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Copyright of Revista de Economía Institucional is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand the contribution of visitor demand to the seasonal sales variations experienced at grocery retailers in Cornwall, South West England. Design/methodology/approach - Working collaboratively with a major UK retailer provides access to store trading information and customer data from a popular loyalty card scheme. The authors use spatial analysis to identify revenue originating from outside the store catchment, and explore the spatial and temporal nature of the visitor demand recorded in-store. Findings - The paper demonstrates the significant degree of seasonality experienced around stores in terms of their revenue generated from out-of-catchment visitors, and highlights implications for store location planning. Most notably, visitor expenditure tends to demonstrate far more spatial and temporal clustering than residential demand. The authors argue that it is essential for retailers to ensure that their location planning makes full use of all available consumer data to understand the local nature of demand, including the impact of visitor expenditure. Research limitations/implications - The authors aim to use this insight to develop a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for use within site location planning in the retail sector. This would incorporate a spatial interaction model to estimate and account for variation in local demand generated by seasonal tourist visits. Originality/value - Customer level loyalty card data are rarely available for academic investigations and the authors are able to provide a unique insight into customer expenditure in tourist locations. There has been little exploration of seasonal tourist demand in store location planning, and this study addresses an identified academic and commercial need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leisure is not a typical theme of analysis in Post Keynesian economics. The analysis of leisure, however, provides an opportunity to critique mainstream economic analysis as well as contributes toward our understanding of an important facet of modern economies. This paper provides an empirical contribution toward this objective by focusing upon leisure demand. As well as drawing upon early Post Keynesian and institutional and sociological analyses, the paper offers original empirical insights from the United Kingdom using a qualitative choice analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity demand forecasts are needed for decisions regarding generation dispatch for lead times as short as just a few minutes. Imbalance between generation and demand causes deviation of the system frequency from its target, which in Great Britain is 50 Hz. This, in turn, causes a change in demand, due largely to motor loads. For Great Britain, the change is estimated to be 2.5% of demand per 1 Hz of frequency deviation from its target. This can be used to calculate the demand that would have occurred if frequency had been at 50 Hz. Modeling and forecasting the resulting frequency-corrected demand provides a better basis for dispatching generation. This paper evaluates methods for forecasting frequency-corrected demand up to 10 min ahead. We introduce an exponential smoothing model that, like the system operator's proposed Kalman filter approach, jointly models frequency and demand. We also evaluate a set of univariate methods applied directly to the series of frequency-corrected demand. These methods have not previously been considered for lead times less than 10 min. In our empirical analysis, the best results were produced by a seasonal exponential smoothing method applied directly to the series of frequency-corrected demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies changes in labour market inequality in the UK, with particular reference to what happened to wage inequality during the years of Labour government. The analysis uses micro-data through time to document what happened to overall wage inequality, as well as upper- and lower-tail wage inequality, relative to what went before. Simple supply and demand models of changing wage differentials by education group are used, so as to consider the drivers of relative demand shifts in favour of the more educated that underpin rising wage inequality. The changing role of labour market institutions is also discussed, and in particular the decline of unionization and the importance of the introduction of the national minimum wage in 1999 for the evolution of lower-tail wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal partnerships are the primary mechanism to support local and regional integrated coastal management (ICM) in the United Kingdom. This paper identifies four evolutionary stages of coastal partnership development, in which partnerships pass through stages of foundation, challenge, reflection and renewal. Through examining these stages, it was apparent that the manner in which coastal partnerships in the UK support ICM has evolved from a plan-led approach to a service-based approach since the early 1990s. In the service-based approach, partnerships support ICM through an ongoing programme of facilitated stakeholder engagement, capacity building and information exchange, rather than through the development and implementation of an outcome-based management plan. This has been prompted by a number of interconnected factors, including funding scarcity, a historic lack of national-level support and ambiguous evidence of success. Following a discussion of the benefits and burdens of the service-based approach, the paper concludes that whilst the service-based ICM support model offers many advantages and opportunities, the wider coastal governance framework in the UK may still present considerable challenges to its future success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a theoretical assessment of petroleum taxation in Great Britain, by use of an irreversible investment model, Great Britain's Petroleum Revenue Tax (PRT). Using the real options approach, this paper has studied the impact of various tax regimes on the decision to develop an oil field. It is clear that, even with no taxes, the option of waiting will have value if oil prices are volatile; that is, delaying investment is economically efficient. The issues analyzed here are how the key parameters of the tax regime may distort this development decision and how much of the economic rents of oil production are being recouped. Researchers showed specifically how the two key parameters, which broadly characterize the Great Britain's PRT regime operated in the North Sea, could alter the trigger for development. It was found that there exists a unique up-lift rate, which ensures neutrality, irrespective of the tax rate levied on the revenues after the allowance is exhausted. Using stylized values for three salient characteristics, the analysis suggests that the pre-1993 regime was close to being neutral and relatively efficient in collecting economic rent. The combination of an up-lift rate of 35 % and a tax rate of over 80 % only affect the trigger marginally, but can collect ¾ of the rent.

