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Background: The bed bath is an important part of nursing care. There are few studies evaluating the effects of traditional and dry bed baths on patients. Aim: This study was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of traditional and dry bed baths given to intensive care unit patients on the patients' hemodynamic parameters, the duration of the bathing procedure and the cost of consumable items. Methods: This was a randomized crossover clinical trial and a prospective study. The study was conducted in a General Surgery Intensive Care Unit with 22 intensive care patients aged 18 and over, who had a nursing diagnosis of bathing personal care deficiency. Each patient was given two types of bed baths at an interval of 24 h: a traditional bed bath and a dry bed bath performed with single‐use tissues. Immediately before each bath, in the 5th, 10th and 15th minute of bathing, immediately after bathing and 30 min after bathing, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and peripheral oxygen saturation measurement changes over time were compared within the group using the Friedman test. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare the variables of bathing duration and bathing consumable item costs between the bathing procedures. Results: It was found that at the completion of traditional and dry bed bathing, the participants' body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate parameters were statistically significantly lower than before bathing, whereas peripheral oxygen saturation values showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). It was found that the dry bed bath took a statistically significantly shorter time than the traditional bed bath and that the cost of consumable bathing materials was less (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that traditional and dry bed baths given to intensive care patients affected their hemodynamic parameters and that the dry bed bath was superior to the traditional bed bath in that it took less time and that it cost less. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Traditional and dry bed baths are personal care procedures that are frequently carried out by nurses with patients in intensive care units.Bed baths may affect the hemodynamic parameters of patients in intensive care units, but few studies have evaluated their effects.Determination of the hemodynamic parameters of patients during bed baths, the duration of bathing and the cost of consumable bathing materials may help nurses to achieve patients' body hygiene in a more reliable way and to decide on and adopt measures to minimize risks. What this paper adds? This paper contributes to the performance of personal hygiene. It is necessary to closely monitor the hemodynamic parameters of intensive care patients when they are being given bed baths.This study has direct effects in awakening nurses to the potential risk of bed baths causing a change in hemodynamic parameters in intensive care patients and in taking measures to reduce these risks to a minimum. Also, giving dry bed baths, which are superior in taking less time and having lower costs, provides advantages to nurses in terms of work load, physical difficulties and finance. The implications of this paper: This study emphasizes the positive impacts of dry bed baths carried out by nurses for patients in intensive care units.The dry bed bath can be accepted as enhancing patient safety by being easy to perform and by shortening the time when the patient is exposed to environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the older adult population rise globally, technologies to monitoring activities of daily living (ADL) may have a role in supporting aging in place for older adults. The objective of this systematic literature review was to study the scope, diversity and readiness of technologies developed to monitor ADL in older adults. We systematically searched two scientific databases (CINAHL and IEEE), following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We included studies on technologies used to monitor older adults' ADL in the home but excluded studies focused on communication technologies (phone calls, text messages) or monitoring postures alone. The JBI checklist for case series was used for quality assessment. Extracted details included population characteristics, ADL assessment outcomes, types of monitoring technology, and technology readiness and usability. The search found 147 papers, with 16 papers included in the final analysis. The literature described 48 types of technologies. Of moderate quality studies, five studies used wearables at technology readiness level 4–6 to monitor basic ADL (walking, transfers and walking up stairs) and one used ambient sensors to detect urinary incontinence. Monitoring technologies remain at development stages. More research is needed to strengthen technologies that monitor activities of daily living. Monitoring activities of daily living at home remains focused on using wearables to assess in-home functional mobility to support rehabilitation. Technologies remain a 4–6 readiness level and there is a lack of evidence to recommend in-home monitoring technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Illyrica / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA is the property of Association for the Study & Promotion of Illyrian Heritage, Ancient & Classical Civilizations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: A decline in fertility rate and expansion in life span has resulted in the growth in the percentage of aged populations in the whole world. India and Odisha are no exceptions. Objectives: The objective of the present paper is to find out the incidence of functional ability/inability among the aged people of the rural areas of western Odisha of India. Materials and Methods: Katz Scale of ADL was used to assess the functional ability of elderly people. Six activities of daily living such as (Bathing, Dressing, Toilet, Mobility, Continence, and Feeding) were analyzed as per age and sex of the samples. Results: Of all the samples (1992), 98.5 percent are physically independent and only 1.4 percent are physically dependent. Out of 945 female elderly people, 931 (98.1%) are independent and out of 1047 male elderly people 1033 (98.6%) are independent. The physical dependency of females is more with a χ² -- value of 0.075 and p -- value of 0.466. The age group wise χ² -- value is 20.899 (3) and p -- value of 0.001. Conclusion: Lesser physical dependency is found among the elderly people in rural areas. An increase in dependency is seen with the increase in age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest bathing, known