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This paper reveals the static and dynamic comparative advantages of Turkish exports in the EU-15 market in relation to the exports of the non-EU-15 countries, covering the period 1996–2010, based on three-digit Standard International Trade Classification industries. In this regard, this paper is the first attempt to evaluate the dynamic revealed comparative advantage patterns of Turkey vis-à-vis its competitors in the European Union (EU) market. Whether there have been significant changes in Turkey's comparative advantages in the EU market and in which sectors these changes can be utilized further as potential advantages are two important issues affecting the prospects of trade policy in Turkey, which is a candidate for EU membership. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on the Turkish political parties’ attitudes towards the country’s European Union (EU) membership. It intends to analyse the concerns and demands of the political parties as the parliamentary debates shape government policies. The paper considers the parties’ positions in the parliamentary power matrix (incumbency or opposition), their ideological tendencies and electoral concerns; and their relations with the social classes, all of which influence the party strategies and policies. It begins with outlining the politicized social cleavages and the characteristics of the party system. Next, it discusses the foreign policy orientation of the parties, their perceptions on Europe and the EU, the preferred type of integration with the EU and the ways they interpret the policies of the EU towards Turkey’s membership. The paper finds that the secular social democratic parties have been the strongest supporters of membership mostly due to their historical pro-Western tendencies and their relations with republican big business. Their economic policies have been modelled on the European welfare state provisions. The nationalist parties have been consistently sceptical for cultural and nationalist reasons. The most interesting case emerges as the pro-Islamists, whose ideological reserve and scepticism disappear only temporarily and for practical reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the performance of the construction sector in Turkey and selected European Union (EU) countries using input-output (IO) tables for the years 1998 and 2002. Design/methodology/approach – IO tables are used to analyze and compare the construction sector. First the input-output analysis and the construction sector are briefly introduced. Then, the data and methodology are specified. A set of indicators obtained from the data is used for the comparative analysis. Findings – The construction sector of the selected 13 countries is examined in terms of Gross National Product (GNP) and National Income (NI) shares; direct and total construction backward and forward linkage indicators and direct and total construction inputs from manufacturing and services reflecting the technologies used in construction. The key findings are pointed out in the conclusion. Research limitations/implications – The lack of data from Turkey relating to recent years and incompatibility of new and old data limit this study's scope to the two years. Originality/value – The concept of using IO analysis for comparing the construction sector has been around for a considerable period of time. This paper has an importance for comparing the construction sector in Turkey and some selected EU countries, being the first study in that field in Turkey, and is therefore of direct importance for the Turkish construction sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to first apply the theory of trade in vertically differentiated products in a Customs Union context and second to find out the effects of the Customs Union between the European Union and Turkey. This is done both at a theoretical and at an empirical level. Based on these assumptions, the theoretical analysis indicates that the benefits of admitting Turkey into the Customs Union will be unevenly spread between Germany and Greece. In particular, Germany will definitely benefit, whereas Greece may suffer losses. In the empirical part of the paper, it is examined whether the predictions emanating from the theoretical analysis find any empirical support. For this purpose, the behavior of Greek and Turkish exports to the European Union is examined using desegregated data. The evidence is supportive of the theoretical predictions. (JEL F15, O50); Int'l Advances in Econ. Res. 3(4): pp. 275-34, Nov. 02. ©All Rights Reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions of transit migration in Europe and its peripheries are not simply descriptions of an existing reality, but to some extent also a part of the process of constructing that reality in such a way that discursive practices enable policy statements to conceptualise and talk about this phenomenon. The main goal of this paper is to explore this process through the politicisation of transit migration in Europe, with a particular focus on Turkey. The essay first documents the irregular and transit migration experience of Turkey in the last thirty years with the help of several data sets. It particularly emphasises that there is a reality of transit migration in Turkey, but that there also exists other forms of irregular labour migration. The paper focuses on transit migration in Europe in the next section. It draws attention to the rather ironic fact that, while most European countries have adopted a range of restrictive control systems against incoming migrant flows, especially in the wake of September 11, their economies have been able to absorb thousands of irregular migrants. An important consequence of the economisation and securitisation of the European international migratory regime has been the politicisation of transit migration, precipitating an obsession with transit migration on the peripheries of the continent. Drawing on the insights from this discussion on politicisation of transit migration, in the following section, the paper examines the way in which transit migration in Turkey has been approached in Europe in the context of the country's accession negotiation process with the European Union. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study selected aspects of Turkish accession to the EU. Joining the EU will require that Turkey attains macroeconomic stability, adopts the Common Agricultural Policy, and liberalizes its services and network industries. Furthermore, joining the EU will require Turkey to adopt and implement the whole body of EU legislation and standards – the acquis communautaire. According to the EU membership criteria, new members must be able to demonstrate the ‘ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union’. Thus Turkey will be expected to adopt the euro when it is ready to do so, but not immediately upon accession. Integration will boost allocative efficiency in the Turkish economy which in turn will make the country a better place to invest. Furthermore, Turkey will reap the benefits from monetary integration and from migration of labour to the EU. But the welfare gains will have a price, and the price will be the adjustment costs associated with the adoption of the acquis communautaire. The final section of the paper considers the effects of accession on the EU in terms of migration and budgetary effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a co-integration amongst (3) three Balkan countries; Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia and Turkey in relation to the German stock market (important for the Europe scale). For this purpose, the relevant stock market's weekly closing values (in the time series) were analyzed between the periods of September 2010 and August 2015. The long-term co-integrated relationship is analyzed by the Johansen Juselius Co-integration Test. The empirical results show that these three Balkan countries have a meaningful, but moderate relationship in reference to the stock markets. In addition, the German stock market has a more powerful effect on the Turkish stock exchange in comparison to the Bosnia Herzegovinian and Macedonian stock exchanges. This paper suggests that international investors can diversify their portfolios in these (3) three Balkan stock markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility for Turkey to become a Member State of the Community is provided by the Ankara Association Agreement concluded between the parties on 12 September 1963. The Agreement sets up one of the most comprehensive external relationships that the Community has ever established with a third country. According to the EC-Turkey association law, the customs union constitutes a transitory framework prior to complete integration between the parties. However, academic and political works are proposing that the integration of Turkey to the EU acquires a dimension other than the accession framework. These works put forward that the EU-Turkey customs union should be conceived, not as a transitory stage preparingTurkey to a complete accession to the EU, but as a definitive framework which should continue to govern the relations without a membership perspective. The paper strives to assess the possibility of using the EC-Turkey customs union as a definitive framework of the relations between the parties and seeks to demonstrate that such a framework proves to be not only improbable but also impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reflect the situation of health legislation alignment in Turkey in its accession process to the European Union and Customs Union Agreement, and to discuss the the EU's health priorities of in parallel with the Turkish ones. The health legislation alignment processes consist of three titles which are: European Union alignment process, the harmonization done in the framework of membership to Council of Europe, and the obligations under the Customs Union Agreement. Significant human resources are required for the adoption of the legislations which make ethically imperative the discussion of whether there is a harmony among the priorities of both parities. Unless this harmony and paralellisim is shown, the human resources appointed for the adoption of health legislation process would not prove their efficiency and effectiveness. In this article, the Customs Union and formal negotiations for full EU membership are included in the phrase "the alignment process to European Union". Council Decisions 1/95 and 2/97 ground on the obligations provided by the Customs Union Agreement. The reference document used to discuss the formal negotiation process for full membership to European Union is the Turkish National Program for the Adoption of the EU Acquis 2008-2013. The legislative obligations of Turkey arising from its membership of the Council of Europe, which has significant contributions to the medical legislation especially in the field of medical ethics, are also included in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its crucial role in sustaining better integration, multilingualism is not discussed as widely as the other topics of multiculturalism within the context of the European Union (EU) enlargement. The accession process requires Turkey to take notice of the opportunities and shortcomings as well as the challenges of European multilingualism and to communicate the relevance of the Turkish language to the completeness of European multiculturalism. The present article aims to assess the EU language policy in light of the future imperative of incorporating Turkish into Europe's linguistic family by referring to the EU's laws, norms, and values as well as NGOs' reports and opinion papers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The case for labour movement in the EU is tied to the future equilibrium of the labour market, implying a minimum harmonization that has several limits. Therefore, the question of Turkish labour movement in the EU has been subject to the legislative structure that Turkey has to cover from its present situation to a possible accession to the