This paper examines whether demographic variables and other household characteristics are more likely to affect the intercept of the Euler equation or the intertemporal elasticity of substitution (ISE) of the household. Analysis of British data suggests that demographics affect the growth rate of consumption in a purely transitory way, while the educational level and the employment status of the wife appear to have a significant effect on the ISE. The effect of the employment status of the head is more uncertain. After taking these differences into account, the hypothesis of no excess sensitivity cannot be rejected for households with two earners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract-This paper utilizes a new data set to test for utility maximizing behavior and weakly separable sub-utility functions in the context of a utility function comprising durables, nondurables, services, leisure, and monetary asset holdings for the UK personal sector. All the data sets analyzed demonstrated consistency with respect to utility maximizing behavior. The weak separability results prove to be relatively invariant to the degree of aggregation over goods but highly sensitive to the assumption made regarding the representative consumer. Per-household scaling of the data produced a utility function that is weakly separable in goods, services and leisure, and in monetary assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper replicates and extends earlier work on the politics of macroeconomic policy by considering political effects on unemployment in Britain and the United States from 1947 to 1983. Unemployment falls under left-wing governments and rises under right- wing governments. However, these partisan effects on unemployment in an open economy like Britain's can only be satisfactorily estimated relative to the level of world economic activity. The United States has major effects on world economic activity but is also subject to feedback from the economies of other countries. Politicians' strategic incentives and economic regime constraints determine whether partisan effects on unemployment will be sustained, transitory, or absent. In Britain, only a model in which partisan impacts are transitory satisfactorily estimates the effects of changes of party control. In the United States, only the transitory-impact model is able to estimate partisan effects in recent administrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product-Service Systems (PSSs) constitute a family of service-based business models designed to satisfy our societal needs in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. To date however PSS application has remained niche due to a variety of critical barriers. This paper explores how ‘demand pull’ national government policies could support PSS activity by addressing these barriers and cultivating market demand. Lessons are drawn from a case study of how regulatory , economic incentive , informative and procurement policies have supported Energy Service Company (ESCo) activity in the UK; a sub-set of the PSS family focused on energy service provision. Subsequently five policy recommendations are presented to support PSS activity: (1) balancing economic incentives and regulatory disincentives; (2) promoting indirect policy support; (3) redesigning existing market structures; (4) promoting locally-led PSS activity; and (5) creating stable policy frameworks. The paper warns however that national government policy cannot easily address all PSS barriers, such as customer preferences, international developments, technological progress and inherent business model weaknesses, pointing to the need for other complementary solutions. Furthermore, other governance actors beside national government could also implement PSS supporting policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the mid-eighteenth century, most people lived in near-complete darkness except in the presence of sunlight and moonlight. Since then, the provision of artificial light has been revolutionised by a series of innovations in appliances, fuels, infrastructures and institutions that have enabled the growing demands of economic development for artificial light to be met at dramatically lower costs: by the year 2000, while United Kingdom GDP per capita was 15 times its 1800 value, lighting services cost less than one three thousandth of their 1800 value, per capita use was 6,500 times greater and total lighting consumption was 25,000 times higher than in 1800. The economic history of light shows how focussing on developments in energy service provision rather than simply on energy use and prices can reveal the 'true' declines in costs, enhanced levels of consumption and welfare gains that have been achieved. While emphasising the value of past experience, the paper also warns against the dangers of over-reliance on past trends for the long-run forecasting of energy consumption given the potential for the introduction of new Technologies and fuels, and for rebound and saturation effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the behavior of house prices in Great Britain during the period 1957 to 1994. In this paper the authors have derived an equation for real house prices as an inverted housing demand function. The theory of housing demand was examined in an intertemporal context taking into account expectations, credit constraints, lumpy transactions costs and uncertainty. The theory predicts several shifts in parameters as a result of the financial liberalization of the 1980s. One of these concerns shifts in wealth effects which we have already analyzed in work on British consumer spending at a national and regional level. The empirical evidence supports similar shifts in the housing demand function. Furthermore, the theory predicts an increased role for income growth expectations and real interest rates in the 1980s. This is strongly borne out by the empirical evidence. The presence of lumpy transactions costs is shown to result in important nonlinearities or threshold effects in the aggregate demand for housing.