as Shinrin-Yoku, is the Japanese practice of taking short trips to a forest and immersing oneself within the atmosphere of the environment. Over the last twenty years, emerging evidence from the fields of complementary medicine, allied and environmental health has shown promising results for human health, including cardiovascular, immune, and neuro-endocrine benefits, as well as improvement in mental wellbeing. More recent research suggests that these improvements in physiological and psychological health may be in part due to phytoncides (airborne aromatic compounds) that are inhaled by breathing in the forest air. Autonomic nervous system regulation has also been identified as a potential mechanism for the improvements seen. This article reviews the current evidence for the health benefits derived from forest bathing to determine the need for future research, including the potential for studies to be conducted in Australian environments. Methods: A search was undertaken in PubMed (including PMC), Medline Complete, and SCOPUS using the search term "forest AND bathing." A review of the methods and references of selected papers were reviewed to identify additional sources of published research. The inclusion criteria applied were human studies published between 1998 and 2017, available in full text, English language, with methodology that included direct exposure to a forest environment. Results: Thirty-one papers were determined to meet the inclusion criteria and are included in this current review. Conclusion: The current evidence demonstrates significant benefit for human health in relation to cardiovascular, immune, and neuro-endocrine function. Furthermore, significant psychological benefit has been associated with forest bathing. The review has identified that the majority of the current research has been conducted in Japan and other regions of Asia. Further research in other regions, such as the Australian environment, warrants consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In open quantum system dynamics, rich information about the major energy relaxation channels and corresponding relaxation rates can be elucidated by monitoring the vibrational energy flow among individual bath modes. However, such calculations often become tremendously difficult as the complexity of the subsystem–bath coupling increases. In this paper, we attempt to make this task feasible by using a mixed quantum–classical method, the Poisson-bracket mapping equation with non-Hamiltonian modification (PBME-nH) [H. W. Kim and Y. M. Rhee, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 184106 (2014)]. For a quantum subsystem bilinearly coupled to harmonic bath modes, we derive an expression for the mode energy in terms of the classical positions and momenta of the nuclei, while keeping consistency with the energy of the quantum subsystem. The accuracy of the resulting expression is then benchmarked against a numerically exact method by using relatively simple models. Although our expression predicts a qualitatively correct dissipation rate for a range of situations, cases involving a strong vibronic resonance are quite challenging. This is attributed to the inherent lack of quantum back reaction in PBME-nH, which becomes significant when the subsystem strongly interacts with a small number of bath modes. A rigorous treatment of such an effect will be crucial for developing quantitative simulation methods that can handle generic subsystem–bath coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueologia is the property of Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between managerial overconfidence and write-offs following CEO turnover. Incoming CEOs often engage in big bath accounting as they dispose of poorly performing projects. Overconfident managers overestimate their abilities and consequently have upwardly biased expectations concerning future firm performance. I hypothesise that overconfident CEOs are less likely to engage in a big bath following managerial change. The empirical results confirm this hypothesis by showing that big baths at CEO turnover are significantly less frequent among overconfident CEOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various literary studies have investigated the psychological, social and cultural effects of traumatic events. They give voice to traumatised victims and enable them to convey and confront their traumas. However, these studies present a one-sided view, concentrating largely on the presentation of trauma in the industrial societies of the Western world. Recently, increasing attention has been devoted to identifying and depicting the forms and types of trauma that have been experienced in marginalised and neglected societies, such as the Iraqi society. Iraq has witnessed the unexpected fall of a brutal dictatorship, Western invasion and an unprecedented rise of sectarian discourses. This extreme violence has deeply affected many aspects of cultural production, particularly the rise of trauma in dramatic works of art. The present paper aims to examine two plays, namely, Jawad Al-Assadi;s Baghdadi Bath and Mithal Ghazi;s A Feminine Solo, using trauma theory in analysing the notions of the traumatic effect of war on survivors and Antonin Artaud;s Theatre of Cruelty in explaining the issue of staging violence. This paper concludes that these plays bear witness to and expose the devastating effect of war on the identities of traumatised Iraqi characters, while at the same time, endowing them with a sense of hope to overcome their traumatised state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nappy rash affects up to 25% of nappy wearing infants and can be distressing for the infant, their family and carers. This paper focuses on the cause, prevention, diagnosis and management of nappy rash based on current evidence and guidance to provide optimum care and advice antenatally and postnatally. The aim is to shed light on assessment, diagnosis, self-management and therapeutic options to prevent, manage and treat nappy rash. Although common, nappy rash can provide diagnostic challenges. Thus, the paper will highlight further potential causes of nappy rash and when to seek further advice and guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TST - Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones is the property of Asociacion Iberica de Historia Ferroviaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problems involving quantum impurities, in which one or a few particles are interacting with a macroscopic environment, represent a pervasive paradigm, spanning across atomic, molecular, and condensed-matter physics. In this paper we introduce new variational approaches to quantum impurities and apply