EU. The EU encourages Turkey to strengthen its efforts to ensure full employment and social security rights in line with EU standards. This is particular relevant for the strengthening of the social dimension inside the EU and in a candidate country through more and better jobs, adequate social protection, labour standards and fostering the development. It is essential to bring Turkish legislation closer to the EU levels and the minimum standard application under the Community Law. The debate has focused on how far Turkey's recent constitutional amendment package has brought significant improvements in the area of social policy. The purpose of this paper is to review the harmonization process for compliance with EU's acquis communautaire th'rough the accession of Turkey. This necessitates an analysis of the policy adjustments including approximation of Turkish labour law and social policy legislation. In this context, an interesting background material for the policy issues of the legal and social status of the EU workers in Turkey, which may arise in the event of accession, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the structure of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into Turkey and the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) as well as the other new members of the European Union (EU). Our study has two main parts. Firstly, we investigate the key economic and political factors that have an impact on foreign investment, for example, the macroeconomic performance, the production cost and the size of domestic market. Secondly, we explore the relationship between FDI and trade flows for Turkey, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland using the Granger causality methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact that the EU accession process has had on Turkey’s foreign policy since the acceptance of its “candidacy” for EU membership in 1999. It also attempts to highlight the potential challenges for eventual membership that lie ahead, while commenting on the problems Turkey may face in its future negotiations with the EU—with particular emphasis on the areas in which Turkish foreign policy may need “further” adaptation. The article first analyzes the effects of candidacy for EU membership on Turkey’s foreign policy between 1999 and 2005. It then goes on to examine the potential for problems relating to Cyprus and the Aegean, as well as other issues, such as the so‐called Armenian Genocide and the creation of an independent Kurdish state in today’s Northern Iraq. The third section includes remarks regarding the future, based on the uncertainties described in the previous sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavours to shed light on Turkey's historical partnership with the European Union (EU) from a critical perspective. This study asserts that, all along, Turkey conceived the EU from a predominantly political, ideological and civilisational perspective. This parochial outlook, the paper argues, has served to undermine Turkey's negotiation position vis-à-vis the EU. The Ankara Agreement (1963), the Additional Protocol (1970) and the Customs Union arrangement (1995) which have regulated the three stages of Turkey's official links with the EU pending eventual membership, have mostly operated to the detriment of Turkish interests and aspirations. This lack of balance has been visible in Turkey's ever-mounting trade deficit with member states of the EU and in the determined resistance of the EU to implement freedom of movement for Turkish workers in the EU countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a paper which examines the structure and specialization and international competitiveness of Turkish industry compared to the European-Mediterranean members. Evaluation of Turkey's ability to over come difficulties and challenges that may arise from hard competition with the European Union.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of Euro-zone sovereign debt crisis on the efficiency of foreign banks in Turkey. Results of the maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production and cost functions illustrate that except one bank with capital from one of the GIIPS countries, the efficiencies of foreign banks have not been affected from the sovereign debt crisis. Results suggest that if the banking industry is strong in a country than the effects of crises do not have considerable impact on the banking sector in general, foreign banks in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Social Security Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trakya University Journal of Social Science is the property of Trakya University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses three faces of patient choice policy in a developing country, Turkey. As part of its wider health transformation programme (HTP), Turkey has created a purchaser/provider system in which a single public purchaser channels funding to a range of public and private hospitals, and patients - in theory at least - are given significant freedoms to choose their hospital and physician. At the same time, marketisation has been softened by an emphasis on the creation of 'human-centred' services, resulting in a variety of initiatives to enhance patient rights and using a similar rhetoric to that employed in modernising 'third-way' reforms in countries such as the United Kingdom. We argue that neither markets nor modernisation fully explain the specifics of Turkish choice policy, which is also driven by the strong political imperative arising from Turkey's proximity to the European Union and its accession ambitions. Europeanisation represents an approach to markets softened by social solidarity, and gives the Turkish reforms a very different profile from neo-liberal reforms implemented in other middle income countries. However, in practice, medical workforce shortages, the uneven distribution of resources across the nation, and the lack of systematic information on provider outcomes limit the scope of choice for much of the population. In