About a decade ago Batchelor presented an interesting model for the export market of UK industry in the period 1948-1975, In this paper a corrected version of Batchelor's model is used to explain Dutch exports from 1962 to 1981. The results are compared with straightforward alternatives to obtain an indication of the relevance of the model in practice. Our conclusion is that the model does not explain exports behaviour better than simple alternatives. For some variables even implausible elasticities are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings from a nationally representative household survey on the tendency to regret purchases across 20 product groups. The survey reveals that the vast majority of adults in Great Britain (82%) have regretted a purchase in the past. Post-purchase regret is shown to be particularly prevalent for clothing & footwear and takeaway food. The tendency to regret purchases appears to reduce with age and to be more common amongst white collar rather than blue collar workers. Combining survey results with average price estimates gives an estimated, aggregate, annual expenditure on regretted purchases of £5–25bn, equivalent to 2–10% of annual consumer spending on goods in Great Britain. These findings are interesting because they suggest that there is a degree of self-assessed over-consumption that, if reduced, could help to reduce pressures on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Demand management defines any method used to monitor, direct, or regulate patient referrals. Strategies have been developed to manage the referral of patients to secondary care, with interventions that target primary care, specialist services, or infrastructure. Aim To review the international evidence on interventions to manage referral from primary to specialist care. Design and setting Systematic review. Method Iterative, systematic searches of published and unpublished sources public health, health management, management, and grey literature databases from health care and other industries were undertaken to identify recent, relevant studies. A narrative synthesis of the data was completed to structure the evidence into groups of similar interventions. Results The searches generated 8327 unique results, of which 140 studies were included. Interventions were grouped into four intervention categories: GP education (n = 50); process change (n = 49); system change (n = 38); and patient-focused (n = 3). It is clear that there is no 'magic bullet' to managing demand for secondary care services: although some groups of interventions may have greater potential for development, given the existing evidence that they can be effective in specific contexts. Conclusions To tackle demand management of primary care services, the focus cannot be on primary care alone; a whole-systems approach is needed because the introduction of interventions in primary care is often just the starting point of the referral process. In addition, more research is needed to develop and evaluate interventions that acknowledge the role of the patient in the referral decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a school of thought that future demand for meat and other farm animal products is unsustainable for several reasons, including greenhouse gas emissions, especially from ruminants; standards of farm animal health and welfare, especially when farm animals are kept intensively; efficiency of conversion by livestock of solar energy into (human) food, particularly by pigs and poultry; water availability and usage for all types of agricultural production, including livestock; and human health and consumption of meat, eggs and milk. Demand for meat is forecast to rise as a result of global population growth and increasing affluence. These issues buttress an impending perfect storm of food shortages, scarce water and insufficient energy, which is likely to coincide with global population reaching about 9 billion people in 2030 (pace Beddington). This paper examines global demand for animal products, the narrative of 'sustainable intensification' and the implications of each for the future of farm animal welfare. In the UK, we suggest that, though non-ruminant farming may become unsustainable, ruminant agriculture will continue to prosper because cows, sheep and goats utilize grass and other herbage that cannot be consumed directly by humans, especially on land that is unsuitable for other purposes. However, the demand for meat and other livestock-based food is often for pork, eggs and chicken from grain-fed pigs and poultry. The consequences of such a perfect storm are beginning to be incorporated in long-term business planning by retailers and others. Nevertheless, marketing sustainable animal produce will require considerable innovation and flair in public and private policies if marketing messages are to be optimized and consumer behaviour modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a shape-invariant Engel curve system with endogenous total expenditure, in which the shape-invariant specification involves a common shift parameter for each demographic group in a pooled system of nonparametric Engel curves. We focus on the identification and estimation of both the nonparametric shapes of the Engel curves and the parametric specification of the demographic scaling parameters. The identification condition relates to the bounded completeness and the estimation procedure applies the sieve minimum distance estimation of conditional