Search

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key regulator of physiological processes in pollen grains, and an essential component of stigma exudate. The mechanisms of this redox‐based regulatory system and its features in different plant groups are still unclear. For two species from different families (tobacco and lily), the dynamics of total ROS, O•2− generation, and H2O2 concentration in stigma exudate were examined using EPR spectroscopy and quantitative colorimetric analysis. Dynamics of all major enzymes of redox homeostasis were analysed using native electrophoresis and zymography for four stages of stigma development, before and after pollination. There were completely different patterns of ROS production and interconversion in the two species. In tobacco, the initially high level of ROS generation decreased before pollination but remained high. There was no CAT activity in fresh stigma tissues, which apparently contribute to the high level of H2O2. Lilium had peak O•2− generation at the fertile stage and high activity of H2O2‐reducing enzymes, including CAT, hence, H2O2 level remained relatively low. We suggest that Lilium pollen germination is largely controlled by the SOD radical, while in Nicotiana H2O2 is the main form of ROS in the stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Subjects Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Minimizing harm from antimicrobials requires use of the narrowest spectrum drug, at an effective dose for the minimum effective duration. Many prescribers are not currently following these guidelines. To address suboptimal antimicrobial use, the underlying reasons must be understood.To identify factors influencing choices of antimicrobial drug, dose, and duration for companion animals.Twenty‐two veterinarians treating companion animals in Australia. Diversity of participants was deliberately sought.Semistructured interviews were conducted online. Two case studies were discussed, and then a range of broader questions was posed. Transcripts were analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach.Few participants chose guideline‐concordant management for the case studies. Prescribing choices were influenced by a complex array of factors associated with the clinical case, pet owner, drug, veterinarian, veterinary colleagues, and external factors. Key factors driving broad‐spectrum antimicrobial use included a sense of safety, habit, ease of administering the drug (especially in cats), pharmaceutical marketing, and the self‐perpetuating dispensary cycle. Many participants were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, but insufficiently informed about how to minimize this risk. Several participants believed that longer duration of treatment and ensuring patients finish a predetermined course would decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance and improve clinical outcomes.Veterinarians are engaged with the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, but face numerous practical barriers and require more information. In particular, improved education is needed on enhancing patient safety by minimizing both spectrum of activity and duration of treatment, and dispelling myths about “finishing the course.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12‐year‐old male domestic cat with multiple subcutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) presented with a 2‐week history of pruritus and raw/bleeding skin from self‐trauma at Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathological analyses revealed intertumoral heterogeneity among tumour locations based on the mutation status of KIT. In addition, the expression pattern of KIT was characterized. After failed treatment with vinblastine (2.0–2.2 mg/m2, intravenous administration, two doses in total) or nimustine (25 mg/m2, intravenous administration, two doses in total), toceranib (2.2–2.6 mg/kg, orally administered, every other day) was administered to treat recurrent MCTs harbouring the KIT exon eight internal tandem duplication mutation, achieving a complete response. However, toceranib resistance developed 2 months after treatment initiation. Subsequent PCR analysis was conducted to identify the mutational status of KIT in each MCT and to detect the presence of secondary mutations associated with the acquisition of toceranib resistance. Secondary KIT mutations (c.998G>C and c.2383G>C), which were not initially detected in tumour cells at diagnosis, were identified after the development of resistance to toceranib. This indicates that the tumour cells in feline MCTs in the same case have diverse characteristics. Our findings encourage further investigation into the development of therapeutic strategies for feline MCTs, particularly focusing on the heterogeneous nature of KIT/KIT and overcoming acquired resistance to toceranib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) with intravenous (IV) and/or intratumoral (IT) bleomycin has shown considerable efficacy in the treatment of non‐resectable feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), boasting response rates of up to 95%, but other chemotherapy protocols have not yet been investigated. The