them to the Fröhlich polaron – a quasiparticle formed out of an electron (or other point-like impurity) in a polar medium, and to the angulon – a quasiparticle formed out of a rotating molecule in a bosonic bath. We benchmark these approaches against established theories, evaluating their accuracy as a function of the impurity-bath coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a contribution to cultures of urban water research through household ethnographies conducted with 16 participants who migrated from Burma to Sydney, Australia. We draw on a strand of corppreal feminism and offer the concept of bathing assemlbages to interpet how watery skin encounters provide clues to how participants washed themselves in their 'home' country may presist, transform or stop. Our analysis maps how dimensions of the self (ethical, gender, class, ethnic, national faith and others) are constituted by, and generative of, the felt intensities of watery encounters through different bathing assemblages. This paper illustrates how bathing practices are shaped as much by emotional and affective intensities as by reasoned activity. We show the utility of corporeal feminism not only for theorising subjectivity, but also for household sustainability politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monumental burial complex known as the “Tombs of the Kings” is regarded by scholars as the burial plot of Queen Helena of Adiabene and her family, who lived in Jerusalem in the firstcentury CE. In this paper we reconsider the original purpose of the two large ritual baths in the burial compound, based on the location of the site relative to its surroundings. The scholarship assumes that ritual baths situated next to tombs were intended for use by participants in funerals or memorial ceremonies. In this paper we suggest that in the case of the Tombs of the Kings, the adjacent baths were meant for purificationof pilgrims en route to Jerusalem, as can be understood from their geographical location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives To describe shared governance in action through the example of one paediatric institution's decision to institute daily chlorhexidine bathing. Background Shared governance processes are discussed extensively in the literature; however, implementation of the processes can be challenging. Recently nurses at one paediatric hospital were involved in a hospital-wide practice change where the theoretical approach of shared governance was actualised. Several questions arose from direct care nurses about unwarranted variations in bathing practices across settings and whether bathing standardisation could address the recent increase in central line-associated bloodstream infections. Shared governance council members identified daily chlorhexidine bathing as a potential intervention to standardise bathing across the hospital and to decrease infection rates. At this time, chlorhexidine bathing had been widely adopted in adult hospitals but was less commonly practiced in paediatric institutions. Design This is a position paper describing the use of shared governance to make a house-wide practice decision and positively impact patient outcomes. Method Inquiry Council members conducted a systematic evidence search on best practices around chlorhexidine bathing. This evidence was used in Practice Council discussions to standardise house-wide practice. Once consensus was achieved, council members collaborated with Education Council to ensure understanding, competency, and the adoption and sustainment of the practice change. Conclusions Patients with central lines are at decreased risk for acquiring a central line-associated blood stream infection due, in part, to the change in nursing practice to include daily chlorhexidine bathing. The shared governance structure was the vehicle through which this practice was vetted and instituted. Relevance to clinical practice This paper provides a real-life example of leveraging shared governance structures and the direct care nurse leaders within the councils when an organisation faces critical needs in patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Kanpumasatsu, a Japanese self-massage technique using a dry towel, and explores its potential benefits in promoting relaxation and immune functions, citing research that suggests positive effects in preventing colds, enhancing immunity, increasing blood flow and many others.

Showering preoperatively with chlorhexidine gluconate is an issue that continues to promote debate; however, many studies demonstrate evidence of surgical site infection risk reduction. Methodological issues have been present in many of the studies used to compile guidelines and there has been a lack of standardisation of processes for application of the active agents in papers pre-2009. This review and commentary paper highlights the potential for enhancing compliance with this low-risk and low-cost intervention and provides some guidance for enhancing implementation of preoperative showering with both chlorhexidine in solution and impregnated wipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Krasiejów clay (in German: Krascheow) became famous following the discovery of numerous fossilised bones of Upper Triassic amphibians and reptiles, which have been extracted from clay deposits since the 1980s. These organic remnants remained in Krasiejów clay due to the large amount of slime deposits and the optimal concentration of basal mineral salts. The main aims of the paper are to determine the historical evolution of the use of clay in Silesia for therapeutic purposes and to provide a summary of the historical uses of Krasiejów clay as a medical treatment, based on the knowledge of the local population. Methods: The mode of utilisation of Triassic variegated claystone treatment from Krasiejów was surveyed based on oral communication with local people. This information was collected over the last 35 years (1982–2017) by interviewing those who used clay as a traditional remedy, especially the eldest residents. Each resident was interviewed several times regarding the healing properties of Krasiejów clay, including the causes and symptoms of the ailments treated, mode of clay preparation, application methods, and dosage through semistructured interviews. Results: Clay from Krasiejów was used in medicine after proper preparation. The clay underwent a complicated preparation process before the use in wraps, compresses, poultices, and baths as a skin peeling agent and even as a potion to be drunk. All recorded applications, diseases, and ailments to which it were applied are described here in detail, divided into treatments with warm, and cold clay. Conclusions: Krasiejów variegated claystone