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Erna Eckstein-Schlossmann (1895–1998) and Albert Eckstein (1891–1950), a pediatrician couple from Düsseldorf, had to hand in their official resignations after being declared as 'Jews' according to the laws of 1933 and 1935. Albert Eckstein accepted the offer of the Turkish government to become the head of the pediatric clinic of Ankara Hospital. Relying on a biographical approach and utilizing ego-documents, such as memoirs, letters, and travelogues at the Eckstein family archives, together with Turkish state archives, and Erna Eckstein-Schlossmann's research publications, this paper conceptualizes Erna's exile years in Turkey along gendered lines and provides an intersectional interpretation of migration. This microhistorical reconstruction acknowledges her agency and subjectivity as a high-skilled migrant woman; intertwines her life story with the larger dynamics of the migrant networks in Turkey; and brings it into dialogue with macro-level structural factors with regards to the war, the mass murder and the global movement of European Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, wind energy has been utilized globally as a renewable, sustainable, and eco-friendly energy source. However, wind energy's unpredictable and stochastic nature influences its entry into the national electrical grid. An effective wind speed prediction is required to meet these challenges. In this article, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network (NARNN) model is used and investigated for short-term wind speed forecasting by taking a dataset from the Kandıra wind farm in Kocaeli- Türkiye. The crux of the paper is to improve the actual application of the existing NARNN model with factual data using a different number of neurons of the hidden layer, delays, and training functions in the learning phase called the model's hyperparameters. The mean squared error (MSE) and determination coefficient (R2) are used as performance measures. As a result, the hyperparameter optimization for wind speed prediction using the NARNN increased the forecasting performance. Suggested NARNN model is compared with its exogenous version (NARXNN) using three extra inputs. It is observed that NARNN is not falling behind NARXNN because they provide close results, and NARNN has been shorter to run. Likewise, the learning algorithms were also compared, and it turned out that Bayesian Regularization (BR) is the best learning algorithm. Still, Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithm is much faster to execute and provides close results to BR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores ordinary individuals' understandings of nationhood. In so doing, it focuses on the case of Armenian migrants from Turkey to Canada and their conceptualizations of the host country. The paper captures multiple strands of nationhood and argues that these are pertinent to different boundary-making processes. The outer boundary of nationhood is defined along inclusive and civic lines where difference is recognized and appreciated. Living with difference, on the other hand, brings to the fore the tension between recognizing it on the one hand and accommodating it on the other. The case study further reveals how the exercise of state power and individuals' encounters with the state shape their understandings of nationhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Cryptofavognathus is represented with only two species: Cryptofavognathus anatolicus Doğan & Dönel and C. afyonensis (Koç & Akyol). The third species, Cryptofavognathus bellussp. nov., was detected during a faunistic study on raphignathoid mites of Sansa Gorge (Türkiye) and described here. This paper also presents a current species list for the family Cryptognathidae Oudemans, with the following taxonomic recommendation in the genus Favognathus Luxton: Favognathus aegyptiaca (Fawzy, Khalil & Yassin) and Favognathus rosetta (Fawzy, Khalil & Yassin) described from Egypt should be considered species inquirendae due to their inadequate diagnostic characteristics and poor descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the streamflow corresponding to a particular probability is of great importance in many hydrological studies, such as determining hydroelectric water potential, assessing water quality, and investigating sedimentation and drought. This paper aims to effectively estimate low-flow quantiles since hydrologic droughts motivate the study. The study illustrates a methodology, where droughts are characterized by the lower part of the flow--duration curve (FDC), and offers a perspective estimating low-flow quantiles related to the basin characteristics. Low-flow quantiles are derived both from traditional FDCs curves and median annual FDCs (AFDCs). As an innovation, the concept of areal scale factor, which represents a scaling ratio between the basin area and flow quantiles, was introduced. Unlike many other parametric approaches, this study models the streamflow quantiles depending on the basin characteristics instead of the parameters in the analytical equation of FDCs. The methodology was evaluated for the Western and Southwestern Anatolia regions in Turkey. The outcomes were compared for two types of FDCs in two regions. The approach gave similar results for both study regions. AFDCs provided a distinct advantage over traditional FDCs, especially for low-flow quantiles, due to the superiority of AFDCs in estimating streamflow quantiles of intermittent streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Türkiye has a long history of hosting millions of refugees, but since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011, it has emerged as the world's leading refugee‐hosting country. Due to this fact, the frequency of refugee inflows to Türkiye has attracted us to explore refugees' macroeconomic impacts as the ongoing political and social debates in Türkiye regarding refugees are immensely focused on their economic impacts. Hence, this paper investigates the effect of refugees on unemployment in Türkiye. The study utilizes the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) Bounds Test approach from 1991 to 2021. Our results yield the pronounced positive and aggravating impact of refugees on unemployment rates in Türkiye. Türkiye's policymakers should focus on local economic policies to improve the refugees' formal integration into the labour market to resolve the negative economic effect of refugee hosting on the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 6 February 2023, an earthquake doublet occurred, the first at Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık district ( M w = 7. 7) at local time 04:17 and the second, which approximately 9 hours after the first earthquake, occurred at Kahramanmaraş Elbistan district ( M w = 7. 6) at local time 13:24 in Türkiye. It is a disaster affected 11 cities in the eastern region in Türkiye and is referred as "Disaster of the Century". Earthquake disasters allow humanity to investigate seismic behavior under related construction details and revising the seismic codes. The authors conducted observational research to obtain interpretive information and digital data by investigating structural damages of moderately and heavily damaged buildings from earthquake sites. In this paper, performance evaluation is done based on existence of soft storey, weak column-strong beam, deficiencies and pounding effect. Damages are classified as beam, column, beam-column joint and shear wall, infill wall, roof and scaffolding damages. Ampleness of soft storey, column damages, inadequate joint reinforcement, inadequate structural ductility and low capacity, strong beam-weak column effect, and infill wall damages have been observed from the field. As a result of field observation, structural deficiencies, irregularities and mismatching capacity design principles have been concluded as common problems of reinforced concrete buildings in the Kahramanmaraş earthquake site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Flipped classroom (FC) model has become increasingly popular in dental education (DE) with its strengths for students. However, major concerns are lack of interaction, unwillingness to complete the assignments, low engagement during the pre‐class activities because of an unwell‐designed instructional setting of FC. Objectives: The recent study aims to investigate the effects of video‐driven discussions integrated into the flipped classroom (VdDs‐FC) model on dental students' (DSs) learning achievement, practical performance, and higher‐order thinking skills in a restorative dentistry course. Methods: This study adopted a sequential explanatory design from mixed‐methods research. A total of 96 DSs participated in a dentistry faculty of Türkiye. They were randomly divided into two groups: VdDs‐FC group and the conventional flipped classroom (c‐FC) group. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the VdDs‐FC model had significant positive effects on the practical performance of DSs in practical subjects and their problem‐solving and critical thinking skills. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in learning achievement and creativity. The use of FC in the c‐FC group did not lead to any difference in the students' achievements. Moreover, the qualitative results indicated that the VdDs‐FC model has the potential for enhancing peer learning, practical classroom activities, and higher‐order thinking skills. Implications: This study also includes several instructional implications and suggestions for educators, researchers, and practitioners on use of FC in dentistry. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Flipped learning has become a rapidly growing area of dentistry research.Discussion board could be beneficial to increasing dental students' higher order thinking skills, especially problem solving and critical thinking.Video‐driven discussions into flipped classroom provide several opportunities for practical performance in dental education, not for theoretical knowledge. What this paper adds: Video‐driven discussions into flipped classroom model is proposed.We compared two learning environments by including traditional flipped classroom.We found that the integrated model with flipped classroom can have a positive impact on students' achievement.Online discussions usage contributed to higher cognitive, affective, and behavioural learning outcomes.Based on interview data, the proposed model supports peer learning. Implications for practice and/or policy: Dental educators should integrated the digital discussion boards as out‐of‐class activities in the pre‐clinical dental training.From dental educators' perspective, they should be carefully trained in FC design (interaction elements, material design, integration with different methods, etc.).From instructional design perspective, micro videos should have case‐based or problem‐based activities to discuss.From learner perspective, an integration of the flipped classroom with different technologies could have a positive effect on increasing learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, human geneticists have substantially embraced the concept of "biogeographical ancestry" to account for the racial, ethnic, and linguistic categories they use to analyze and interpret genetic difference. Understanding the ongoing role of these categories in human genetic research therefore requires attention to geneticists' representations of geography, particularly the geographic maps they use to illustrate gene distribution and migration. This article examines how the methods and imagery of international genetic geography and its major evolutionary narratives have reinforced or refashioned nationalist practices of geography in the Middle East. Geneticists simultaneously conceptualize the region's physical space as both a historical "crossroads" of human migration and the birthplace of distinct gene sequences and civilizations, alternately blurring and sharpening the boundaries between Europe and Asia. Focusing on genetic research in Turkey and Iran, this paper analyzes how geneticists draw and interpret geographic maps of the region while selectively erasing or highlighting state borders. These genetic maps negotiate between the idealized aims of international projects to reconstruct human evolutionary history, and the reality of practicing science under the constraints of nationstate politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southeastern Turkey perished by the M w 7.8, Kahramanmaras earthquake on February 6, 2023, at 01:17 UT (04:17 LT). The Kahramanmaras-centered event, hit by the break of the East Anatolian Fault Line, is felt in Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, and Cyprus on the border of Turkey. Together with Syria, it causes loss of lives and severe damage in 10 cities. This work is dedicated to the people of the region. The study discusses the causality of anomalies by conducting ionospheric anomaly research via the interpolated TEC map obtained from the CODE according to the coordinates of the epicenter of the earthquake (latitude, longitude). The TEC amplitudes are observed by evolving the time-domain TEC map into the frequency-domain with the Fourier transform. The peaks of the amplitudes allow preliminary information for the anomaly days. For the anomaly, the TEC (TECU) boundaries are drawn by the statistical specification. The TEC map outside these boundaries is marked as an anomaly. The causality of abnormalities is tried to be read through the triad of the geomagnetic storm(s) , solar activity , and the earthquake effect. One can find seven anomaly days in the paper. January 30, February 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, and 21 are the anomaly days. The essay probably detects the anomaly before 3 days related to the Southeastern earthquake. • Reads the causality of the earthquake in southeast Turkey (Mw 7.8), through the ionosphere-earth crust relationship. • Notices potential anomalies by presenting the time-domain TEC atlas in the frequency domain with Fourier spectral analysis. • Considering all possible TEC anomaly essentials detect the precursors of the earthquake 3 days before the event day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our research is to draw attention to school learning spaces that fulfil the needs of students and promote their well-being. With the aim of facilitating a deeper understanding of teachers' and students' views about well-being in the school setting, this research integrates self-determination theory with important insights between teachers and students. The method used in the study is a collective case study. The research data have been collected through multiple sources, including face-to-face interviews, observations, and visual materials. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 students and 24 teachers at high schools in Türkiye. Observations were also made in 12 school environments. The findings of this study underline the significance of school learning spaces in fulfilling students' needs for autonomy (self-actualisation), competence (feeling capable of achieving desired outcomes), and relatedness to others (belongingness, forming close relationships) which promote students' well-being. The paper provides a deeper understanding of where well-being is enhanced in learning spaces and which learning environments need to be developed in Turkish high schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this opinion paper, I trace children's access to play in the urban context against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the news, civil society organizations' reports and conversations with experts working in Istanbul, Turkey during the last year, I show how children's access to public places in the city gets constrained by urban governance that neglects young people's needs. Examples from the neighborhoods of Istanbul, Turkey, indicate the importance of having in mind the whole community while thinking about bringing play opportunities in public spaces and at the same time raise questions about children's participation in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional visual inspection technique for damage assessment of buildings immediately after an earthquake can be time‐consuming, labor‐intensive, and risky. Numerous studies have been carried out using deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural network (CNN), to evaluate the damage to building structures after an earthquake using buildings' damage images. Quantum computing, on the other hand, is a computing environment that can exploit superposition and entanglement, which are not available in classical computing environments, to achieve higher performance using parallelism between qubits. This paper presents a novel quantum CNN (QCNN) approach to detect damage to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings from images after the earthquake. The QCNN model is developed and trained using the RC building damaged images collected from past earthquakes. The performance of this model is evaluated based on the multiclass damage detection ability of the real‐world RC building damaged images collected from the recent earthquake in Turkey in February 2023. Furthermore, the seismic damage detection accuracy obtained from the QCNN model is compared with various CNN architecture results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I apply Walter Benjamin's concepts "aura" and "wish-image" to explain the cultural making of avocados into a "superfood commodity" in southern Turkey's peasant communities. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I employ a cultural-historical analysis to point out how, quickly after being introduced, the tree's leaves were used in folk medicine. As folk medicine, avocado leaf gained cultural importance due to its "aura." Later it was the dying charm of the leaf that breathed new life into the fruit to make it a "superfood," that is, a capitalist "wish-image" in Benjamin's thinking. This case study offers new theoretical insights into the production of symbolic-value from the bottom-up in the context of contemporary global capitalism while also suggesting new directions for research on symbolic-value resulting from the interplay between food and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chiari malformation type III (CM III), a rare hindbrain anomaly, often presents with various concurrent anomalies. This paper reports a unique case of CM III associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS), a condition previously unreported in Saudi Arabia and documented in only one other case globally in Turkey. This study aims to share insights into the unusual association between CM III and KFS, considering their close embryological development and involvement in the craniocervical junction. Methodology: The study presents a case of a 2.5-year-old female diagnosed with CM III and KFS. Diagnostic tools such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and physical examinations were used to confirm the patient's condition. Surgical interventions, including decompression and encephalocele repair, were performed. Results: Successful surgical interventions, including encephalocele repair and duraplasty, were carried out. Follow-up visits indicated a stable condition, marked improvement in lower limb strength, and the patient's ability to walk with assistance. CT follow-up affirmed a satisfactory surgical outcome. Conclusion: This case study illustrates the potential for an optimistic prognosis in CM III, even when accompanied by complex conditions such as KFS, through early diagnosis and intervention. It underscores the significance of antenatal screening for effective care planning and calls for further research and publications due to the rarity of this association. These findings contribute to our understanding of CM III and its related conditions, emphasizing the need for open-minded consideration of potential embryological associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the archaeometric investigation, conducted for the first time with the use of a wide range of analytical methods, on white and grey marbles exploited in the so‐called City and Regional Quarries of Aphrodisias (south‐western Turkey). The research, based on a multi‐method approach and performed on a representative set of samples, was aimed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the most important properties of Aphrodisian marbles. The material studied here shows a large overlap in petrographic and geochemical features among the marbles exploited in local and regional quarries, as well as with most of the widespread marbles used in Antiquity. Surprisingly, none of the methods used here, either by themselves or used in combination, is sufficient to discriminate reliably between Aphrodisian and other marble types (mainly Paros‐Lakkoi and Prokonnesos), as well as between marbles extracted from the City and Regional Quarries. The only provenance indicator is the depleted δ13C values below +0.5‰ for the grey variety from sectors AF3 and AF9, which constitute 15% of collected samples. The presumed international use of Aphrodisian marbles may be difficult to verify based on these indistinct outcomes. Another important element of the study are the topographical measurements used to estimate the volume of extracted material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human communities suffered a vast socioeconomic burden in dealing with the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally. Real-word data about these burdens can inform governments about evidence-based resource allocation and prioritization. The aim of this scoping review was to map the cost-of-illness (CoI) studies associated with COVID-19. Methods: This scoping review was conducted from January 2019 to December 2021. We searched cost-of-illness papers published in English within Web of Sciences, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct and ProQuest. For each eligible study, extracted data included country, publication year, study period, study design, epidemiological approach, costing method, cost type, cost identification, sensitivity analysis, estimated unit cost and national burden. All of the analyses were applied in Excel software. Results: 2352 records were found after the search strategy application, finally 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Most of the studies were done in the United States, Turkey, and China. The prevalence-based approach was the most common in the studies, and most of studies also used Hospital Information System data (HIS). There were noticeable differences in the costing methods and the cost identification. The average cost of hospitalization per patient per day ranged from 101$ in Turkey to 2,364$ in the United States. Among the studies, 82.1% estimated particularly direct medical costs, 3.6% only indirect costs, and 14.3% both direct and indirect costs. Conclusion: The economic burden of COVID-19 varies from country to country. The majority of CoI studies estimated direct medical costs associated with COVID-19 and there is a paucity of evidence for direct non-medical, indirect, and intangible costs, which we recommend for future studies. To create homogeneity in CoI studies, we suggest researchers follow a conceptual framework and critical appraisal checklist of cost-of-illness (CoI) studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the abundance of renewable energy potential in Turkey, green hydrogen derived from renewable sources holds great promise as a fuel. This paper presents a model for obtaining green hydrogen from medium-temperature geothermal sources. In this model, the Zilan location in the Van province of Turkey was identified as a suitable site for electricity and hydrogen production from low or medium-temperature geothermal sources due to its significant geothermal and water resource potential. In this regard, the installed capacity of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) geothermal power plant is determined by using Monte Carlo Simulation based on the characteristics of the geothermal well at this location, and subsequently, the hydrogen production performance has been evaluated by analyzing the water of Lake Van. According to the analysis results, Lake Van was found to be efficient for hydrogen production. Hydrogen production from Lake Van water was subsequently simulated using the electrolysis method with this ORC geothermal power plant. According to the findings of this model, the hourly hydrogen production potential at this location using a 1.4 MW ORC plant, based on 2022 data, was estimated to be 18.6 kg, which is projected to increase to 28 kg based on 2050 estimated data. In addition, the techno-economic analysis of this compact green hydrogen production process was conducted in the study. The production cost of 1 kg of hydrogen was calculated to be €4.91 in 2022, while it is expected to be €1.21 in 2050. These results indicate that ORC technology will become competitive in hydrogen production in the upcoming years. • Determining the installed capacity of an ORC plant using Monte Carlo simulation. • Producing green hydrogen through an ORC power plant. • Analysis of the hydrogen production potential of the relevant water source. • Selection of the suitable electrolysis unit. • Hourly hydrogen production capacity of compact facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discussions on authoritarian populism and the media, from the lens of the political economy of ownership. In contrast to studies that consider the link between media and authoritarian populism by focusing on the discursive structures of populist communication, this study analyses changes in the structure of news media ownership in four European countries that have been subject to authoritarian