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The dataset contains leaf venation architecture and functional traits for a phylogenetically diverse set of 122 plant species (including ferns, basal angiosperms, monocots, basal eudicots, asterids, and rosids) collected from the living collections of the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley (37.87° N, 122.23° W; CA, USA) from February to September 2021. The sampled species originated from all continents, except Antarctica, and are distributed in different growth forms (aquatic, herb, climbing, tree, shrub). The functional dataset comprises 31 traits (mechanical, hydraulic, anatomical, physiological, economical, and chemical) and describes six main leaf functional axes (hydraulic conductance, resistance and resilience to damages caused by drought and herbivory, mechanical support, and construction cost). It also describes how architecture features vary across venation networks. Our trait dataset is suitable for (1) functional and architectural characterization of plant species; (2) identification of venation architecture‐function trade‐offs; (3) investigation of evolutionary trends in leaf venation networks; and (4) mechanistic modeling of leaf function. Data are made available under the Open Data Commons Attribution License. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a first spectroscopic characterization of the homoatomic polyhalogen tetrabromine, Br4, in the gas phase. Photolysis of CHBr3 at 248 nm is used to generate atomic bromine radicals in a flow tube reactor. Resulting combination products are detected by photoionization mass spectrometry at the Advanced Light Source of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Interpretation of the experimental mass spectra is informed by calculated adiabatic ionization energies carried out at the CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ//M06‐2X/aug‐cc‐pVTZ and CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ//cam‐B3LYP/6‐311++g** levels of theory. Tunable VUV synchrotron radiation enables the collection of the mass‐selected photoionization spectra by which Br4 is assigned using Franck‐Condon simulations of a Br2 dimer with a stretched tetrahedral geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusess weather philosopher George Berkeley an extracranialist. Topics discussed include sharp division between mind and world; experiment involving the 1980s video game Tetris for consider three cases of problem solving; and Andy Clark and David Chalmers views on the use of cognition.

As one of the largest data science research incubator initiatives in the country, the University of California, Berkeley's Data Science Discovery Program serves as a case study for a scalable and sustainable model of data science consulting in higher education. This case contributes to the broader literature on data science consulting in higher education by analysing the programme's development, institutional influences; staffing and structural model; and defining features, which may prove instructive to similar programmes at other institutions. The programme is characterised by a unique structure of undergraduate consultations led by graduate student mentorship and governance; a streamlined, multidepartmental model that facilitates scalability and sustainability; and diverse modes for undergraduate consulting—including one‐on‐one ad‐hoc data science consultations, extended data science project development and management, peer mentorship and data science workshop instruction. This case demonstrates that universities may be able to initiate a low‐stakes, small‐scale data science consulting initiative and then progressively scale up the project in collaboration with multiple departments and organisations across campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to a popular reading of his modal epistemology, Berkeley does not hold that inconceivability entails impossibility, and he cannot therefore argue the impossibility of mind‐independent matter by appealing to facts about what we cannot conceive. Berkeley is explicit about this constraint on his metaphysical argumentation, and, I argue, does respect it in practice. Popular mythology about the 'master argument' notwithstanding, the only passages in which he might plausibly seem to employ the principle that inconceivability entails impossibility are those that argue for the inseparability of primary from secondary qualities. However, an alternative reading of these texts is available that is both consistent with Berkeley's express modal epistemology and credible in its own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UC Berkeley Random Walk Algorithm WaterMask from CYGNSS (Berkeley‐RWAWC) is a new data product designed to address the challenges of monitoring inundation in regions hindered by dense vegetation and cloud cover as is the case in most of the Tropics. The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) constellation provides data with a higher temporal repeat frequency compared to single‐satellite systems, offering the potential for generating moderate spatial resolution inundation maps with improved temporal resolution while having the capability to penetrate clouds and vegetation. This paper details the development of a computer vision algorithm for inundation mapping over the entire CYGNSS domain (37.4°N–37.4°S). The sole reliance on CYGNSS data sets our method apart in the field, highlighting CYGNSS's