objective of this prospective multicentre study was to compare the overall response rate (ORR) and progression‐free interval (PFI) between cats with cSCC treated with ECT using IT and IV carboplatin (IV + IT), IV carboplatin (IV) or IV bleomycin (IV). A total of 44 cats with unresectable cSCC across three centres were enrolled and treated with ECT using carboplatin IV + IT (n = 10), carboplatin IV (n = 11) or bleomycin IV (n = 23). Treatment response according to RECIST criteria was recorded at 2 and 4 weeks post‐treatment, and patients were followed until disease progression and/or death. All three groups were comparable regarding age, sex, weight, and lesion size. Adverse events were generally mild, localised and similar between groups. ORRs were 90.0% (carboplatin IV + IT), 90.9% (carboplatin IV) and 95.6% (bleomycin IV) and were not significantly different (p = 0.79). Median PFI was not reached for carboplatin IV + IT or carboplatin IV and was 566 days for bleomycin IV, with no significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.81). This study suggests that ECT using IV or IV + IT carboplatin is a reasonable alternative therapeutic option for managing cSCC, and further studies are warranted to compare outcomes between treatment protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Clinical associate psychologists (CAPs) train under the auspices of the apprenticeship programme and are a new addition to the psychological workforce. This project sought to evaluate whether a "personal reformulation" (PR) was helpful in terms of personal and professional development during the apprenticeship. Methods: A mixed methods evaluation containing a longitudinal quantitative element and a "Big Q" qualitative element with a single cohort of N = 18 CAPs. A PR consists of a 2‐hr one‐to‐one session and a follow‐up session with a cognitive analytic psychotherapist. During a PR, a sequential diagrammatic reformulation is produced to aid recognition and revision of potentially problematic relationship patterns at work. Two outcome measures concerning reflective capacity and professional quality of life were completed at the start of the apprenticeship, pre‐PR and at 3‐month PR follow‐up. The semi‐structured interviews (n = 11) conducted at the follow‐up were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Quantitative changes were limited to significant increases to general confidence and 8/12 apprentices had a reliable increase in confidence in communication. Qualitatively, five overarching themes were found: (1) gaining insight, (2) wellbeing, (3) nature of the space, (4) being an apprentice, and (5) moving forward. Conclusions: PRs were generally found to be emotionally challenging, but relatively large amounts of insight are possible from a very brief intervention that can contribute to personal and professional development during clinical training. More controlled research needs to be conducted and wider applications and evaluations of PRs in different professions would be welcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Sysmex XN‐V is derived from the new Sysmex XN series of human hematology analyzers. The main changes from the previously validated XT‐2000iV analyzer include an optic‐fluorescent analysis for platelets and a nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) count. Objective: We aimed to validate the Sysmex XN‐V for feline blood following the American College for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and International Council for Standardization in Hematology recommendations. Methods: Feline EDTA blood specimens were analyzed on the Sysmex XN‐V to evaluate repeatability, linearity, comparison with the XT‐2000iV analyzer and manual methods, stability, and to verify the previously established Sysmex XT‐2000iV RIs. Results: Repeatability was excellent for most variables. Visually determined linearity was excellent or good for most variables except eosinophils and platelet variables. The correlation between the XN‐V and XT‐2000iV analyzers was good (≥0.82) for all variables except reticulocyte indices. Correlations between the Sysmex XN‐V and manual differential counts were good to excellent for most variables, acceptable for neutrophils, and fair for monocytes and NRBC. The previously established Sysmex XT‐2000iV RIs can be used to interpret results from the Sysmex XN‐V analyzer for most variables except red cell distribution width and reticulocyte variables. The RI for platelet variables could not be evaluated because of platelet clumps. Changes in the Sysmex XN‐V measurements after storage at 4 and 24°C were similar to those described for the Sysmex XT‐2000iV analyzer. Conclusions: The performance of the Sysmex XN‐V analyzer was good and compared favorably with the Sysmex XT‐2000iV analyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Hodgkin‐like lymphoma (HLL) is a rare neoplasm in cats that shares characteristics with the human disease. The hallmark of HLL is the presence of Reed‐Sternberg (RS) cells expressing CD30 and CD20. This study aimed to elucidate the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotype and clonality patterns of feline HLL. A comprehensive retrospective