this situation, a planned allocation of resources to support equity of provision has advantages over a system where resource flows to providers are determined by individual patient choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the EU's membership conditionality focuses more on conditionality's domestic impacts than on conditionality itself. The question of how consistently the EU seeks the Copenhagen criteria prior to offering membership is rarely investigated. To fill this gap, this article studies conditionality regarding Turkey, arguing that true conditionality should exclusively link EU demands for compliance with the formal membership criteria to rewards in the accession process. In coding the EU's conditionality signals for “exclusiveness of linkage,” low formal conditionality in Turkey was found. It is concluded that the EU's anticipated costs of “absorbing” Turkey caused its unwillingness to deploy proper formal conditionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major restructuring process is taking place in the international fertiliser industry driven by the introduction of stricter environmental regulation in advanced countries and the expansion of local production capabilities in developing countries. The paper will analyse patterns of corporate adjustment in the fertiliser industry. The emphasis is on the unique characteristics of the fertiliser industry as the producer of a final product and a supplier of intermediate inputs to agriculture. These producer user linkages will be examined in the context of four case studies, i.e. the European Union, China, Turkey and Morocco. It will be argued that the fertiliser industry has incorporated the specific characteristics of these linkages in its adjustment processes in both developed and developing countries but in very different ways. This analysis suggests significant implications for the design of policies, which could facilitate the introduction of cleaner production techniques in the fertiliser industry and the adoption of environmental friendly production techniques in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces a series of articles on Turkey and the European Union countries published in July-August 2001 issue of the journal 'Russian and East European Finance and Trade.' Investigation of the economic and political relationship between Turkey and the European Union; Analysis of Turkey's full membership attempts in the European Union; Feride Doganer Gonel's article on the degree of intra-industry trade.

The article present comparisons between Georgia and the candidate and potential countries of the European Union (EU) regarding economic integration. Topics discussed include trade and economic relations between Georgia and the EU; the closest relationship of Georgia with Turkey regarding trade and economic cooperation; and effect of the enlargement of the European Union and the admission of new member states on relations between other European countries and the EU.

Despite growing critical literature on external funding, the link between EU funding to Turkish civil society organisations (CSOs) and their depoliticisation remains understudied. This article fills this gap. This article explores EU funds in Turkey and shows the incentives it creates for a depoliticised civil society. Drawing on an original set of interviews with 45 CSOs, this article analyses how Turkish CSOs interact with EU funding and how this support impacts on Turkish civil society. This article argues that EU funding's short-term, activity-based, measurable outcome and visibility-oriented structure contributed to the depoliticisation of those CSOs benefited from EU funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a conceptual framework for understanding the return of third country nationals from Greece and the European Union, as well as their readmission by Turkey, a critical issue of migration policy at the European external borders. Return and readmission could be conceptualized as integral to the EU conditionality, a key tool at the disposal of the European Union to encourage and ensure compliance with its norms. In this respect, incentives are offered to countries of origin or transit as reward for the enforcement of expulsion decisions and the regulation of migration issues. Return and readmission could also be understood in respect to cooperation between two sovereign states, wherein expected costs and benefits are constantly (re)evaluated on the basis of their recurrent bilateral interactions. Thus, migration issues between Greece and Turkey should be grasped as indivisible to relations between a member state and a prospective one; in this sense, they could be interpreted in relation to Turkey's progress towards the adoption of the acquis communautaire, in the light however of the politically volatile border between the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative institutional analyses have added much to our understanding of HRM in different countries, providing powerful arguments against the need for flexible labour markets to boost economic performance. However, existing research has tended to downplay the possibility that variation within countries may result in a well-protected core of workers that grows ever smaller alongside increasing numbers of precarious workers. We draw on data from the World Economic Forum and the European Company Survey to examine how institutions influence establishments’ use of temporary workers in 29 European countries plus Turkey. We analyse the data using (1) principal components analysis to categorize the countries in our analysis, (2) a two-step cluster analysis to draw up groups of establishments by their use of temporary workers and (3) a multilevel logistic regression to examine how the institutional setting of establishments and key establishment characteristics interact to influence workplaces’ use of temporary workers. We show that institutional characteristics shape the prevalence of temporary workers in the 28 European Union member states plus FYR Macedonia and Turkey; however, institutions are not deterministic and important variation in the use of temporary workers depends upon the interaction between establishment characteristics and the establishment’s business system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cross-border healthcare and patient mobility across European Union Member States has been on the agenda of EU Commission for the last decade. Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare went into force in 2013. The Directive mainly addresses the responsibilities of Member States in cross-border healthcare, regulates reimbursement procedure, and coordinates European reference networks and health technology assessment in the EU. The Directive has direct and indirect implications on Turkish health system. In this article, first an overview of Directive 2011/24/EU is addressed with special attention to its relation to patient rights and other EU legislations. Then, Turkish citizens' position in the scope of EU legislation on patient rights is considered. Finally, the ethical implications of the Directive, conceptualisation of cross-border patient mobility, and Turkey's particular position among other candidate countries regarding cross-border healthcare is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is not a member of the European Union, Turkey has not yet adopted EU accounting directives by law. Instead, Turkish standard setting authority adopted International Financial Reporting Standards for entities that have public accountability and has recently prepared the draft Turkish financial reporting standard for non-publicly accountable entities that are subject to independent audit: Framework for Local Financial Reporting. This national standard is influenced by European accounting directive 2013/34, international financial reporting practices and UK experience in addition to national accounting rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade security issues involve customs control and trade facilitation, sustaining competitiveness of domestic producers under open economy, optimization of foreign trade structure, stability of trade flows, and dependency on markets and suppliers. We analyze the structure and trends in exports of the EU-28 Member States, Ukraine and Turkey, as well as their bilateral trade in goods and services. Nowadays both these countries have trade preferences in bilateral trade with the EU. Considering goods export structures, Turkey is much more competitor for the EU than Ukraine. Ukraine is rather a complementary economy to the EU and no Member State is vulnerable to competitive pressure from Ukrainian exports of goods. Despite both Turkey and Ukraine have similar levels of services export structure similarity with the EU, Ukrainian services exports are 6 times lower than the ones of Turkey, therefore threat of competition with Ukraine is minor. Competition with Ukrainian services exports is relatively higher in Central Europe, but since transport is a major type of services, competition can be balanced by cooperation benefits based on route connectivity under geographical proximity. Turkey is a major competitor to Southern Europe (especially Greece) and some other Member States. Turkey is larger trade partner for the EU because of higher income per capita than in Ukraine and longer period of free trade regime with the EU. Economic recovery of Ukraine after the crisis in 2014-15, free trade regime and approximation of customs legislation of Ukraine under the Association Agreement can also help to facilitate bilateral trade and improve trade security. Economic development of Ukraine based on foreign direct investment of companies from European and other countries in the Ukrainian economy and the opening of the EU market for Ukrainian goods can replace exports of some industrial products from Turkey. The economic crisis in Ukraine in 2014-15 led to a negative growth of exports from the EU to Ukraine, while exports rose to Turkey. Provision of EU export growth in Ukraine will largely depend on the pace of economic recovery. However, several Member States have higher rates of export growth (especially in Greece) or import growth from Ukraine than from Turkey. But the overall level of trade dependence on Turkey and Ukraine is quite low. EU trade balance is positive with Ukraine in goods and services. The positive balance of foreign trade with Turkey is not compensated by the trade deficit in services. Greece has a trade balance in surplus with Turkey and Ukraine both in goods and in services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study tests the validity of industrialization for achieving economic growth in Turkey and in six European Union (EU) countries, using the data available. Six EU member countries are chosen: Austria, Finland, France, Netherlands, Romania, and Sweden. Turkey is a different case compared with the EU member countries: Turkey is a candidate country for full membership to the EU and membership negotiations are ongoing. In addition to cultural, political and economic aspects, there are other differences between Turkey and the six EU member countries. Industrial developments in Turkey have moved relatively slowly due to the economic and political factors created by internal terrorism and conflict in neighbouring countries. As a result of the analysis, it could be said that industrial value added exerts statistically positive and significant long-term effects on real output in all of the selected countries. However, this effect is lower for Turkey than for the European Union countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors reflect on the decision of Turkey to join the European interprofessional education (IPE) community. The authors states that IPE was accepted as a way to set the future workforce. They mention that Turkey is a democratic country with a population of over 73.7 million and has Islamic tradition. The authors add that since Turkey poised to be a member of the IPE community, European interprofessional education network (EIPEN) support the new chapter of the nation.