indication of water existence. Berkeley‐RWAWC provides monthly, low‐latency inundation maps starting in August 2018 and across the CYGNSS latitude range, with a spatial resolution of 0.01° × 0.01°. Here we present our workflow and parameterization strategy, alongside a comparative analysis with established surface water data sets (SWAMPS, WAD2M) in four regions: the Amazon Basin, the Pantanal, the Sudd, and the Indo‐Gangetic Plain. The comparisons reveal Berkeley‐RWAWC's enhanced capability to detect seasonal variations, demonstrating its usefulness in studying tropical wetland hydrology. We also discuss potential sources of uncertainty and reasons for variations in inundation retrievals. Berkeley‐RWAWC represents a valuable addition to environmental science, offering new insights into tropical wetland dynamics. Plain Language Summary: The UC Berkeley Random Walk Algorithm WaterMask from CYGNSS (Berkeley‐RWAWC) is a new data product developed to better monitor areas that are hard to observe due to thick vegetation and clouds, such as tropical regions. Using data from the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), an 8‐satellite constellation, Berkeley‐RWAWC has more frequent data collection compared to single‐satellite systems. This allows mapping of flooding or water accumulation with improved accuracy over time, even in clouds‐prone and overgrown areas. Berkeley‐RWAWC spans from 37.4° North to 37.4° South and consists of monthly inundation maps at approximately 1 km by 1 km resolution since August 2018. The method places the greatest emphasis on CYGNSS data indications of where is the water, making it different from others. In this paper, we explain how we made the maps, and compare them with other data sets in four different areas: the Amazon Basin, the Pantanal, the Sudd, and the Indo‐Gangetic Plain. Our comparisons show that Berkeley‐RWAWC is better at showing how water changes with the seasons, which is useful for understanding tropical wetland water cycles. Berkeley‐RWAWC is publicly available and can become an important new resource for studying our planet, especially in the study of patterns in tropical wetlands. Key Points: Vegetation and clouds can obstruct the view of waterbodies, making accurate, seasonal mapping difficultThis new CYGNSS‐based product combines L‐band microwaves with computer vision to produce quasi‐global monthly maps of waterbodiesThe product shows greater seasonal and interannual variability than other data sets for new insights into tropical hydrological processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A poly (3,6‐bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)−2,5‐bis(2‐decyltetradecyl)−2,5‐dihydropyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐dione‐co‐(2,3‐bis(phenyl)acrylonitrile)) (PDPADPP) copolymer, composed of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and a cyano (nitrile) group with a vinylene spacer linking two benzene rings, is synthesized via a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The electrical performance of PDPADPP in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and circuits is investigated. The OFETs based on PDPADPP exhibit typical ambipolar transport characteristics, with the as‐cast OFETs demonstrating low field‐effect hole and electron mobility values of 0.016 and 0.004 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. However, after thermal annealing at 240 °C, the OFETs exhibit improved transport characteristics with highly balanced ambipolar transport, showing average hole and electron mobility values of 0.065 and 0.116 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. To verify the application of the PDPADPP OFETs in high‐voltage logic circuits, compact modeling using the industry‐standard small‐signal Berkeley short‐channel IGFET model (BSIM) is performed, and the logic application characteristics are evaluated. The circuit simulation results demonstrate excellent logic application performance of the PDPADPP‐based ambipolar transistor and illustrate that the device annealed at 240 °C exhibits ideal circuit characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For spectral clustering algorithm, the quality of eigenvectors of graph affinity matrix is very important for the clustering result. So, how to obtain high‐quality eigenvectors is crucial. In this paper, the authors aim to propose some new measurement methods to evaluate each eigenvector of affinity matrix for spectral selection. Based on extended information entropy, three criteria, i.e. Spectral Distinguishability (SD), Spectral Distinguishability Validity (SDV) and pectral Distinguishability ‐Degree (SDD), are defined respectively. The compactness of clusters for each eigenvector is measured by SD; SDV is used to remove the inefficient eigenvectors for clustering; SDD is used to evaluate the contribution of eigenvectors to clustering and is exploited to build a selective spectral ensemble scheme. To indicate the merits of the authors' algorithm, the authors consider varied artificial data and natural images, including Berkeley image segmentation data set as benchmark data set. The authors' simulation results confirm the superior performance of the proposed method in developing spectral clustering compared to conventional clustering methods and recent eigenvectors‐selection‐based algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berkeley Madonna is a software program that provides an easy and intuitive environment