moment restrictions, allowing for endogeneity. We establish a new root mean squared convergence rate for the nonparametric instrumental variable regression when the endogenous regressor could have unbounded support. Root-n asymptotic normality and semiparametric efficiency of the parametric components are also given under a set of "low-level" sufficient conditions. Our empirical application using the U.K. Family Expenditure Survey shows the importance of adjusting for endogeneity in terms of both the nonparametric curvatures and the demographic parameters of systems of Engel curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital theory suggests educational investments are made based on expected returns over the lifetime. Most other work in this field, particularly using British data, is based on demand models estimated in reduced form, with no earnings measures, or crudely constructed earnings measures, based on one or two earnings observations per individual. We present a structural model of demand for educational investment which includes estimates of earnings paths for educational options as determinants of educational choice. This provides us with directly interpretable parameter estimates. The discount rate is also determined within our demand model. Ability controlled earnings profiles are estimated by matching individuals from the General Household Survey to individuals in similar occupations from the National Child Development Survey (NCDS). Our results show that expected earnings profiles vary according to observed ability and educational choice. Results from the demand model show that expected lifetime earnings have a significant impact on educational choice. Other socio–demographic factors, particularly social class, also exhibit significant influences on the education decision. We estimate the discount rate to be lower than reported in other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the Almost Ideal Demand System model of the demand for alcoholic beverages in Great Britain. Examination of several models; Interactions between the individual commodity demands; Presence of stochastic trends.

The paper presents a general theoretical framework for the analysis of integrated life-cycle models of consumption and family labor supply under uncertainty. Profit functions are used to represent intertemporally additive preferences and to yield convenient characterizations of "constant marginal utility of wealth" or "Frisch" demand functions. Conditions on preferences are derived that allow additive fixed-effect specifications for the Frisch demands. Data from the British Family Expenditure Surveys from 1970-77 are used to derive panel-like information on male labor supply and consumption for several age cohorts over time. These data reproduce standard life-cycle patterns of hours and wages, but more detailed analysis shows that the theory is incapable of offering a satisfactory common explanation of the behavior of hours and wages over both the business cycle and the life cycle. Similarly, although the theory can explain the life-cycle behavior of hours and consumption separately, the same model cannot explain both, essentially because of a failure in symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Social Attitudes Survey (BSAS) is a UK-wide survey that provides a rich source of information on individuals attitudes to a variety of topics including locally provided service. In this paper we seek to model answers to questions on attitudes to local authority spending which invite the expression of a private demand for local public spending. A convincing picture has emerged of locally provided public goods as imperfectly congested public goods, with a price elastic and probably income inelastic demand. The view that central government grants may induce voter confusion over tax prices of public services also finds support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on how the parameters of the Almost Ideal (AI) demand system are affected by the Stone index approximation. The author compares analytical expressions and empirical findings obtained from the AI model with and without the Stone index approximation. The results suggest that this approximation can result in biased parameter estimates, particularly when the AI model is applied to microdata. The use of microdata is encouraged by results showing that the restrictions required for aggregate demand analysis are not supported by empirical evidence. The article also shows that the price parameter bias can be largely corrected through a simple re-parameterization. The empirical analysis is based on Great Britain's individual household and aggregate data. Section 1 examines the bias caused by the Stone index approximation and proposes a solution. Section 2 uses micro and macro estimates to provide empirical illustration. Section 3 concludes the paper.

The article explores aggregate consumption and the distribution of income in Great Britain. The authors done this by using data from the Family Expenditure Survey. The study discusses the changes in the distribution of income in Sections I and II. They find that it is impossible for a fixed group of households to continually spend more than it currently receives. The above-unity consumption/income ratios for the lower income quintiles are only sustainable. The study finds that at the same time the actual behavior of households may not warrant the use of savings models which adhere strictly to the life-cycle hypothesis.