The energy consumption per gross domestic product called “energy intensity” is used as a good measure of the energy efficiency of the economy. In this study, the total factor productivity changes of the energy intensity of Turkey are examined using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist index approach, and a comparison analysis with the European Union (EU) countries is performed. In the study, basic energy indicators are taken as inputs and the energy intensity is taken as the output. Constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale models are used in the analyses. Efficiency analysis results which show the basic energy inputs of Turkey and the usage success of the country in decreasing the energy intensity are compared with the EU countries. Hence, as a candidate for becoming an EU member, a performance evaluation of Turkey’s energy sector will be performed to see the sector’s adaptation to the union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the rise and consolidation of neoliberalism in the European Union and highlights the neoliberalization of its social and employment policies with reference to member states and accession candidates. It focuses on two different cases in terms of status, Greece and Turkey, and scrutinizes their historical specificities and class formations in a comparative manner. The aim is to demonstrate that transformations in their economic policies and labour market structures are compatible with a neoliberal strategy. From this analysis, it emerges that Turkey’s social and employment policies are more closely aligned with those of the European Union, and neoliberalism is more firmly consolidated, than in Greece. This is confirmed by evidence of the asymmetry in the impact of the economic crisis on the Greek and Turkish economies, and contrasts in the scope of recovery policies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is part of a special issue on the five Muslim democracies. It aims at understanding the role played by religion, and particularly by religiously oriented actors, in Turkey's democratization processes. The first section analyzes the different theoretical approaches to the role of religion in democratization. The second section analyzes the different phases of Turkey's political history since the 1980 coup, taking into account both democratization processes and the role played by religious actors in the political system, and trying to understand the possible relations between the two phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates foreign policy change under the Justice and Development Party (JDP). After examining the concept of change in foreign policy analysis and in the literature on Turkish foreign policy, the article offers an approach to visa regimes as significant indicators of change in foreign policy. It first provides a qualitative analysis of Turkish visa policies in comparison to those of the European Union (EU) and shows that, after a brief period of convergence, Turkish visa policies have increasingly diverged from the EU. Subsequently, by way of analyzing the incoming mobility of foreign nationals, first the JDP era is compared to its predecessors. Then, two distinct eras within JDP's period of rule are identified and compared. It concludes that, while there are differences between the JDP and the previous eras, the most significant change occurs between the first and second JDP governments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article takes a comparative political behaviour approach to examine the multifaceted nature of Turkey's European Union ( EU) membership bid from the perspective of the EU citizens. We propose a multidimensional explanation for EU citizens' attitude towards Turkey's membership by referring to the political psychology literature on attitudinal ambivalence. We examine whether EU citizens simultaneously hold multiple and conflicting considerations on Turkey's EU accession bid, and whether this ambivalence has attitudinal consequences. To that end, we use the Eurobarometer 66.1 data set to analyze the EU public attitudes on various aspects of possible Turkish EU membership. The findings show that the EU citizens maintain ambivalent views about Turkish membership across three domain pairs: economy-security, immigration-security and population-culture. The significant impact of these ambivalence domains on increasing support for Turkey's membership to the EU is further discussed in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)