for graphically building and numerically solving mathematical equations. Our users range from college undergraduates with little or no mathematical experience to academic researchers and professionals building and simulating sophisticated mathematical models that represent complex systems in the biological, chemical, and engineering fields. Here we briefly describe our recent advances including a new Java‐based user interface introduced in Version 9 and our transition from a 32‐ to 64‐bit architecture with the release of Version 10. We take the reader through an example tutorial that illustrates how to construct a mathematical model in Berkeley Madonna while highlighting some of the recent changes to the software. Specifically, we construct a standard pharmacokinetic model of the antifungal medication amphotericin B taken from the literature and discuss aspects related to model building, key numerical considerations, data fitting, and graphical visualization. We end by discussing planned functionality and features intended for future releases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the tensioning sequence of the exposed steel structure in the expansion project of the Berkeley Hotel. It describes the construction methodology, including the use of temporary structures for stabilization and the tensioning sequence method. The article also highlights the technological limitations faced during construction and the quality control measures implemented. The results of the study emphasize the importance of monitoring and tracking real deflections to ensure the successful progress of construction. Overall, the article provides valuable insights into the construction process and the challenges faced in implementing the tensioning system. [Extracted from the article]

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory pottery provenance group developed standards and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) methods that are used at many archaeometry laboratories around the world. The background and development of ‘Standard Pottery’ and of methods for INAA are described. Early pottery provenance studies are described, and other research programmes, involving obsidian and magmatic mixing, the origin of the stone used for the Colossi of Memnon, and the ‘Plate of Brass’, are mentioned. Research work by the Laboratory included the discovery of the world-wide iridium anomaly and extensive subsequent research on what has come to be known as the ‘Asteroid Impact Theory’. Characteristics of the analytical programme for pottery provenance work, including overall aims, precision and accuracy, intercalibration, and irradiation and measurement protocols, are discussed. New research areas developed in the past 15 years, to broaden the usefulness of chemical compositional data for archaeological investigation, and examples of recent work, are described. This research, which makes use of high-precision X-ray fluorescence analysis in addition to INAA measurements on sample splits, includes distinguishing the products of different workshops located at the same production site, studies on the significance of the distribution of silver in archaeological pottery and the use of high-precision chemical compositional data as an aid for making chronological distinctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the restructuring of the writing program at Berkeley City College (BCC) with a portfolio-based program assessment in 2011 that changed the institution's thinking. The BCC first reviewed learning outcomes such as the ability to write effective well-organized essays and research papers, and use reading strategies. Student portfolios were then assessed by English and English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers, and students, and aligned with the learning outcomes.

The article examines the views of George Berkeley about the nature and role of archetypes and their relations to ideas, as discussed in his books "Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous" and "Principles of Human Knowledge." Berkeley shows how God's ideas are related to human beings' ideas. He also differentiates true ideas from false ones. People's ideas are passive by nature while God's ideas are active. He says that the ideas perceived by people are one and the same with the archetypal ideas existing in the mind of God.

We define a potentialist system of ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$‐structures, i.e., a collection of possible worlds in the language of ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$ connected by a binary accessibility relation, achieving a potentialist account of the full background set‐theoretic universe V. The definition involves Berkeley cardinals, the strongest known large cardinal axioms, inconsistent with the Axiom of Choice. In fact, as background theory we assume just ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$. It turns out that the propositional modal assertions which are valid at every world of our system are exactly those in the modal theory S4.2$\mathsf {S4.2}$. Moreover, we characterize the worlds satisfying the potentialist maximality principle, and thus the modal theory S5$\mathsf {S5}$, both for assertions in the language of ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$ and for assertions in the full potentialist language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bohórquez has also contributed to several other research projects from marine protected areas in China to economic valuation of shellfish aquaculture near home in the New York-metropolitan area. GLO:M7Z/01oct21:fsh10653-fig-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl Mary Fisher is a PhD candidate in the Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Lab at the University of Washington, exploring the nursery function of changing estuarine habitats and other conservation and climate questions surrounding coastal livelihoods. Casselberry's dissertation addresses the ecological and social challenges of managing shark depredation in recreational fisheries by integrating acoustic and satellite telemetry, fishery monitoring through visual surveys, and social science surveys. [Extracted from the article]