populism. By employing social network analysis, a methodology rarely used in media ownership research, we reveal how news media ownership concentration as well as changes in ownership structures have provided favorable conditions for the rise and endurance of authoritarian populism. Our study covers ownership developments during the period 2000 to 2020, in Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, and Turkey where authoritarian populist tendencies have been evident, albeit to varying degrees. Conclusions are drawn to illustrate how authoritarian populist actors in the sample countries not only capitalize on prevailing news media ownership structures, but also proactively intervene in ownership relations in order to increase influence over the diffusion of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 6th 2023 two major earthquakes struck southeast Turkey, M7.7 Kahramanmaras and M7.6 Elbistan, respectively. Unfortunately, due to the impact of these catastrophic events more than 50 000 casualties and 35 000 collapsed buildings have been reported since then. The aim of the study is to demonstrate preliminary site response analysis and assessment of re-liquefaction potential of sites which have been affected by the earthquakes - especially the cities of Iskenderun and Golbasi. Both site-specific areas have clear evidences of liquefaction and lateral spreading events which imply the focus of the presented paper. A series of geophysical MASW and microtremor tests have been performed in order to determine shear wave velocities up to depth of 30 m as well as the fundamental natural frequency of the soil deposits. Moreover, samples have been collected from sand and silt ejecta in order to evaluate some basic physical properties - grain-size curves, specific gravity and plasticity parameters. On the basis of the obtained data seismic classification of the investigated sites according to current design codes has been made and in-depth distance to relatively stiff layer has been assumed. For the sake of evaluating risk of re-liquefaction the widely-used simplified stress-based approach to triggering assessment has been adopted considering some rules of the thumb (e.g., sieve analysis and plasticity properties evaluation). Lastly, post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement and lateral displacement have been determined in terms of future earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "free zone" refers to designated areas in which companies are taxed very lightly and it enhances global market presence by attracting new business and foreign investments. For over a century, governments around the world have sought to boost and exploit the economic power of their particular regions and zones by designating them as "special" or "free" economic zones. The trend of establishing such zones or areas have gained momentum in the last four or five decades with countries accounting for small businesses and millions of direct or indirect jobs. The Middle East, especially the countries in the Persian Gulf, for some and other reasons, have particularly embarked on such a trend. The current paper tries to highlight benefits and challenges faced by free trade zones in Iran, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, taking into account recent global financial crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates belonging among Turkish Alevi older migrants during their stays in the origin country. The few studies that cover belonging among older migrants primarily examined belonging within the confines of host countries. As substantial amounts of time are spent in origin countries, migrants' life worlds are thus only partially studied. Furthermore, the importance of context for belonging is thereby insufficiently acknowledged. Antonsich's (2010) framework inspires this investigation, distinguishing place-belongingness and politics of belonging. Based on observations and 21 interviews with older Alevi migrants in Turkey, we show that the autobiographic story is particularly useful to study older migrants' belonging, that minority identity shapes belonging, and that the location of the interview matters for the types of narratives collected. This study thereby adds to literature on belonging among older migrant populations, to understanding of the complementary nature of place-belongingness and politics of belonging, and to scholarly acknowledgement of the importance of context for belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development process and key findings of the first-ever health impact assessment (HIA) conducted on the proposed Alpu coal-fired power plant (ACPP) in Eskisehir, Turkiye. The study followed a systematic HIA methodology, commencing with an extensive literature search on coal-fired power plants and the region's specific characteristics during the screening step. In the subsequent scoping phase, in-depth discussions were conducted with a diverse range of experts and stakeholders to be used as inputs. The study findings highlight that the ACPP's impact on human health will be multifaceted. In addition to the estimated additional 10,000 premature deaths attributed to air pollution during the 35-year, the ACPP is expected to have implications for occupational health, including increased occupational diseases and injuries. Furthermore, it may also affect income, employment, food access, and nutritional quality. The health implications of the ACPP will extend beyond Eskisehir, potentially affecting a region with a current population of approximately 11 million residents throughout its lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valuation of the economic, social and environmental impacts of air pollution has become crucial for the benefitcost analysis of pollution restriction strategies, which serve as a foundation for establishing priorities for action. This paper focuses on the estimation of total external costs caused by road transport-related air pollutants using an integrated evaluation methodology combining air quality modelling, engineering science and economics. Emission factors and transport network characteristics were used to compute emissions from the road transport that is followed by economic valuation approaches adopted from international case studies and used for calculating the economic costs of air pollution in Türkiye. The results showed that total external costs of air pollution in Türkiye in 2018 ranged between 37,500 euros which is computed for CO emissions and 2,686 million euros computed as an upper limit for NOx emissions. Regarding the social costs of CO2 emissions, the values range between 31 million euro and 1,427 million euro, the former represents the low value estimate while the latter is the high value estimate. The findings indicate that the impact of emissions from road transport on environment and society can be substantial in Türkiye. Therefore, some regulations are necessary to reduce transport emissions and to sustain socio-economic welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Snakes and Ladders" is an ancient Indian board game played by the throw of dice or cowrie shells on a grid of labelled squares. It belongs to the category of "race games" and more specifically "promotion games" of moral instruction. The player gradually moves his piece upward from the lower section of vices and hellish states to the higher section of virtues and subtle spiritual states finally to reach the divine realm. Landing on snakes brings him down whereas by reaching ladders the ascent journey is accelerated. As a game of gnosis, Snakes and Ladders was played by Jainas, Hindus, Buddhists as well as Muslims. In Turkey, it is known as satranc-ı urefā and in the Arab world as shaṭranj al-ʿārifīn – "chess of the gnostics." The present paper examines a rare Sufi version from Afghanistan embroidered on cloth also highlighting the imagery of its figural motifs. Building on preceding studies, it focuses on the mystical terminology inscribed onto 101 squares which largely reflects the philosophy of Ibn al-ʿArabī. The investigated cloth-board is an example of Sufi material religion in folkish style which might date from the mid-twentieth century or later and appears to have been used by Shiʿite Sufis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the dynamics of neoliberal agrarian restructuring within the Turkish sugar industry, focusing on the 2018 privatization of the Alpullu Sugar Factory. The analysis examines the transformative impact of market dependence and land commodification on relationship of farmers with the agricultural sector. Specifically, it focuses