had different benefits depending on the form in which it was used; different diseases were treated with warm and cold clay. According to informants, many of these diseases have been successfully treated, in particular eczema of various origins, purulent ulcers on the skin, and following internal use, digestive ailments. According to informants, in cases where the disease could not be cured, for instance, psoriasis, a significant improvement in the condition of the skin was visible in a short period of time. Clay from Krasiejów should be subjected to more detailed physicochemical analyses to determine its exact chemical composition and healing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the 2011 Census of India, around 55% of rural households do not access a private bathing facility. The research study examines whether a bathing space's presence improves the quality of life of the women using it. The study was conducted in two Indian states, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal, where two private agencies had facilitated bathing spaces. 54 women were interviewed for the purpose of the study. Individual interviews were conducted to understand the perception of the women who had recent access to the bathing spaces. The research shows that women who have access to bathing space have perceived positive changes in their health. Because of access to a private and secluded area, they can carry out Menstrual Hygiene Management practices. Along with the health benefits, the women participants also perceived changes in their daily lives. While there were numerous benefits of the bathing space, the burden of filling water and maintaining the bathing spaces on women increased. The paper also tries to understand what are the reasons for not constructing a bathing space. Cultural norms, lack of land, lack of water and water connectivity, lack of awareness, and economic reasons came across as reasons for not constructing a bathing space in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature as an environmental parameter influences the evolution of an open quantum system. In detail, temperature lies in Lindblad operator of quantum master equation that the evolution of an open quantum system follows. Hence, one can implement a temperature estimation of thermal baths through a measurement of quantum Fisher information about temperature brought from quantum states. Such a method by calculating quantum Fisher information about a parameter to estimate its value avoids measuring the parameter directly and it does not change the value of the parameter due to making measurements. In this paper, we consider a model consisting of a XXZ spin- 1 2 chain coupled locally to independent thermal baths with different temperature. Based on the model, we investigate optimal temperature estimation for thermal baths with respect to an open quantum system subjected to non-steady states. We first study optimal probe time for temperature estimation in the case of non-steady states and find that the optimal time shows different features for different types of system variables. It proves that in a certain duration there exists a tradeoff between the trial times and the attaining amount of Fisher information in each trial. In addition, we pay attention to an issue on optimal probe states. We demonstrate that in many cases the optimal states are not always the maximally entangled states and even maybe the separable states, which is related with the measuring time, system couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the provenance of Roman marble statues uncovered from the Eastern Roman Baths (Gerasa of the Decapolis, Jordan) during the 2016 and 2017 excavation campaigns. The samples were characterized using magnifying lenses, an x-ray diffractometer, a stable isotope mass spectrometer, and a polarized light microscope. The results show that the Aphrodite and drapery marbles are dolomitic and most probably from the Cape Vathy of Thassos Island (Greece); the Asklepios and Zeus marbles are fine-grained and most probably from Docimium (Turkey); the Melopmene, Demetrius Aphrodite, and eagle marbles are fine-grained and most probably from Penteli (Greece); the dancing satyr and Apollo marbles are coarse-grained and most probably from Lakkos (Paros Island, Greece); and the marble fragments of unknown statues are coarse-grained and most probably from Marmara (Proconnesus-1) Island, Turkey. The results indicate that sculptors preferred fine white marbles for carving sculptures in spite of their source, price, and sculpture workshop. The results agree with previous studies that showed a wide variety of marble sources, indicating that Gerasa prospered in its location on the King's Highway and participated in a well-established trade network with the major cities and marble sources in the Roman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CEDRUS is the property of Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The energy range of transition-edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters with a multiplexed readout depends upon the width and shape of the TES superconducting transition, and also on the dynamic range of the readout. In many detector systems, the multiplexed readout slew rate capability will be the limiting factor for the energy range. In these cases, if we are willing to accept some energy resolution degradation, we can significantly extend the energy range by increasing the bath temperature of operation, essentially creating a second "extended energy range" mode of operation. For example, if we require the very highest energy resolution up to 7 keV, and wish to optimize the design up to this energy, for some measurements it could be very beneficial to have a mode where we can extend the energy range to 15–20 keV even if some energy resolution is sacrificed. In this paper, we explore the trade-off between dynamic range and energy resolution from changing the bath temperature of the TES. We present measurements of TES resolution and slew rate as a function of bath temperature and compare to numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Functional Polymers is the property of Journal of Functional Polymers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the study of electrodeposition process by cyclic voltammetry for Zn-Ni bimetallic coating on the X52 carbon steel substrate. Prior to the deposition at the bath temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C, investigations were carried out to find the optimum potential range for zinc-nickel coatings with respect to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used for surface morphology and elemental composition studies. The corrosion rate of the deposits was studied