methods: Preliminary admixtures were prepared in two-chamber ethylene vinyl acetate bags: amino acids, glucose and electrolytes were combined in one chamber and 20% (w/w) lipid emulsions (SMOFlipid®, Intralipid ® or ClinOleic®) were placed separately in the second chamber. Organic salts of calcium and phosphates were used. Pre-admixtures were stored at +4ºC for up to 21 days after preparation. Each composition of admixtures was prepared twice, because contents of the two chambers were combined at t=0 or after 21 days of storage at +4ºC. Visual observations, globule size distribution (using optical microscopy, laser diffraction and photon correlation spectroscopy methods), pH analyses, zeta potential and surface tension were performed after combining all components together with vitamins.Results: Among 48 of investigated admixtures only two were problematic and other may be stored for at least 21 days at 4°C and completed admixtures demonstrated stability for at least 24 h at room temperature.Conclusion: It was possible to obtain stable admixtures despite of the high concentration of electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The contraceptive skin patch (CSP) accepted by the U.S. FDA in 2001 includes ethinylestradiol and norelgestromine, whereas the subdermal contraceptive implant (SCI) has etonogestrel and is also approved by the FDA. In Mexico, both are now widely used for contraception but their effects on Mexican population are unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate if these treatments induce metabolic changes in a sample of indigenous and mestizo Mexican women. Methods: An observational, prospective, longitudinal, non-randomized study of women between 18 and 35 years of age assigned to CSP or SCI. We performed several laboratory tests: clinical chemistry, lipid profile, and liver and thyroid function tests. Also, serum levels of insulin, Cpeptide, IGF-1, leptin, adiponectin, and C reactive protein were assayed. Results: Sixty-two women were enrolled, 25 used CSP (0 indigenous; 25 mestizos) and 37 used SCI (18 indigenous; 19 mestizos). Clinical symptoms were relatively more frequent in the SCI group. Thirty-four contraceptive users gained weight without other clinical significant changes. After 4 months of treatment, significant changes were found in some biochemical parameters in both treatment groups. Most were clinically irrelevant. Interestingly, the percentage of users with an abnormal atherogenic index diminished from 75% to 41.6% after follow-up. Conclusions: The CSP slightly modified the metabolic variables. Most changes were nonsignificant, whereas for SCI users changes were more evident and perhaps beneficial. Results of this attempt to evaluate the effects of contraceptives in mestizo and native-American populations show that clinical symptoms are frequent in Mexican users of CSP and SCI. Although these medications may affect some metabolic variables, these changes seem clinically irrelevant. Induction of abnormalities in other physiological pathways cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of obesity among Mexican women is high and it could be related to micronutrient status. We evaluated in a cross-sectional study the associations of zinc and vitamins A, C and E concentrations with BMI, central adiposity, body fat and leptin concentration. Methods: Women aged 37 ± 7.5 years (n = 580) from 6 rural communities in Mexico were evaluated. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, waist and hip circumference. A fasting blood sample was taken for the analysis of glucose, lipid profile, leptin, zinc, and vitamins A, C and E. Body composition was determined by DEXA (Hologic Mod Explorer). Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 36% (BMI>25 Kg/m2) and 44% (BMI>30 Kg/m2), respectively. Prevalence of zinc and vitamins C and E deficiencies were similar in obese, overweight and normal weight women. No vitamin A deficiency was found. Vitamin C was negatively associated with BMI, waist-to-height ratio, and leptin concentrations (p<0.05). Vitamin A was positively associated with leptin (p<0.05). When stratifying by BMI, % body fat and waist circumference, high leptin concentrations were associated with lower zinc and lower vitamin C concentrations in women with obesity (p<0.05) and higher vitamin A concentrations in women without obesity (p<0.01). Vitamin E status was not associated with any markers of obesity. Conclusion: Zinc and vitamins A and C are associated with obesity, adiposity and leptin concentration in women from rural Mexico, and may play an important role in fat deposition. The causality of these associations needs to be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that deals with fatty acid and alcohol profiles of lipids in Rhincalanus rostrifrons or R. cornutus. It determines lipid profiles for wax ester, triacylglycerol, phospolipid, free fatty acid, sterol, and free fatty alcohol fractions for these three species which came from the eastern tropical north Pacific, Gulf of California, and Gulf of Mexico. It reveals storage lipids as the dominant component of total lipid in all three Rhincanalus species. It cites the role of genetic predisposition in governing lipid profiles.