on two significant neoliberal shifts that have altered the dynamics of farming. First, the withdrawal of state support in agricultural markets prompted farmers to diversify their income streams, leading to a transition from sugar beet cultivation to alternative crops and contemplation of urban migration. Second, in the 2000s, farmers, grappling with declining agricultural revenues, increasingly relied on private bank credits as a means of financial security. This shift was propelled by changes in agricultural policy regulations and the dissolution of state‐sponsored credit systems. Employing a blend of qualitative and quantitative research methods, this study elucidated these complex transformations and their profound impact on agrarian livelihoods, land ownership shifts, production strategies and market relationships. The research revealed the complex interplay of social, economic and historical dynamics steering the trajectory of the Turkish sugar industry, providing valuable insights into neoliberal restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has affected living standards around the world, and pandemic anxiety has changed social habits. In this context, this paper investigates the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life, and assesses the mediating effect of loneliness on this relationship among a sample of older adults in Turkey. The study considers data from approximately 400 people, all of whom completed the CASP-19 Quality of Life Scale in Older People, the Loneliness Scale for the Elderly and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to confirm a one-factor structure for each instrument. Subsequently, mediation analysis, correcting for age as a continuous covariate, was performed to assess the nature of the relationship between fear and quality of life, and the extent to which that relationship is mediated by loneliness. Our study showed that there is a negative and direct relationship between loneliness and quality of life. Another important finding of our research is that fear of COVID-19 has a significant effect on loneliness. Finally, loneliness mediates the relation between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life. This finding strongly suggests that fear of COVID-19 influences quality of life via loneliness. This result is noteworthy, as we could not find any similar finding in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of English medium instruction (EMI), multilingual research approaches are crucial to carrying out effective and ethically responsible research, because EMI policies and practices are inherently multilingual. This paper is a partial replication study that adopts a 'researching multilingually' analytical framework to interrogate the challenges and affordances of using multiple languages during two EMI research projects. In the project in Turkey, the lead researcher, who is an English-Turkish bilingual, analysed policy documents (n = 145) and interview data (n = 67) drawing on her knowledge of both languages. Additionally, 85 EMI classroom observations were conducted. In the project in China, the research team of two L1 English speakers and two L1 Chinese speakers investigated 93 bilingual policy documents and conducted interviews with 26 policy arbiters by drawing on both languages during data collection and analysis. Together, these reflections highlight how multilingual approaches can be utilised throughout the research process, from team formation, research design, data collection, data analysis, and presentation of findings in research reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the phenomenon of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education through the lens of neoliberalism and linguistic entrepreneurship. Although commonly reported benefits of EMI include improved English proficiency and better job opportunities, there is a lack of research critically examining the relationship between EMI and these presumed benefits. Through the lens of linguistic entrepreneurship, this study compares engineering students' perceptions of the linguistic and professional benefits of EMI before, during, and after study in Turkey. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from prospective, current, and former students via questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The findings revealed significant differences between groups regarding perceptions of learning and professional outcomes. This paper demonstrates how students' perceptions of EMI are shaped by the ideals of linguistic entrepreneurship and suggests that the professional benefits of EMI may be more nuanced than assumed, with implications for EMI pedagogy and policy in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to recover the autonomous flight performance of a mini unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) via stochastically optimizing the wing over certain parameters (i.e. wing taper ratio and wing aspect ratio) while there are lower and upper constraints on these redesign parameters. Design/methodology/approach: A mini UAV is produced in the Iskenderun Technical University (ISTE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Laboratory. Its complete wing can vary passively before the flight with respect to the result of the stochastic redesign of the wing while maximizing autonomous flight performance. Flight control system (FCS) parameters (i.e. gains of longitudinal and lateral proportional-integral-derivative controllers) and wing redesign parameters mentioned before are simultaneously designed to maximize autonomous flight performance index using a certain stochastic optimization strategy named as simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA). Found results are used while composing UAV flight simulations. Findings: Using stochastic redesign of mini UAV and simultaneously designing mini ISTE UAV over previously mentioned wing parameters and FCS, it obtained a maximum UAV autonomous flight performance. Research limitations/implications: Permission of the directorate general of civil aviation in the Republic of Türkiye is essential for real-time UAV autonomous flights. Practical implications: Stochastic redesign of mini UAV and simultaneously designing mini ISTE UAV wing parameters and FCS approach is very useful for improving any mini UAV autonomous flight performance cost index. Social implications: Stochastic redesign of mini UAV and simultaneously designing mini ISTE UAV wing parameters and FCS approach succeeds confidence, highly improved autonomous flight performance cost index and easy service demands of mini UAV operators. Originality/value: Creating a new approach to recover autonomous flight performance cost index (e.g. satisfying less settling time and less rise time, less overshoot during flight trajectory tracking) of a mini UAV and composing a novel procedure performing simultaneous mini UAV having passively morphing wing over certain parameters while there are upper and lower constraints and FCS design idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the Turkish foreign policy towards the African continent in the 21st century. With the end of the Cold War and the world order centered on a bipolar logic, Turkey has had greater autonomy to manage its international relations, maintaining a more active foreign policy by expanding its economic, diplomatic, and security affairs beyond the West. In this context, under the leadership of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), the African continent has come to occupy an increasingly prominent place in Turkish foreign relations. Thus, since the early 2000s, there has been a substantial increase in Turkey's presence on the continent, characterized, among other aspects, by the intensification of bilateral trade flows, the expansion of the diplomatic network on the continent, its participation in the mediation of conflicts and the offer of humanitarian assistance to African actors. In this context, and based on the literature on Middle Powers and Regional Powers, this paper discusses the intensification of Turkey's ties with African countries since the beginning of the 21st century, comprehending it as part of a broader international projection strategy. To this end, the study adopts a hermeneutic approach, relying on the literature review on Turkish-African relations and the analysis, supported by quantitative data, of the developments of these relations in the political, economic, and security axes throughout the period in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the whole world struggles with the COVID-19 pandemic, there are many different