using the linear polarization resistance (LPR) method by immersing the samples (with and without coating) into 3.5% NaCl solution for 24 h. SEM and EDX results showed that the bath temperature has affected the formation of the microstructures and composition of coating. In addition, micro-cracks, nickel content, mobility of ions and compactness of microstructure increased by raising the bath temperature used for electrodeposition. The corrosion rate obtained from the LPR method can be correlated with the SEM/EDX analysis. The coating deposited at the temperature of 60°C including more content of nickel and micro-cracks led to lower corrosion resistance compared to the coating deposited at the bath solution temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and non-coated X52 steel. Based on the results, the Zn-Ni coating deposited on the X52 steel substrate in the bath solution at 40°C presented the best performance due to more suitable achievements of microstructure compaction, composition, microcracks, and corrosion resistance observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Turisticas is the property of Investigaciones Turisticas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chemists & Technologists of Bosnia & Herzegovina / Glasnik Hemičara i Tehnologa Bosne i Hercegovine is the property of Faculty of Science Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present work is concerned with the corrosion behavior of anodized AA‐6060 in chloride containing solutions. The anodic layers were produced with identical anodizing parameters but in an anodizing bath at different stages of bath aging or the time of use, respectively. The bath aging was monitored by the conductivity and was related to the consumed charge. The oxide layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X‐ray fluorescence analysis. The corrosion behavior was characterized by a combination of electrochemical measurements (linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and corrosion tests (droplet and salt spray tests). It is shown in this paper that the kinetics of oxide formation, as well as the oxide composition, changes with ongoing bath aging. The corrosion protection of the anodic layers strictly depends on the time of use of the anodizing bath and decreases continuously with ongoing bath aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I investigate how eighteenth-century antiquarians engaged with the remains of Roman bath buildings in Britain and discuss their multifaceted attitude towards the ancient practice of bathing, with a focus on the city of Bath. I also examine the interests and priorities of Georgian scholars in studying Roman baths and their structure, highlighting their sometimes uncritical use of Classical sources and tracking the origins of their misconceptions regarding the components and function of these facilities. Finally, I briefly address the elusive socio-cultural legacy of Roman baths and bathing in eighteenth-century Britain, stressing influences and differences in practice and architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the Lee–Yang zeros of the quantum ferromagnetic Ising bath via the interaction with the two probe spins. Similarly, as in an earlier paper (Wei and Liu 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 , 185701), the problem of detecting the zeros is reduced to the exploration of the time evolution of the probe spins. As a result, the relation between the Lee–Yang zeros of the bath and correlation functions of the probe system is obtained. Also, we obtain the relation between the Lee–Yang zeros and values of the entanglement of the probe spins. We apply these results to the 1D Ising spin model with nearest-neighbor interaction, which can be prepared on trapped atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the electrodeposition of nickel composite coatings reinforced with the ceramic SiC particles. A Watts type galvanic bath modified with various organic additives was used. These additives were: 2-sulfobenzoic acid imide (LSA), dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM) and hexamethyldisilizane (HMDS). The nickel composite coating was electrodeposited on a 2xxx aluminum alloy series substrate (ENAW 2017) with zinc interlayer. Studies concerned the effect of the applied organic additives on properties of composite coatings such as: microstructure, microhardness, adhesion to the substrate, corrosion resistance and roughness. The structure of the coatings was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Based on the studies of zeta potential it was found that the bath modification had a significant impact on the amount of the ceramic phase embedded in metal matrix. The tests conducted in a model 0.01 M KCl solution were not fully representative of the true behavior of particles in a Watts bath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent inflammation of synovial joints with pain, often leading to joint destruction and disability, and despite intensive research, the cause of RA remains unknown. Balneotherapy-also called mineral baths or spa therapy-uses different types of mineral water compositions like sulphur, radon, carbon dioxin, etc. The role of balneotherapy is on debate; Sukenik wrote that the sulphur mineral water has special proprieties to rheumatologic diseases, including in the course of active inflammatory phases in RA. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence on the effects of balneotherapy on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We have made a systematic search of the articles published from 1980 to 2014 on this topic in PubMed, Scopus, CRD, PEDro, Web of Science and Embase databases. We have followed the method set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). These that have compared balneotherapy with other therapeutic modalities or with no intervention were considered. The inclusion criteria of these papers were randomized control trial (RCT); languages: English, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese; evaluation of efficacy (analysis of outcomes); use of natural mineral water baths; and participants with RA. A total of eight articles documenting RCTs were found and included for full review and critical appraisal involving a total of 496 patients. The studies selected highlighted an important improvement and statistically significant in several clinical parameters, in spite of their heterogeneity between the various studies. One study emphasized an important improvement on functional capacity up to 6 months of follow-up (FU). Some of the studies (std.) reveal an improvement on morning stiffness (5 std.), number of active joints (3 std.), Ritchie index (2 std.) and activities of daily living (2 std.) up to 3 months of FU. Three studies reveal the improvement on handgrip strength up to 1 month of FU. About pain (VAS), the three studies which evaluated this parameter were inconclusive about real significant improvement. Our tables summarize the published papers about this topic. Different authors emphasize the same problems: methodologies differing from study to study, treatment modalities, outcomes and their analysis. On the one hand, it is particularly difficult to have homogeneity on this population in all the parameters (patient's clinical heterogeneity, diverse clinical course of the disease, variety of the drugs), and on the other hand, natural mineral water composition is always unique with potential specific biological effects. This comprehensive review has revealed that there are very few published studies about the use of natural mineral water in RA. International multicentre studies, using the same methodologies, could be achieved by carrying the scientific arguments to support our clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper contributes to research investigating the effectiveness of video game intervention in shower training of children with autism spectrum disorders. Previous studies have supported the use of video games in special education. Methods: We employed the Kinect sensor to gamify shower training. Specifically, a non-concurrent multiple baseline design was adopted to demonstrate the relation between game-based intervention and taking a shower independently. Six children in a special education class at a regular elementary school participated in the experiment. Results: Data showed that the percentage of correct task steps significantly increased among all six participants; motivation to engage in training was enhanced as well, thus improving task performance during the intervention and maintenance phases. Conclusions: Although the game is a promising and highly accepted training tool for school-use, it currently remains error-prone, and the requested demand exceeds the support that can be provided by special education teachers. A more technically robust system, combined with additional attractive games, will likely result in higher participant motivation and superior task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well documented that Health care assistants (HCAs) provide the most hands‐on care to residents in aged care facilities, and play a critical role in the provision of care to dementia residents. Over the last 25 years, a philosophy of person‐centred care has become the preferred approach to care and this has meant that HCAs are encouraged to get to know the resident very well. This paper reports the experiences of HCAs in caring for people at end‐of‐life, identifies the skills required for their work and examines the education provided against these skills. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in 49 facilities (n = 34) across New Zealand and data analysed thematically, with the aim of critically examining the adequacy of education for health care assistants which meets their needs within a person‐centred environment. The results confirm that the skills include traditional tasks of care (showering, feeding, toileting, and dressing) but the increasingly important communication and de‐escalation skills, both verbal and non‐verbal, have become central to their care skills. Education provided has not sufficiently shifted focus to include these more complex skills. Provision of educations that acknowledges the increased complexities of their role needs to be provided. As well, facilities need to be challenged to reconsider the HCA's position in the facility care tem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preoperative bathing with an antiseptic agent has been used in practice to prevent surgical site infections. However, the efficacy of this practice has been called into question within the last decade. The aim of this paper was to determine if preoperative bathing with an antiseptic agent was more efficacious in reducing surgical site infections than a placebo, standard soap and water, or standard preoperative preparation by the surgical team in adult surgical patients. The method was a literature review. Although the results were moderately inconsistent regarding efficacy, the consensus was that this practice was unlikely to cause harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To gain an in‐depth understanding of patients' preferences regarding two bed bath methods: soap and water and disposable wet wipes. Background: Bed baths allow hospitalised, bedridden patients to stay clean and fresh. They serve a number of purposes: health promotion, social propriety and pure pleasure. Traditionally, soap and water have been used for personal hygiene, but in recent years soap and water have increasingly been replaced by the use of disposable wet wipes. Design: A qualitative study with a hermeneutical‐phenomenological approach was chosen to explore and understand patients' experiences of bed bath methods. Methods: Semi‐structured, individual, in‐depth interviews with 16 bedridden patients from three wards were conducted. The software program nvivo was used to structure the transcribed interviews and assist in the initial data analysis. The data were analysed and interpreted within a phenomenological‐hermeneutical framework. COREQ guidelines were used in the preparation of this paper (See Supporting information Appendix S1). Results: Four overall themes were identified: "Creating a sense of cleanliness," "Preferences and concerns in different situations," "Cleanliness of hands and face" and "Clinical decision‐making about bed bath method." Conclusions: Overall, patients' bed bath preference was for soap and water, but disposable wet wipes were considered a convenient alternative and preferred in certain circumstances, for example, when a patient had pain or diarrhoea. Shared decision‐making regarding bed bath method is recommended. Hands and face had specific requirements. Relevance to clinical practice: Nursing staff should be aware that bedridden patients have varying preferences, and it is important to incorporate the patients' preferences in the development of standards, health policies and clinical guidelines for bed bath practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effects of microwave on the structure changes of myofibrillar protein compared with traditional water bath heating method. Under microwave or water bath heating conditions, α‐helix conformation of myofibrillar protein was converted into β‐turn, β‐sheet and randomly coiled structures gradually. The fluorescence intensity of myofibrillar protein exhibited a marked red shift of the maximum absorption wavelength