We study two beverage taxes: the SSB tax of 1¢/oz in the city of Berkeley (in effect since 2015) and the temporary 2010 soda tax of 0.166¢/oz in Washington State. Using detailed scanner data, we find that prices in Washington reacted sharply and promptly (often by a larger magnitude than the tax), whereas retail prices in Berkeley reacted marginally (by less than 30% the magnitude of the tax). Further, we find a 5% volume reduction in Washington but fail to detect an effect in Berkeley. We discuss the possible causes for the discrepancy in effectiveness, in particular cross‐border shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Lord Sir Berkeley Moynihan (1865–1936) was a surgeon at the General Infirmary in Leeds (Yorkshire) from 1893, rising during his career to be one of the foremost surgeons in the UK whose reputation reached its pinnacle at the outbreak of the First World War (WW1). He was the only surgeon after Lister to be made a Baronet. In a letter to The Lancet in 1918, he claimed to have used blood transfusion on some of his patients during the 10‐year period prior to that date. If true, this statement would make him the first surgeon in England to routinely use transfusion prior to WW1. This review investigates this claim using currently available evidence from Moynihan's personal records and publications, as well as published information from his colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Threshold: Emergency Responders on the US-Mexico Border Ieva Jusionyte (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018) First responders and firefighters working on both sides of the border expose their bodies to all kinds of dangers while aiding border crossers. Jusionyte shows the reader the ordinary life of first responders, and her (more-than-bilingual) capacity to communicate between her first responder and anthropologist languages makes this book a rare gem. [Extracted from the article]

The CCD UBV(RI)KC photometry of the poorly studied open clusters Juchert 9 (Juc 9) and Berkeley 97 (Be 97), which are observed with the 0.84 m telescope at the San Pedro Mártir National Observatory, México has been analyzed. For the likely cluster members, we determined the reddenings, E(B‐V) = 0.82 ± 0.04 (Juc 9) and E(B‐V) = 0.87 ± 0.05 (Be 97), from the early type stars. Our distance moduli/distances for only (B − V) color are (V0‐MV,d[kpc]) = (13.40 ± 0.10, 4.8 ± 0.2 kpc) (Juc 9) and (12.40 ± 0.12, 3.0 ± 0.2 kpc) (Be 97), respectively. The Gaia DR2 distances are d = 4.5 ± 1.2 kpc (Juc 9) and d = 3.1 ± 0.7 kpc (Be 97) from the median parallaxes with σϖ/ϖ < 0.20, which are in good agreement with the photometric distances within the uncertainties. The solar abundance PARSEC isochrones give us the intermediate ages, 30 ± 10 Myr for Juc 9 and 100 ± 30 Myr for Be 97. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evokes the writings of Jacques Rancière to propose a concept of politics for geographies of architecture that is attentive to the polemical conditions under which more equal ways of composing built environments emerge. Discussing Ed Roberts Campus, a building designed and operated by the disability community in Berkeley, California, it argues for a politics of architecture that does not entail conflicts over power or identity, but revolves around a testing of materials that alters the bodily circumstances built form offers for collective inhabitation. Such testing sets in motion an uncertain process where a building undergoes constant destabilisation by new claimants who verify and expand its equality. The paper then counterpoises this disruptive politics to institutional practices in order to investigate how its fragile after‐effects might be sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the possible values of the cofinality of the least Berkeley cardinal. Berkeley cardinals are very large cardinal axioms incompatible with the Axiom of Choice, and the interest in the cofinality of the least Berkeley arises from a result in [1], showing it is connected with the failure of AC. In fact, by a theorem of Bagaria, Koellner and Woodin, if γ is the cofinality of the least Berkeley cardinal then γ‐DC fails. We shall prove that this result is optimal for γ=ω or γ=ω1. In particular, it will follow that the cofinality of the least Berkeley is independent of ZF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the treatment of scepticism by philosopher George Berkeley. Characterization of scepticism in terms of doubtfulness; Passages with distinct notions of scepticism; Principles and doctrines leading to scepticism; Consistency of direct realism with the denial of the esse est percipi thesis; Argument on the existence of physical objects.