measures taken by countries. In this sense, the distribution of free masks to citizens between the ages of 20–65 in Turkey is one of the important measures taken against to spread of the pandemic. This distribution process is carried out through pharmacies and people can obtain their masks from any pharmacy in their area of residence. However, this situation may cause some pharmacies to be very busy, and thus social distance cannot be maintained and health and safety of the people may be threatened. In this paper, we aim to prioritize pharmacies so that only determined pharmacies in certain regions perform mask distribution process to prevent virus transmission. For this purpose, Esenler district is taken into consideration for a pilot study which is one of the risky regions in terms of virus spread in Istanbul, Turkey. Multi-criteria decision-making approach (MCDM) is used because of the necessity of handling many factors in decision-making process and the contradiction of evaluation factors in the prioritization of pharmacies. In order to best model the uncertainty in the decision process, the MCDM approach is applied in a fuzzy environment. In addition, spherical fuzzy AHP and VIKOR MCDM approaches are used as novel hybrid method in this paper. As a result of spherical fuzzy multi-criteria analysis, the pharmacies that need to provide free mask distribution in the Esenler region have been successfully identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of modernity and its association with the West and secularism is being challenged with the rise of religious movements in the age of globalisation. This provides a fertile ground for alternative modernities, disconnected from the West and secularism, to surface. This paper provides a theoretical explanation for the emergence of alternative modernities by drawing on insights from epistemic injustice and recognition theory, through an analysis of Turkish media outlets. Turkey serves as an illustrative case to examine the emergence of alternative modernities due to its long-standing tradition of incorporating Western modernity and its complex liminal identity between the boundaries of the East and the West. This paper argues that the period from 2005 to 2020 presented a window of opportunity for an alternative modernities paradigm to engage in epistemic struggles for recognition, supported by the ideological context of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi or AKP) government. This period paved the way for questioning the superiority and uniqueness of Western modernity. However, it also indicates the birth of a new form of epistemic injustice as counter-narratives defending the superiority of Islamic civilisation emerged, seeking to establish epistemic hegemony for Islam and its association with modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers have examined how sacred spaces are made spiritually meaningful through embodied practice. This paper brings together scholarship on post-secular feminism and geographies of religion to develop a theory of non-subversive power in the sacred space literature. This paper demonstrates how Kurdish women create sacred space through embodied Islamic mystical practices in Kurdish Turkey and how these practices carve out a space for creative existence within and alongside state and masculinist systems of power, not against. Using a post-secular feminist framing and building on conversations of power in the sacred space literature, we show how the formation of sacred space forms the feminine subject and constitutes an act of feminine agency. Specifically, we focus on two material and sacred sites: private communal prayer houses and public tomb sites used for communal petitions. In these spaces, women organize and lead collective and embodied meditations and petitions that centre their desires, concerns, and wishes in a common register to create, following Saba Mahmood, a 'politics in unusual places'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relation between nationalism and heteronormativity through the lens of hegemonic masculinity and shows how Turkish nationalism helps to construct the "normal" and thus strengthen heteronormative thinking in Turkish society. Utilizing in-depth interviews in Çanakkale with 16 men who carry the typical features of a privileged Turkish citizen—namely the ones self-identifying as Turkish, Sunni Muslim, heterosexual, and breadwinner—my aim in the paper is to reveal and comprehend attitudes toward non-heterosexual people in Turkey, to challenge the effect of the possible nationalist ideological tendencies on participants' discourses, and to explicate if such tendencies play a part in justifying their attitudes. I suggest that respondents' privileges are obtained in exchange for strict commitment to Turkish nationalistic values. These values not only define what constitutes "normal" but also determine and disparage anyone who deviates from such definition. Greater commitment to such values signals a more powerful heterosexual matrix and thus greater exclusion of queer people in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Fear of COVID‐19 Scale (FCV‐19S). Methods: The study used a descriptive design and was conducted between April and May 2020. The participants were 213 nurses who were working in 12 hospitals in eight cities in Turkey. Content validity index, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate validity. Cronbach's alpha, item‐scale correlation and test–retest reliability were used to evaluate reliability. Results: The CVI was 0.92 (0.81–1.00). A one‐factor solution was identified and the factor loading of items in scale varied from 0.377 to 0.909. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.889 in the current study. Item‐scale correlations ranged between 0.570 and 0.815. Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.71 to 0.93. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the FCV‐19S for nurses was found to be valid and reliable measure of the fear of nurses towards COVID‐19. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? With the high infection rate, relatively high mortality and limited treatment options, people worry about the COVID‐19 pandemic.Nurses, as a responsibility of their profession, have to be in contact with infected or possibly infected individuals in health care institutions.To protect the overall well‐being of nurses, it is essential to evaluate their physical, psychological and social status regularly, so it is necessary to evaluate the fear experienced by nurses due to COVID‐19. What this paper adds? The Turkish version of the Fear of COVID‐19 Scale for Nurses was found to be valid and reliable for assessing the nurse's fears towards COVID‐19. The implications of this paper: Inclusion of this instrument in nursing practices for Turkey may help to evaluate the fear experienced by nurses due to COVID‐19 and to take initiatives to alleviate this fear, for nurses to provide more effective care [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the "accented" documentary practice of Mizgin Müjde Arslan, a contemporary Kurdish female filmmaker who was born in Turkey but lives in diaspora. I will discuss her filmmaking through the features of accented cinema, developed by Hamid Naficy and furthered by Asuman Suner. These features are multi-perspectivity, liminality, being the subject and the storyteller simultaneously, deconstructing the borders, replacing the history with a new memory, and cyclicity. As Naficy's model lacks the gender dimension in its imagery of nation, identity and belonging, I will discuss his model from a broader perspective by adapting Suner's approach, adding the gender dimension into my discussions. For this purpose, I will use the principles of "accented feminism", a term I develop within the paper and draw the concept of "accented feminist cinema" from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on study of the geomagnetic field variation response caused by a series of earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw = 7.5–7.8 in Turkey on February 6, 2023. The initial data include high-precision observations of the geomagnetic field with a one-second sampling rate recorded at magnetic observatories in Russia and neighboring countries from middle to high latitudes. The paper analyzes the morphology of the geomagnetic signal, its amplitude-frequency characteristics, pulses in the rate of change and delays of the geomagnetic field response to earthquakes with magnitudes Mw = 7–8 depending on the distance to the source. The results suggest that the geomagnetic effect is detected best in the rate of