after microwave or water bath treatment. Total sulfhydryls groups and surface hydrophobicity contents were increased with progressing microwave or water bath treatment time. Results indicated that the thermal effects of microwave dominated the structure changes of myofibrillar protein, and microwaving also had an apparent influence on myofibrillar protein structure compared with water bath heating due to its nonthermal effects, and thus affecting the retention and release of ketone flavour compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late 17th century saw the establishment of a number of bagnios in London; these were bathing establishments often offering both cold and hot baths. This paper examines the physical evidence for bathing in Georgian London (1714—1820) using surviving examples, pictorial evidence and documentary accounts. The importance of the bagnio in the cultural and social life of Georgian London is examined. Some bagnios strove to maintain an air of respectability, while others were little more than bawdy-houses used by London’s many prostitutes and their clients. Many bagnios closed during the early 19th century because of a changing moral climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how changes in an older adult’s physical capacity alter their bathing preferences, how the care environment incorporates residents’ values and beliefs around bathing to fulfil these changing care needs, and how institutional factors, such as staff scheduling and communication processes, influence Resident Care Aides’ (RCAs) bathing practices. Design/methodology/approach – A multiple methods approach involving surveys and interviews with residents and RCAs in a Canadian residential care facility. This paper draws mostly from the semi-structured, qualitative interviews with older adult residents (n=9; Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) scores > 15) and RCAs (n=10) on two nursing units offering different bathing options. Findings – Decreasing energy levels and physical decline were commonly cited reasons for residents’ changing bathing preferences. Residents were overall very appreciative of the bathing care they received in residential care, and identified the weekly tub bath as an anticipated encounter where they experienced a valued social interaction with their assigned RCA. While identifying bathing as an occasionally stressful aspect of their work, RCAs also described the bathing experience as an intimate bonding activity. The study identified bathing as an important activity in residential care. Originality/value – Previous studies have focused on moderate to severely cognitively impaired older adults’ and their demonstration of agitated behaviours during bathing. Most participants in this study had only minor cognitive impairment, as measured by MMSE scores (average score=20.6); therefore, this study provides insight into the experiences and needs of older adults whose perspective is not generally reflected in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored personal hygiene options of renal patients that maintain the integrity of central venous catheter exit site dressings between dialysis sessions. Background: Infection is a major life-limiting risk for patients undergoing haemodialysis via a central venous catheter. Meticulous attention to keeping the exit site dressings clean and dry is an essential defence in preventing local and systemic infections. It is difficult to maintain the integrity of water-resistant dressings in tropical environments. Study Design: A three-phase exploratory study was conducted in a northern Australian Renal Service. Methods: Phase 1 employed a cross-sectional, anonymous, online survey of renal nurses about the acceptability and feasibility of two hygiene options for patients: bathing wipes and a waterproof dressing cover. The survey also canvassed their concerns about the options. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise Likert-scale responses and content analysis was used for responses to open-ended survey questions. Phase 2 used conversational-style interviews with patients about their hygiene preferences, how they endeavoured to keep their dressings dry, and their impressions regarding the proposed options. Phase 3 was a series of case studies of patients trialling the provided options over a six-week period. Participants were progressively recruited to this phase and were provided with the product/s of their choice at each dialysis session; renal nurses also assessed the integrity of the dressings at each dialysis session. Research nurses discussed with the participants their experiences with the options. Results: Phase 1: Nurses (N=37, response rate 58.7%) considered both options acceptable and feasible for patients, noting some practical concerns related to their use. Phase 2: Patients (N=27, 100% participation rate) described hygiene preferences and difficulties they encountered with keeping dressings dry. Only one participant had a bath, as per written advice. All were enthusiastic about trying the proposed options. Phase 3: Patients (N=22) appreciated being able to shower without wetting their exit site dressings. Individuals were inventive in modifying the application and use of the waterproof cover according to their body shape and the central venous catheter exit site location. Although participants liked both options, the waterproof covering was most popular and most frequently used. Intactness of the dressings was 83% during the trial; there were no central venous catheter-associated infections during the study. Conclusion: Self-management and choice were motivating factors for participants. Patients embraced being able to keep their dressings dry and intact during personal hygiene in a tropical environment. Implications for research, policy, and practice: Patients demonstrated their willingness to undertake a more active role in their dressing care, while exercising choice with respect to personal hygiene. Studies that further increase patients' participation in other aspects of their self-care warrant further investigation. The organisation is pursuing options for the ongoing provision of the products used in this study and how their use can be monitored in clinical practice. What is already known about the topic? * Intact dressings provide an important line of defence against infection in the vulnerable population of patients receiving dialysis via central lines. * Hygiene needs are also an important consideration for quality of life, empowerment, and autonomy. * Patients' current attempts to meet their own hygiene needs often result in a disruption to the intactness of the dressing site and predispose them to systemic infections. What this paper adds * This