The main purpose of this study is to present evidence on the thesis that the failure to pay a scarcity-reflecting remuneration for the use of collectively owned capital is responsible for the frequently short life-span of producer cooperatives (PCs).[1] First we give a brief account of the theory as developed by Vanek. Next we give background information on the particular participatory species which we investigate- the long-established British producer cooperative. To test implications of the theory we estimate production functions[2] and present comparative information on output, size, investment and factor proportions for British PCs and capitalist firms in the footwear industry during the post-war era. Throughout we proceed as if British PCs were what Vanek calls purely worker-managed. In the third section we recognise that British PCs are not purely worker-managed and examine whether or not implications of the theory of financing are supported once variations in key characteristics associated with that form are taken into consideration. In a brief final section the main findings of the paper are recalled and major implications of the study presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy relevance of Ramsey pricing calculations naturally turns on their robustness. This paper sets out a methodology for a "minimal information" approach in examining the sensitivity of Ramsey prices to changes in demand and cost parameters. The "minimal information" required for the approach to be operational is (i) a set of estimated demand functions for the products involved, and (ii) some idea of the "ball-park" for marginal costs for these products. A case study of the UK letters business is used to illustrate the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines wage inflation in Great Britain. The standard real-wage model is modified by proxying the desired level of real wages by a moving average of the past level of real wages. It is found that the coefficient on the prevailing real wage is equal to that on the desired wage. Thus, in the long-run, inflation is independent of the level of real wages. The pressures of demand and incomes policy dummies are both found to be significant. Some survey data on wage expectations which have the advantage of being based on quantitative responses have been used. One rationale for having wage expectations in a wage equation might be that in a world of staggered contracts, where workers care about relative wages, they will take into account what they expect to happen to the wages of other workers when settling now. A two-equation model for wages and wage expectations is also presented. Initially, a suitably generalized version of what is referred to as a real-wage model is considered.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of non-zero excess demand both on the inter-industry competitive wage differential and on the union relative wage effect. In particular, we shall be concerned to show how Pencavel's estimates of the union relative wage effect are modified by the inclusion of variables measuring excess demand.[4] In the following section the methodology used in estimating the impact of unions on relative wages is presented, which we extend to include demand variables. The results of our analysis, together with a comparison with Pencavel's, are presented in Section III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we obtain and interpret estimates of the short- and long-run demand for money in the United Kingdom in the period 1871-1913, utilizing high-quality data on broad money and its determinants, and applying recent econometric techniques. A unique, theoretically consistent long-run function is estimated, as well as a short-run dynamic demand function which is formally superior to a number of previous estimates.

Abstract--On the assumption that the natural root of dynamics lies in the intertemporal dimension of the optimization process and that an operational and meaningful solution has to be found by appropriately placing restrictions on preferences, this paper develops and tests on U.K. 1952-1981 data a dynamic demand system exploiting Gorman's concept of quasi separability Comparison with a static (intertemporally weakly separable) alternative provides further evidence for the idea that dynamic modelling can overcome the usual rejection of theoretical constraints in demand analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address ourselves to the question of the relative efficiency of job rationing rules and relative wages in the allocation of labour in an imperfect labour market with vacancies and unemployment. The theoretical model is a model of job search in a market consisting of n sectors competing for a fixed stock of labour. Each sector can attract labour from other sectors by relaxing job-rationing constraints (e.g. through the opening up of more vacancies) or by increasing its relative wage offer. The model is too general to offer comparisons between the relative efficiency of the two alternative allocation methods, so empirical data on the industrial movement of labour in Britain 1963-75 are used to estimate their relative efficiency in inducing re-allocations in the real economy. The reasons for resorting to empirical analysis, rather than to the theoretical implications of additional restrictions on the general model, are first the belief that (in this case at least) the additional restrictions are unlikely to improve the efficiency of empirical estimation, and second that ultimately the relative significance of price and quantity signals can only be ascertained by the empirical observation of actual market adjustments (but see Weitzman (1974) and Baily (I974), where a similar problem is analysed by imposing restrictions on the general model). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the earlier work reported in [5] by including results on an additional model and by presenting the simulation findings in terms of trade-off equations between policy objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a systems approach to estimate budget share equations for four categories of alcoholic drinks and for tobacco, using quarterly expenditure data for the period 1964 to 1983. The emphasis is on the importance of the tolerance effects of addiction and on the smoker's participation decision in correctly specifying the model of demand. The model makes explicit recognition of a separate participation decision and the estimates suggest that there is something to be gained by introducing variables to indicate changes in the distribution of income and the demographic structure of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed analysis of the power demand of an ultraefficient lightweight-battery electric vehicle is performed. The aim is to overcome the problem of lightweight electric vehicles that may have a relatively bad environmental impact if their power demand is not extremely reduced. In particular, electric vehicles have a higher environmental impact during the production phase, which should be balanced by a lower impact during the service life by means of a lightweight design. As an example of an ultraefficient electric vehicle, a prototype for the Shell Eco-marathon competition is considered. A "tank-to-wheel" multiphysics model (thermo-electro-mechanical) of the vehicle was developed in "Matlab-Simscape". The model includes the battery, the DC motors, the motor controller and the vehicle drag forces. A preliminary model validation was performed by considering experimental data acquisitions completed during the 2019 Shell Eco-marathon European competition at the Brooklands Circuit (UK). Numerical simulations are employed to assess the sharing of the energy consumption among the main dissipation sources. From the analysis, we found that the main sources of mechanical dissipation (i.e., rolling resistance, gravitational/inertial force and aerodynamic drag) have the same role in the defining the power consumption of such kind of vehicles. Moreover, the effect of the main vehicle parameters (i.e., mass, aerodynamic coefficient and tire rolling resistance coefficient) on the energy consumption was analyzed through a sensitivity analysis. Results showed a linear correlation between the variation of the parameters and the power demand, with mass exhibiting the highest influence. The results of this study provide fundamental information to address critical decisions for designing new and more efficient lightweight vehicles, as they allow the designer to clearly identify which are the main parameters to keep under control during the design phase and which are the most promising areas of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shocks to world commodity prices and the depreciation of sterling led to a large increase in the price of food in the UK. It also resulted in large changes in the relative prices of different foods. We document these changes, and consider how they affected the composition of households' shopping baskets. We isolate the impact of changes in relative food prices from variation in preferences using data on purchasing decisions made by a representative panel of British households. We show that changes in relative food prices led to a worsening in the nutritional quality of households' shopping baskets, though this was partially mitigated by offsetting changes in preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps of energy demand from buildings in Great Britain have been created at 1 km square resolution. They reveal the spatial variation of demand for heat and electricity, of importance for energy distribution studies and particularly for bioenergy research given the significant distance-based restrictions on the viability of bioenergy crops. Maps representing the spatial variation of energy demand for the year 2009 were created using publicly available sub-national gas and electricity consumption data. A new statistical model based on census data was used to increase the spatial resolution. The energy demand was split into thermal energy (the heat energy required for space heating and hot water) and electricity used for purposes other than heating (nonheating electricity or NHE) and was determined separately for the domestic and nondomestic sectors. 'Scenario factors,' representing the fractional change at national level in the demand for heat and NHE, were derived from scenarios constructed by UKERC. These scenarios represent a range of pathways from the present day to 2050. The present work focused on the two cases of greatest relevance, the 'low carbon' and 'additional policies' scenarios, and factors for both were derived, for the demand types described, for every 5 years between 2000 and 2050. Approximately, future spatial energy demands can be obtained by applying the scenario factors to the base mapping data for 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the weak recovery of the British economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) remains around 3% and the financial crisis is said to have caused a damage to possible output. Factors which damaged demand and weakened GDP growth include the fiscal consolidation programme, tight credit conditions and sovereign debt crisis. Particular focus is given to the gap between GDP and potential output and stronger activity implied by labour market data.