change recordings, reaching anomalous amplitudes of 10 nT/s. The signal delay ranges from 221 to 592 s depending on the magnetic field component and the distance to the epicenter, which is in the range from 765 to 2650 km for the selected observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critique of perspectives that see the recent global rise of right-wing populism as a direct reaction to the disastrous effects of neoliberalism. By turning attention to the uneven development of capitalism and international competition, in this paper, I present a distinction between 'offensive' and 'defensive' types of right-wing populism that take place in different zones of the world economy. Through a comparative analysis of India and Turkey, this paper discusses the particularities of the rise of 'offensive' populists in emerging powers of the Global South in a period of economic growth. The comparative-historical framework employed in the paper allows us to understand how the world-hegemonic crisis empowered populists by providing opportunities for upward mobility for emerging powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have emotional responses to surrounding environmental changes and socio-ecological destruction in their lifeworld. Their deep sense of loss is exacerbated by these changes. Destructive environmental changes bring out catastrophic losses to culture, knowledge of life, livelihoods, generational knowledge, and mental and emotional well-being. For local inhabitants, the place and region constitute emotional geographies, intimate attachments, and a community-based sense of place. This paper is a case study on the emotional geographies of late capitalism, ecopsychology, and sociology of emotions in the context of geographies of ecological sorrows and farewell. This paper focuses on the environmental desolation of two tiny villages of Artvin province, in rural northeastern Anatolia, Zeytinlik (Sirya) and Oruçlu (Orcuk) that were drowned by the waters of the Deriner Dam in the Çoruh Valley. The research findings indicate that the destruction of nature and lifeworld has evoked tremendous expressions of sorrow and loss from the dislocated people living along the river. The research aims to open a debate on the negative effects of environmental change lived in the country that is not discussed in the mainstream discourse, through the individual and collective emotions experienced in the processes of witnessing the radical change of rural living spaces. The research uses an ethnographic method that allows us to extract people's discourses about their emotional experiences of certain places from books, documentaries, oral history, and literary materials that express their emotional affinity to the very same places. The findings of the research reveal that the destruction of nature and habitats causes intense expressions of sadness and loss for people living by the river. The study demonstrates that the losses of beloved lands produced by capitalist expansion also produce place-based emotional narratives of ecological loss, solastalgia, and grief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a reconstruction of history and traditions linked to Aeolian identity in Asia Minor, concentrating on the archaiologiai and other mythical accounts about the Aeolian cities and with a primary focus on creating and reconstructing Kyme's history. The origins of these poleis are connected with the so-called "Aeolian migration", whose tradition is reported by Herodotus (1.149-151) and Strabo (13.1.3): this account is linked to the origins of Kyme too and it is based on the Aeolian founders who landed on the new territory, previously populated by an autochtonous ethnos (Pelasgians). The literary sources attest another account concerning the origins of this polis, which is based on the role of the Amazons (who represent the "otherness") as founders and eponymous of the city (Hecat., FGrHist 1 F226; Strabo 11.5.4; 12.3.21; 13.3.6; Mela 1.18.90; Steph. Byz., s.v. Κύμη). The identity of the Aeolians in Asia Minor alternatively is constructed on these traditions, which are interpreted by modern scholars as piece of "intentional and perceived history": such accounts would be a literary creation, composed of the memories and perceptions of the Aeolian ethnos, who needed to represent its origins at certain moment of its history. Following the current historiographical methodologies, this paper will examin the literary sources about the foundation stories and mythical accounts relating to the Aeolian city of Kyme and will try to give a reconstruction of its history and identity. Moreover, considering a wider perspective, the paper will focus on the creation of early historiographical representations of Aeolians' past and will investigate the mechanisms with which the Aeolian history and identity have been elaborated by the ancient authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of this paper has recently shown that daily-mean self-potential (SP) time series recorded at Urla station, Turkey, exhibit a unit-root nonstationary behavior with weakly correlated stationary differences driven by stable noise of tail index around 1.12–1.15. This work mainly aims to assess whether the Exponentiated-Exponential Cauchy (EEC) family distributions could be utilized as an alternative to the stable distributions. The EEC family distributions have many advantages as they have closed-form representations. Those goodness-of-fit statistics, relative strengths and predictive abilities of the three EEC family distributions with two- (Cauchy), three- (EEC-3) and four (EEC-4) parameters were compared with that of the stable one. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-based relative strength for the EEC-3 candidate indicated that it is approximately 1.85 times more likely to be the best approximating model than the stable one. Additionally, those considerably smaller relative mean absolute errors (RMAE) for the EEC-3 model indicated that the asymptotic tail properties of the empirical distribution could be better represented in comparison with the stable model. The results of this work revealed, on the example of Urla, that an EEC-3 distribution would plausibly the stable one. We hope the findings of this paper would provide many advantages and facilitate the numerical computations in solving problems arising from the use of stable laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rampant terrorism poses a serious threat to the national security of many countries worldwide, particularly due to separatism and extreme nationalism. This paper focuses on the development and application of a temporal self-exciting point process model to the terror data of three countries: the US, Turkey, and the Philippines. To account for occurrences with the same time-stamp, this paper introduces the order mark and reward term in parameter selection. The reward term considers the triggering effect between events in the same time-stamp but different order. Additionally, this paper provides comparisons between the self-exciting models generated by day-based and month-based arrival times. Another highlight of this paper is the development of a model to predict the number of terror events using a combination of simulation and machine learning, specifically the random forest method, to achieve better predictions. This research offers an insightful approach to discover terror event patterns and forecast future occurrences of terror events, which may have practical application towards national security strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal recycling workers (IRWs), including waste pickers (WPs) and waste sorters, are essential constituents of sustainable ecosystems in many cities in the Global South. Despite their valuable contributions to the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable urban waste recycling, most IRWs work in precarious conditions. This paper examines recent efforts by local municipalities in Izmir to implement co-production design as a new institutional arrangement to generate green jobs for informal workers that provide high and stable incomes, job security, and social recognition. Using qualitative analyses of recent developments in the legal framework and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, this paper identifies the following challenges associated with the current co-production efforts as its main findings: the lack of fiscal and legislative support from the central government; failure to include all IRWs in the co-production schemes; and the potential exclusion of marginalized communities due to the arbitrary requirements