Introduction. Interpreting medical data from clinical laboratory analyses is a key process in making clinical patient decisions. The decisions are based upon comparing patient results against the reference intervals that are calculated using results from human reference populations. Objective. Determine the reference intervals of the lipid profile of worker and student populations at the Autonomous University of Morelos State. Materials and Methods. The subjects were a volunteer group of 142 participants between 20 and 45 years old. The concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was determined by endpoint methods of enzymic analyses. The reference intervals were established using non - parametric methods within the two tailed 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Results. The reference intervals were: total cholesterol 90.0-208.3 mg/dL (2.4-5.4 mmol/L); triglycerides 40.7-215.8 mg/dL (0.46-2.5 mmol/L); HDL-cholesterol 26.0-74.9 mg/dL (0.68-1.9 mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol 31.4-126.7 mg/dL (0.82-3.3 mmol/L). Conclusions. Comparing our data with other populations found that our results are very similar to other reference populations, and we recommend the use of these values for the clinical interpretation of the university population of the Morelos State, where food, genetics and environmental factors are characteristic of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy protein has been used in several Latin-American countries including Mexico in various food programs with the purpose to improve the nutritional status of the population due to the high nutritional value and its relatively low cost that was maintained for some time. In the present work, the use and research on soy in Mexico since 1970 is described. In addition, this review shows the effects of the different components of soy, in particular its protein and the isoflavones on health, the mechanism of action of soy protein to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides, and insulin secretion, as well as its glycemic response, and finally, the recommendations of soy protein consumption to obtain a health benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide among young mexican population represents the 4th cause of death, and it has increased up to 200% in the last 30 years. Principal factors (responsible for higher incidence of suicide are: break up of family ties, systemic-psychiatric diseases, and genetic and biochemical factors (hypocholesterolemia). Plasma cholesterol is a broad available test in Mexico, which may be potential early marker for suicide risk. Objective: To establish the relation between serum concentration of cholesterol and suicide attempt. Patients and methods. Cases and controls design. We collect data of 63 patients with suicide attempt admitted at hospitals of Xoco, Ticoman and Balbuena, from March 2004 to March 2007, to measure lipids, and were compared with 63 controls with same age and sex. Results: Odds ratio for cholesterol lower than 200 mg/dl was 10. Difference proportion between cholesterol lower than 200 mg/dL and suicide was 10, IC 95% 8.76 to 11.24, whit Dz = 16.77 for one degree of freedome and α of 0.05 there was critical value 3.84, with IC 95% 13.07 to 16.99. With Student t for total cholesterol with a value of 3.45, p de 0.005, IC 95% 2.94 to 3.95. Conclusion: Cholesterol lower than 200 mg/dL is an independent risk factor for suicide attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphisms in the promoter region of several cytokine genes have been associated with differential cytokine production. Several reports indicate that polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α) and interleukin-6 ( IL-6) genes are associated with lipid abnormalities. The aim of this study was to identify the genotype frequencies for −308 G/A TNF-α and −174 G/C IL-6 polymorphisms in Mexican subjects and to determine the influence of both polymorphisms on serum lipid levels. Serum lipid concentrations were measured in 100 healthy Mexican subjects. Screening of the −308 G/A TNF-α and −174 G/C IL-6 polymorphisms was performed in all participants using PCR-RFLPs. Genotype frequency for TNF-α polymorphism was: 87% GG and 13% GA, whereas IL-6 polymorphism was: 77% GG and 23% GC. The polymorphism frequencies obtained in this study were significantly different to Caucasian populations. High serum levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were associated with GG genotype of the −308 TNF-α polymorphism, as well as low HDL-c levels, but no association was found between the −174 IL-6 polymorphism and serum lipid concentrations. We observed a significant association of the −308 TNF-α polymorphism with lipid profile in Mexican subjects. Furthermore, the genotype distribution of −308 TNF-α and −174 IL-6 polymorphisms in Mexican Mestizo population similar to populations in different continents may be due to our genetic background influenced by the mixture of Spaniards, Indian and black genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies in the Mexican population have failed to show an effect of apolipoprotein B (APOE) polymorphism on the lipid profile. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequencies of APOE phenotypes, and their influence on lipid and apolipoprotein levels in a random sample of Mexican adolescents living in Mexico City. APOE polymorphism, fasting insulin levels, lipid levels, and apolipoprotein levels were determined in 420 adolescents. We found a high frequency of APOE*3 subjects (89.5%) and a low frequency of APOE*2 (3.0%) and APOE*4 (7.5%) subjects. The APOE*4 subjects (including APOE 4,3 and APOE 4,4) showed the highest concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apoB and the lowest high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, whereas carriers of the APOE*2 allele (APOE 3,2 and APOB 2,2) had the lowest values for total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the highest concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No significant differences in triglyceride and insulin levels among subjects with different APOE polymorphisms were observed. Unlike previous studies in the Mexican population, our results show that lipid and lipoprotein levels are under the influence of APOB polymorphism. As in whites, APOE*4 may be a cardiovascular risk factor in the Mexican population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of fucoidan administration on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese adults. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 25 obese or overweight volunteers. Thirteen patients received an oral dose of 500 mg of fucoidan once daily before breakfast and 12 patients received placebo for 3 months. Before and after the intervention, fasting glucose and 2-h postload, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels were measured. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and homeostasis model analysis formulas (HOMA) for β-cell function and insulin resistance were calculated. The results showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (71.7±12.2 vs. 67.8±13.8 mmHg; P<.05) and LDL-C (3.1±0.5 vs. 2.7±0.6 mmol/l; P<.01) with increase in insulin levels (60.6±24.0 vs. 78.6±32.4 pmol/l; P<.05), HOMA β-cell (35.0±20.8 vs. 50.6±18.7; P<.05) and HOMA IR (1.9±1.2 vs. 2.6±1.8; P<.05) were observed after fucoidan administration. We conclude that fucoidan administration during a 3-month period in overweight or obese adults decreased diastolic blood pressure and LDL-C concentrations, increasing insulin secretion and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Chitosan-Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) in the seed of Salicornia bigelovii under field conditions in Sonora, Mexico. During two vegetative cycles (2018/2019–2019/2020), cuttings of S. bigelovii were treated with 100 and 50% Chitosan from shrimp exoskeletons and indole butyric acid at 0.937 and 1.25 g·kg−1 and placed in basins under conditions of the Sonora desert, Mexico. Variables were measured: seed production, physicochemical analysis and lipid profile of the seed. The results affected significant increases (p < 0.05) in the evaluated variables, highlighting the treatment based on Chitosan 100%—IBA 0.937 g·kg−1. The results based on chitosan and IBA in cuttings, are a biostimulant in the morpho-physiology, yield production, and lipid content of S. bigelovii. Large-scale studies as a production system should be considered in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a glycoprotein that plays an important role in lipid homeostasis at both cerebral and systemic levels. Moreover, the differential distribution of APOE gene alleles among different populations, means that ApoE isoforms could have different effects on lipids metabolism. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between APOE gene alleles and the lipid profile in a Mexican Amerindian (MA) population. Methods: This study included 1997 MA individuals of different ethnicities distributed throughout different states of Mexico. All individuals underwent anthropometric measurements as well as laboratory tests including fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). TaqMan® probe genotyping assays were used to genotype APOE. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to determine the correlation between APOE gene alleles and genotypes and the biochemical variables measured. Results: Among the biochemical variables analyzed, only the HDL‐C and LDL‐C levels showed statistical differences (p‐value < .05) between individuals carrying different APOE alleles. For HDL‐C, individuals carrying the E2 allele had higher HDL‐C levels, followed by individuals carrying the E3 allele and carriers of the E4 allele presented the lowest levels of HDL‐C (E2 > E3 > E4). This relationship was inversed for LDL‐C levels (E2 < E3 < E4). Nevertheless, the difference of HDL‐C levels between APOE‐E3 and APOE‐E4 carriers remained only in obese individuals. Conclusions: Our results suggest that APOE gene genotypes play an important role in the differential modulation of lipid profiles in the MA population with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to an Anglo-Saxon study, in breast cancer survivors, there is a high prevalence of impaired fasting glucose. Our aim was to assess the impaired fasting glucose occurring in Mexican woman survivors of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: At a general hospital in Mexico City, women with breast cancer with a surviving ≥2 years, without type 2 diabetes mellitus, were studied. The analysis included demographic and anthropometric features, time of surviving, and blood levels of lipids and glucose. Results: The sample was 119 women. Impaired fasting glucose happened in 53 (44.5%). In those with normal weight (n = 28), impaired fasting glucose occurred in 9 (32.1%); however, in overweight participants (n = 48), it developed in 22 (45.8%) and in obese participants (n = 43) in 22 (51.1%). Conclusion: Impaired fasting glucose is usual in Mexican breast cancer survivors. It is more in obese and overweight women compared to normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]