Ideal three‐dimensional imaging of complex samples made up of micron‐scale structures extending over mm to cm, such as biological tissues, requires both wide field of view and high resolution. For existing optics and detectors used for micro‐CT (computed tomography) imaging, sub‐micron pixel resolution can only be achieved for fields of view of <2 mm. This article presents a unique detector system with a 6 mm field‐of‐view image circle and 0.5 µm pixel size that can be used in micro‐CT units utilizing both synchrotron and commercial X‐ray sources. A resolution‐test pattern with linear microstructures and whole adult Daphnia magna were imaged at beamline 8.3.2 of the Berkeley Advanced Light Source. Volumes of 10000 × 10000 × 7096 isotropic 0.5 µm voxels were reconstructed over a 5.0 mm × 3.5 mm field of view. Measurements in the projection domain confirmed a 0.90 µm measured spatial resolution that is largely Nyquist‐limited. This unprecedented combination of field of view and resolution dramatically reduces the need for sectional scans and computational stitching for large samples, ultimately offering the means to elucidate changes in tissue and cellular morphology in the context of larger, whole, intact model organisms and specimens. This system is also anticipated to benefit micro‐CT imaging in materials science, microelectronics, agricultural science and biomedical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bent structure of the water molecule, and its hydrogen‐bonding properties, arguably rank among the most impactful discoveries in the history of chemistry. Although the fact that the H—O—H angle must deviate from linearity was inferred early in the 20th century, notably from the existence of the electric dipole moment, it was not clear what that angle should be and why. One hundred years ago, a young PhD student at the University of California, Berkeley, Eustace J. Cuy, rationalized the V‐shape structure of a water molecule using the Lewis theory of a chemical bond, i.e. a shared electron pair, and its tetrahedral stereochemistry. He was inspired, in part, by the proposal of a weak (hydrogen) bond in water by two colleagues at Berkeley, Wendell Latimer and Worth Rodebush, who published their classic paper a year earlier. Cuy went on to suggest that other molecules, notably H2S and NH3, have similar structures, and presciently predicted that this architecture has broader consequences for the structure of water as a liquid. This short, but brilliant paper has been completely forgotten, perhaps due to the tragic death of the author at the age of 28; the hydrogen‐bond study is also rarely recognized. One of the most impactful publications on the structure of liquid water, a classic treatise published in 1933 by John Bernal and Ralph Fowler, does not mention either of the two pioneering papers. In this essay, the background for the two discoveries is described, including the brief history of Lewis's research on the nature of the chemical bond, and the history of the discovery of the hydrogen bond, which inspired Cuy to look at the structure of the water molecule. This is – to the best of the author's knowledge – the first biographical sketch of Eustace J. Cuy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berkeley is best known for his immaterialism and the texts that extol it—the Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous. He made his case by treatise, then by dialogue, and this tendency towards stylistic experimentation did not end there; this paper explores an early speculative fiction project that pursued his theological and philosophical agendas. Berkeley used satire to challenge his "freethinking" philosophical opponents in "The Pineal Gland" story published in The Guardian in 1713. Echoing the grand tours Berkeley undertook in subsequent years, Part 1 offers a "gland tour" of some literary motivations, influences and legacies of these essays. Berkeley pursues heroic themes from Homer and Alexander Pope, while lampooning the philosophies of both Descartes and the freethinkers. Armed with the device of a magic snuff that transports him to the pineal glands of his adversaries, Berkeley's protagonist uses it "to distinguish the real from the professed sentiments of all persons of eminence in court, city, town, and country". (Guardian, p. 187) Part 1 examines 'The Pineal Gland' in the context of Berkeley's broader philosophical legacy and the text's significant engagement with the literature of Homer and Pope, concluding that "The Pineal Gland" is an important but overlooked source in the history of early speculative fiction. Part 2 continues this analysis by exploring Berkeley's relationship with an expansive London literary circle, interrogating a line of influence beginning with the writing of Margaret Cavendish. In doing so, Part 2 also examines Berkeley's complex attitudes towards women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study developed the Japanese version of the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ), a self‐report measure of three emotional expressivity facets, and provided evidence of its reliability and validity. Methods: Five hundred and four students answered an online survey. To determine test–retest reliability, 241 of the participants completed the Japanese version of the BEQ again approximately 1 month after initial surveying was completed. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.83 for the BEQ full scale, and 0.61–0.77 for subscales. Test–retest correlations were 0.61 for the full scale, and 0.57–0.61 for subscales. Construct validity was demonstrated by correlations between BEQ scores and scores on measures of emotional expressivity, self‐monitoring, self‐esteem, depression, “Big Five” (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) personality traits, and emotional control. Conclusion: The Japanese version of the BEQ has adequate internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity. Test–retest reliability was lower than that of the original scale. This study was the first in Japan to develop a self‐rating questionnaire assessing multiple facets of emotional expressivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using statistical analysis of the Biological Macromolecular Crystallization Database, combined with previous knowledge about crystallization reagents, a crystallization screen called the Berkeley Screen has been created. Correlating crystallization conditions and high-resolution protein structures, it is possible to better understand the influence that a particular solution has on protein crystal formation. Ions and small molecules such as buffers and precipitants used in crystallization experiments were identified in electron density maps, highlighting the role of these chemicals in protein crystal packing. The Berkeley Screen has been extensively used to crystallize target proteins from the Joint BioEnergy Institute and the Collaborative Crystallography program at the Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, contributing to several Protein Data Bank entries and related publications. The Berkeley Screen provides the crystallographic community with an efficient set of solutions for general macromolecular crystallization trials, offering a valuable alternative to the existing commercially available screens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The Berkeley Earth surface temperature ( BETP) project provides gridded global temperature anomaly products using an automated geostatistical approach to adjust station data for systematic biases. Despite its widespread usage, the BETP data set has not been evaluated at the national-scale, especially in data-sparse high latitude environments. This study provides an evaluation of the BETP product across all of Canada using 333 climate stations made available from the homogenized Environment Canada station network (HTcan). Comparison between co-located monthly air temperature anomalies for the two data sets suggests small differences between the two products for mean surface (∼2 m) air temperature. However, the relatively minimal bias in mean temperature is a consequence of contrasting cold and warm biases in minimum and maximum air temperatures, respectively, that are larger but effectively even out when averaged together. The BETP product is shown to exhibit systematic underestimation of recent regional warming in northern Canada which when combined with an overestimation of warmth earlier in the record results in an observable reduction in warming rates for minimum and mean temperature anomalies since 1950. The temporal evolution and spatial pattern of the observed biases suggest that the BETP-automated adjustments to station data in northern Canada miss some inhomogeneities in the raw station data. These results highlight the need for enhanced data recovery and homogenization efforts in data-sparse high latitude regions and emphasize the importance of national-scale climate data sets for evaluating global gridded products. We also recommend caution when using the BETP minimum and maximum monthly air temperature products for long-term trend analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Part 1, we explored how Berkeley drew from Homeric literature and used literary techniques such as satire to challenge his "freethinking" philosophical opponents in "The Pineal Gland" story published in The Guardian in 1713. Echoing the grand tours Berkeley undertook in subsequent years, Part 1 and 2 both present a "gland tour" of some motivations, influences and legacies of Berkeley's text. In particular, Part 2, explores a line of literary influence beginning with Margaret Cavendish and extending through Gabriel Daniel, Berkeley and Alexander Pope. In doing so, we present anticipations of features of Berkeley's story in the writings of Margaret Cavendish amid a discussion of Berkeley's complex attitudes towards women. The paper also argues that Berkeley's story represents an underappreciated yet significant milestone in the history of speculative fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for calculating the X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) of surfaces to extract both roughness and waviness features is presented. Expressions of reflectivity intensity are derived as a function of root‐mean‐square (RMS) roughness σ, RMS waviness σL, and the cut‐off frequency between the features ω0. Experiments were conducted at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, beamline 8.3.2, on BK7 glass manufactured with a multi‐step polishing process to validate the model, and were compared with atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fizeau interferometry and surface profilometry measurements. The parameter results and their deviations for XRR measurements were σ = 2.9 ± 0.2 nm and σL = 14.6 ± 0.5 nm with a wavelength cut‐off of 1/(18 ± 2) µm−1, while the results from the AFM, Fizeau and profilometry measurements were σAFM = 3.4 ± 0.4 nm, σL,Fizeau = 21.6 nm, σprof = 4.0 ± 0.1 nm, and σL,prof = 21.4 ± 0.1 nm with cut‐offs for the profilometry and Fizeau measurements limited to frequencies of (1/16) µm−1 to (1/4) mm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel cantilevered liquid‐nitrogen‐cooled silicon mirror design for the first optic in a new soft X‐ray beamline that is being developed as part of the Advanced Light Source Upgrade (ALS‐U) (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA). The beamline is optimized for photon energies between 400 and 1400 eV with full polarization control. Calculations indicate that, without correction, this design will achieve a Strehl ratio greater than 0.85 for the entire energy and polarization ranges of the beamline. With a correction achieved by moving the focus 7.5 mm upstream, the minimum Strehl ratio is 0.99. This design is currently the baseline plan for all new ALS‐U insertion device beamlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparators are very important circuits that can be found in a variety