of a security clearance, which limit the inclusion of IRWs in co-production efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of humanitarian logistics operations is one of the most critical planning problems to be addressed immediately after a disaster. The response phase covers the first 12 hours after the disaster and is prone to uncertainties because of debris and gridlock traffic influencing the dispatching operations of relief logistics teams in the areas affected. Moreover, the teams have limited time and resources, and they must provide equitable distribution of supplies to affected people. This paper proposes an adjustable robust optimization approach for the associated humanitarian logistics problem. The approach creates routes for relief logistics teams and decides the service times of the visited sites to distribute relief supplies by taking the uncertainty in travel times into account. The associated model allows relief logistics teams to adjust their service decisions according to the revealed information during the process. Hence, our solutions are robust for the worst-case realization of travel times, but still more flexible and less conservative than those of static robust optimization. We propose novel reformulation techniques to model these adjustable decisions. The resulting models are computationally challenging optimization problems to be solved by exact methods, and, hence, we propose heuristic algorithms. The state-of-the-art heuristic, which is based on clustering and a dedicated decision-rule algorithm, yields near-optimal results for medium-sized instances and is scalable even for large-sized instances. We have also shown the effectiveness of our approach in a case study using a data set obtained from an earthquake that hit the Van province of Turkey in 2011. History: This paper has been accepted for the Transportation Science Special Issue on Emerging Topics in Transportation Science and Logistics. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2023.1204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abusive head trauma (AHT) induced by shaking may result in death or permanent neurologic disability, including encephalopathy, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, cortical blindness, seizure disorders, and learning disabilities. The aim of this study was to detect the numbers of the published articles about "AHT" and "child neglect and abuse (CNA)" in Turkey and the world and the changes observed over time. A systematic literature search was performed for articles published between January 1945 and December 2010 in the Web of Science. Key words utilized were "child" and "abuse or neglect or violence or shaken baby syndrome or abusive head trauma or Munchausen by proxy". Articles giving a keyword as "shaken baby syndrome" were included in AHT. There were 17,241 papers about CNA and 737 (4.3% of CNA) papers about AHT. One hundred thirty-one papers about CNA and 5 papers about AHT (3.8% of CNA) originated from Turkey. Regardless of the types of articles, published articles about CNA increased tremendously, from 70 to 1322, between 1990 and 2009. Similarly, published articles about AHT increased from 9 to 96 between 1995 and 2008. In conclusion, published articles on these topics showed an increase over the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ERGUL, S., ARDAHAN, M., TEMEL, A.B. & YILDIRIM, B.Ö. (2010) Bibliometric review of references of nursing research papers during the decade 1994–2003 in Turkey. International Nursing Review 57, 49–55 Aim: To identify important information on the state of academic nursing and the characteristics of academic nursing publications in Turkey. Methods: The study consists of retrospective bibliometric research. The selected sample of the research consisted of six Turkish nursing journals published between 1994–2003 from a total population of ten journals. Seventy-four issues of these six journals were included and 825 research papers were analysed. A series of classic bibliometric indexes were used. Results: The average number of references per scientific paper is 16.19 [±standard deviation (SD) 8.56]. The changes in the number of references taken from journals over time do not show strong fluctuations but were statistically significant ( P < 0.001). The average number of references per paper is 17.71 (±SD 8.09) for research papers, while it is 14.50 (±SD 8.76) for reviews. The Price's index is 23.8% and the insularity index is 31.8%. Conclusions: The number of references used for papers has been increasing in recent years. The use of journals within references is high while the use of books is low. The Price's index tendency is decreasing. The high insularity index observed in the articles may be considered as a negative indicator of nursing journals in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Turkish electricity market law (EML) came into force in 2001 aiming at establishing a financially strong, stable, transparent and competitive electricity market based on bilateral contracts. Also, a balancing and settlement system (BSS) was put into practice in November 2004 to create a market where uncontracted generation can be traded, and actual implementation of the BSS started on August, 1st 2006 following a 21-month virtual implementation period. However, BSS has always been criticized from its beginning as transferring excessive profits to private generation companies. The present paper analyzes the implementation of BSS and argues that current BSS not only undermines the healthy development of the electricity market in Turkey but also prevents power investments due to uncertainties it created. It concludes that since the inconsistency between the objectives of EML and results of BSS in practice is obvious, Turkish policy makers need to modify current electricity market policy in line with suggestions presented in the paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aim of this study is that to determine effect of reading from printed materials and screen on Elementary School 4th Grade Students' reading comprehension, reading speed and attitudes. For this purpose, in the 2013-2014 academic year, 46 females and 68 males, including a total of 114 4th glass students were selected as examples from study private and public schools that is located in the district of Kütahya Province Tavşanlı center. According the sturdy results, there is not meaningful impact reading both narrative and expository texts from screen or printed materials fourth-grade students' text comprehension and reading speed. But students are very interested reading narrative text printed material rather than on the screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the colemanite (a natural calcium borate mineral, NCBM) and Fe 2 O 3 used as a catalyst on the liquefaction of Elbistan Lignite (EL, which has the most reserves in the east of Turkey). The liquefaction experiments were carried out at the reaction temperature of 400 °C, the reaction time of 90 min, the solvent/solid ratio of 3/1, stirring speed of 400 rpm, and initial nitrogen gas pressure of 20 bar. Fe 2 O 3 and colemanite were together prepared as a new catalyst. Research has been made the recent observation that the highest liquefaction product yields, especially from a series of valuable fractions, obtained, with the highest mineral content of lignite. According to that model colemanite mixed with Fe 2 O 3 to decide if the mineral content effect on total conversion if mineral substances added separately from coal. Fe 2 O 3 selected as the most suitable catalyst type. To understand how to affect colemanite (as an economical catalyst source and also has high reserves in Turkey) as a catalyst on the liquefaction of EL with waste paper. The experiment conditions fixed and so compared due to the total conversion values. Unlike previous studies, this study was 67.1% of the total fluid conversion without catalyst, but this value increased to 77.6% when 15% NCBM catalyst was used. The total conversion was up to 83.8% with the catalyst concentration of 3% Fe 2 O 3. On the other hand, when only 3% of Fe 2 O 3 was used, the total conversion was only 75%. As a result, the mixture of NCBM and Fe 2 O 3 increased the liquefaction efficiency by 15% by the synergistic effect. • Colemanite is suitable for commercial liquefaction. • The use of NCBM with Fe 2 O 3 increased total conversion by about 15%. • Low catalyst cost significantly determines liquefaction cost. • As the high total conversion will affect the oil product conversion and the by-product is low means NCBM is eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]