study facilitated exploration of two feasible hygiene options in an open and culturally safe manner, from both patients' and nurses' perspectives. * The opportunity to perform personal hygiene according to individual preferences resulted in a willingness of participants to undertake a more active role in the care of their dressing. * The identification of two acceptable and feasible personal hygiene options has the potential of removing one of the many lifestyle modifications faced by people who undergo haemodialysis via a central venous catheter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Many health benefits are claimed by individuals and facilities promoting sauna bathing; however the medical evidence to support these claims is not well established. This paper aims to systematically review recent research on the effects of repeated dry sauna interventions on human health. Methods. A systematic search was made of medical databases for studies reporting on the health effects of regular dry sauna bathing on humans from 2000 onwards. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Results. Forty clinical studies involving a total of 3855 participants met the inclusion criteria. Only 13 studies were randomized controlled trials and most studies were small (n<40). Reported outcome measures were heterogeneous with most studies reporting beneficial health effects. Only one small study (n=10) reported an adverse health outcome of disrupted male spermatogenesis, demonstrated to be reversible when ceasing sauna activity. Conclusions. Regular dry sauna bathing has potential health benefits. More data of higher quality is needed on the frequency and extent of adverse side effects. Further study is also needed to determine the optimal frequency and duration of distinct types of sauna bathing for targeted health effects and the specific clinical populations who are most likely to benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The famous baths of two biblical women, Bathsheba and Susanna, captured the lust of their respective onlookers. Despite what is not a hint of seductive intent in their stories, many interpreters have portrayed these two characters as, essentially, 'asking for it.' Feminist scholars have worked to rehabilitate Bathsheba and Susanna's reputations. Curiously, though, neither traditional scholars portraying the characters as femmes fatales nor feminist interpreters defending them have brought a third biblical bathing woman, Judith, into the discussion. This paper argues that Judith is the only one of the three to whom the biblical text actually does attribute seductive motives. Judith uses the idea that a bathing woman is an irresistible object of desire to her advantage and so arranges semipublic baths while she is in an Assyrian military camp. Using close readings of the three texts and feminist interpretive strategies, Tamber-Rosenau argues that Judith, unlike the other two bathing women, choreographs her exposure for maximum effect. Judith's baths, unlike those of Bathsheba and Susanna, are a calculated part of a larger seduction routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Amateur ice bathing has recently become very popular, with studies revealing health benefits, including enhanced viral resistance. Such interest in this issue has been heightened even more due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study predates widespread COVID-19 vaccination in Poland. Objectives. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term cold-water immersion on COVID-19 resistance in Polish ice bathers. Additionally, a possible relation between the ABO blood group and RhD antigen of winter swimmers and COVID-19 incidence was also studied. Material and methods. A survey was conducted on 2,534 Polish ice bathers who were questioned about their demographic data, ice bathing habits, ABO and RhD antigens, symptoms of infection and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results. For prospective statistical analysis, a Bayesian prediction was carried out to accommodate for missing COVID-19 RT-PCR test data following the selected explanatory clinical covariates. Furthermore, a taxonomic method was used to cluster the ice bathers. Results. In experienced ice bathers, a 7% higher resistance to COVID-19 has been estimated compared to beginners. Additionally, the probability of COVID-19 infection in ice bathers with blood group B RhD- is predicted to be the highest, while group O RhD+ and A RhD+ tend to be more resistant against the virus. Conclusions. There is an increasing immunological resistance of ice bathing, especially in O RhD+ and A RhD+ carriers, against COVID-19, although this does not appear to be strong. Our findings suggest that ice bathing should be considered as an additional means to enhancing the resistance to infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dignity is a fundamental concept, but its meaning is not clear. This paper attempts to clarify the term by analysing and reconnecting two meanings of dignity: humanitas and dignitas. Humanitas refers to citizen values that protect individuals as equal to one another. Dignitas refers to aesthetic values embedded in genres of sociality that relate to differences between people. The paper explores these values by way of an empirical ethical analysis of practices of washing psychiatric patients in nursing care. Nurses legitimate the washing of reluctant patients with reference to dignity. The analysis shows the intertwinement of humanitas and dignitas that gives dignity its fundamental meaning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of the History of Sport is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Real-time prediction of bathing water quality is suggested as an appropriate regulatory approach in recent WHO Guidelines and new European Union (EU) standards for bathing water quality. The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) has developed the first EU real-time bathing water quality predictions at 10 sites throughout Scotland since 2004. This paper covers two stages in the evolution of modelling tools which inform these predictions based on antecedent rainfall and river flow, using four sites as examples. These tools, together with associated advisory systems, demonstrate the potential to minimise public exposure to adverse water quality where this occurs in discrete episodes after rainfall events. In addition, they allow an effective prediction and communication system to provide significant compliance benefits as samples taken during periods when bathing is not advised are disregarded for classification purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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