of applications, especially comparators whose reference level can be controlled. In this paper, a voltage‐controlled comparator whose reference voltage is controlled by a control voltage and a programmable comparator whose reference voltage is controlled by an input bit pattern are presented. These two comparators are analyzed quantitatively. The performance of the two proposed comparators is verified by simulation using the Berkeley predictive‐technology models (BPTM) of the 45‐, 32‐, 22‐, and 16‐nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies with power‐supply voltages, VDD, of 1, 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 V, respectively. The proposed controlled comparator is compared with the conventional latch‐type comparator from the points of view of the response time, the output amplitude, and the power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and diet-related chronic disease are increasing problems worldwide. In response, many governments have enacted or are considering taxes on energy-dense foods. Perhaps the most commonly recommended policy is a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). This paper estimates the extent to which a tax on SSBs is passed through to consumers in the form of higher prices. We examine the first city-level tax on SSBs in the United States, which was enacted by the voters of Berkeley, California, in November 2014. We collected the prices of various brands and sizes of SSBs and other beverages before and after the implementation of the tax from a near-census of convenience stores and supermarkets in Berkeley, California. We also collected prices from stores in a control city: San Francisco, where a similar voter referendum failed despite majority support. Estimates from difference-in-differences models indicate that, across all brands and sizes of products examined, 43.1 percent (95 percent confidence interval: 27.7 to 58.4 percent) of the Berkeley tax was passed on to consumers. The estimates also are consistent with cross-border shopping. For each mile of distance between the store and the closest store selling untaxed SSBs, pass-through rose 33.3 percent for 2 L bottles and 25.8 percent for 12-packs of 12 ounce cans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores philosopher George Berkeley's theory that the snow is white. Philosophical thinking of color; Difference between real and apparent color; Third Dialogue.

In this article the author recalls his association with scientist Frank Harris. He informs that he was the first student to receive a doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree under the direction of Harris. He says that he was Harris' only student in the years 1956 to 1959 that they spent jointly at University of California, Berkeley, California where Harris was an assistant professor of Chemistry.

In the early twentieth century, the University of California--Berkeley opened its doors to police professionals for instruction in "police science." This program ultimately developed into the full-fledged School of Criminology, whose graduates helped shape American criminology and criminal justice until well into the 1970s. Scholarship at the School of Criminology eventually fractured into three distinct traditions: "Administrative criminology" applied scientific methods in pursuit of refining law enforcement practices, "law and society" coupled legal scholarship with social scientific methods, and "radical criminology" combined Marxist critiques of the state with community activism. Those scientific traditions relied on competing epistemic premises and normative aspirations, and they drew legitimacy from different sources. Drawing on oral histories and archival data permits a neo-institutional analysis of how each of these criminological traditions emerged, acquired stability, and subsided. The Berkeley School of Criminology provides fertile ground to examine trends in the development of criminal justice as a profession, criminology as a discipline and its place in elite universities, the uncoupling of criminology from law and society scholarship, and criminal justice policy's disenchantment with the academy. These legacies highlight how the development of modern criminology and the professionalization of American law enforcement find precedent in events that originate at Berkeley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the discourse of Arab transnational student associations at the University of California in Berkeley (UCB) on Arab democratization. It places focus on their narratives during the 2011 uprisings. Its findings, based on interviews and qualitative data, show that these student associations craft a discursive and broader conception of Arab democracy not confined to suffrage and institutions, and extending beyond the borders of the Arab world. They further draw on various indirect mechanisms in their host land to convey their discourses and impact homeland democratization. Still, their agency remains constrained by several structural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel data‐driven approach is proposed for analyzing synchrotron Laue X‐ray microdiffraction scans based on machine learning algorithms. The basic architecture and major components of the method are formulated mathematically. It is demonstrated through typical examples including polycrystalline BaTiO3, multiphase transforming alloys and finely twinned martensite. The computational pipeline is implemented for beamline 12.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The conventional analytical pathway for X‐ray diffraction scans is based on a slow pattern‐by‐pattern crystal indexing process. This work provides a new way for analyzing X‐ray diffraction 2D patterns, independent of the indexing process, and motivates further studies of X‐ray diffraction patterns from the machine learning perspective for the development of suitable feature extraction, clustering and labeling algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]