Private schooling is an important feature of education systems across the world. Despite its relatively small size, the British private school sector has a long history and plays a prominent role in society. We provide evidence showing that private schools have been successful in transforming their ability to generate the academic outputs that are most in demand in the modern economy: the private/state school wage differential has risen significantly over time, and a significant factor has been faster rising educational attainment for privately-educated individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the choice of hospital for elective hip replacements amongst patients in England, using patient-episode level data from the Hospital Episodes Statistics records. The article is primarily methodological: we estimate a demand model that allows for heterogeneity across observed patient characteristics and demonstrate how to use this model to simulate the effect of mergers between hospitals. Our article contributes to the empirical literature on hospital choice and provides a novel method for simulating mergers between hospitals with regulated prices. Importantly, in an industry that competes on quality, our demand model estimations also identify important quality dimensions of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1930s witnessed an intense struggle between gas and electricity suppliers for the working class market, where the incumbent utility—gas—was also a reasonably efficient (and cheaper) General Purpose Technology for most domestic uses. Local monopolies for each supplier boosted substitution effects between fuel types—as alternative fuels constituted the only local competition. Using newly-rediscovered returns from a major national household expenditure survey, we employ geographically-determined instrumental variables, more commonly used in the industrial organization literature, to show that gas provided a significant competitor, tempering electricity prices, while electricity demand was also responsive to marketing initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are three key dimensions by which revealed preference bounds on consumer demand responses can be improved. The first relates to the improvements that arise from using expansion paths for given relative prices, E-bounds. The second concerns the addition of new price information. Thirdly, there are improvements due to assuming separability. Our previous research has examined the first two cases. In this article, we show how to impose separability assumptions within a fully nonparametric analysis and distinguish between weak and homothetic separability. We also apply these ideas to the analysis of demand responses using United Kingdom household level data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on medical workforce planning in Australia. The question of whether non-doctor inputs are complements or substitutes to the medical-care production function is an issue in the discussion about policy change. Another issue is how the productivity of the physician workforce can be improved. Topics include factors contributing to the increased demand for health services, labor supply trends in Australia and Great Britain, forecasting demand for workers, and the elements in supply estimation such as skill mix, pay, and migration trends.

The article presents various prospects for the economy of Great Britain. Looking to the components of demand for an account of recent economic weakness the strong growth last year was led by domestic demand, which accounted for 3.8 percentage points of Gross Domestic Product growth in 2004. The downward revision to the projection for growth in 2005 is accounted for by downward revisions to gross fixed capital formation and government consumption spending. All components of gross fixed capital formation, that is, stockbuilding, housing, business and government investment, are significantly weaker than expected.

In this article, we test the view, widely held among both academics and practitioners, that speculative bubbles have characterized the time series behavior of U.K. house prices in recent times. We motivate our empirical analysis using a stylized overlapping-generations model which generates a housing demand function of the form assumed by a large literature, illustrating how rational bubbles may arise as a solution to the house price determination equation. Employing two recently developed econometric techniques specifically designed to test for rational bubbles, we then provide empirical evidence for the existence of bubbles in U.K. house prices over the sample period 1983-2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market power and joint dominance are examined in U.K. brewing. I assess unilateral and coordinated effects, where the latter is equated with joint dominance, and show how one can distinguish between the two econometrically. The application makes use of two demand equations: the nested logit of and the distance-metric of. The two equations yield very different predictions concerning elasticities and markups. Nevertheless, although there is evidence of market power using either demand model, that power is due entirely to unilateral effects. In other words, neither model uncovers evidence of coordinated effects (tacit collusion). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses whether or not Great Britain should use fiscal policy as a means of demand management. Benefits, drawbacks and welfare implications of active fiscal management; Implications of adopting euro as the currency; Revision of the Euro Area's Stability and Growth Pact.

This article presents a list of thesis titles for PhD degrees in Great Britain during 1998-99 and 1999-2000. Some of the thesis titles are: "Refugees Repatriating or Migrating Villages: A Study of Migration From NW Zambia to Angola," by O. Bakewell, "Factors Influencing the Growth of Sustainable People's Organizations at Grass Roots Level, the Case of Caritas Deeds and Sangathan in Bangladesh," by B. D'Rozario, "Informal Constraints to Financial Services in Delhi's Bastis," by M. Titus, "Towards a Modern Classical Theory of Consumption and Choice," by K. Sharpe, "Common Sense Economics: Essays on the Role of Common Sense in the History of Economic Thought," by F. Comim, "From the Instantaneous Picture to the Dynamic Development: Essays on the Implications of Some of Keynes's Concepts for Analysing a Monetary Economy in the General Theory," by M. Garcia and others.

Presents information on a study which described the results of a research project in the British automotive component supply chain which set out to eliminate the demand amplification effect. Overview of demand amplification; Steps in eliminating demand amplification; Education and awareness of supply chain personnel; Development of policies to reduce demand amplification; Conclusions.