review of clinicopathologic and molecular data of nodal lymphomas over a 6‐year period was conducted in MyLav laboratory. Twenty‐four cases were identified. All cats presented with submandibular or retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy. Histopathologic examination revealed a multifocal to diffuse proliferation of medium‐to‐large lymphoid cells with low mitotic activity, interspersed RS cells, and a heterogeneous inflammatory infiltrate comprising T‐cells, plasma cells and neutrophils. In addition, extensive necrosis was a consistent finding. Immunohistochemistry showed a variable membranous CD20 and nuclear PAX5 expression in neoplastic cells, while RS cells displayed only mild to moderate CD20 positivity and were negative to PAX5. In 21/24 cases (87.5%), RS cells were diffusely CD30‐positive. PARR analysis demonstrated clonal B‐cell expansion in 60% of cases, with the remaining 40% exhibiting polyclonality. For the 10 cats with available follow‐up, the prognosis was generally favourable, with only two cats succumbing to progressive disease. In conclusion, diagnosing feline HLL is challenging. The expression of CD30 and CD20 by RS cells should be considered a hallmark of the disease, but only after excluding differential diagnoses such as anaplastic B‐cell lymphoma and granulomatous lymphadenopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Design Setting Animals Interventions Measurements and Main Results Conclusions To describe the presentation, etiology, and outcome of dogs and cats diagnosed with gastrointestinal pneumatosis (GP).Retrospective study.Three referral institutions.Twenty‐six dogs and 4 cats.None.The most common sites of GP were the stomach (n = 19), followed by the colon (n = 8) and small intestine (n = 2). One case had pneumatosis of both the stomach and the colon. GP was most commonly associated with gastrointestinal disease in dogs (18/26 [69%]) and cats (3/4 [75%]), with common diagnoses including gastric dilatation and volvulus (n = 5), acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (n = 4), and gastrointestinal ulceration (n = 4). Of the 4 cases of gastrointestinal ulceration, 3 were dogs with a history of glucocorticosteroid or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug administration and vomiting and diarrhea. Six of 30 cases (20%), all of which were dogs, were determined to have a surgical indication for exploratory celiotomy, although not solely on the basis of diagnosis of GP. Five cases underwent exploratory celiotomy, of which 1 (20%) survived to hospital discharge. Of the medically managed cases, 13 of 24 (54%) survived to hospital discharge. Overall, 14 of 30 cases (47%) survived to hospital discharge.GP is an uncommon diagnostic imaging finding that is associated with a variety of disease processes. Its development is often related to primary gastrointestinal diseases. In the absence of other surgical disease, exploratory celiotomy based solely on the diagnosis of GP is unlikely to be indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis/Objectives Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Potential contagion and zoonotic risk make rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis important amongst companion animals.To compare the adhesive tape impression (ATI), trichogram, Wood's lamp (WL) examination and fungal culture for diagnosis of dermatophytosis, and the ATI and trichogram for ease of use.Five dogs and 15 cats with consistent lesions, history and at least two positive dermatophyte test results.After WL examination, one representative lesion per patient was sampled for ATI, trichogram and fungal culture. Microscopic detection of fungal elements on ATI and trichogram were objectively and subjectively compared. The ability of all tests to correctly detect dermatophytosis, and the ability of ATI and trichogram to detect fungal elements in >20 high‐powered fields (HPF) were compared using Fisher's exact tests.ATI, trichogram, fungal culture and WL were positive in 100% (20 of 20), 90% (18 of 20), 95% (19 of 20) and 65% (13 of 20) of patients, respectively, with a significant difference between WL and ATI (p = 0.0499). Fungal culture revealed Microsporum. canis (n = 16), Nannizzia gypsea (n = 1), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 1) and T. rubrum (n = 1). Fungal elements were detected in >20 HPF more frequently with ATI (18 of 20) than trichogram (11 of 20) (p = 0.017), and detection required careful scanning to distinguish from background debris more often with trichogram. Fungal elements were located with neutrophil clusters and keratinocyte rafts in addition to abnormal hair fragments more frequently on ATI.ATI had the highest ability to correctly diagnose dermatophytosis, and increased ease of detecting fungal elements compared to trichogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) scores have not been reported in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).In cats with DKA, APPLE scores will be significantly higher in non‐survivors compared with survivors and these scores will predict mortality.Sixty‐eight cats with DKA.Retrospective study. The APPLE scores, blood glucose concentration (BG), venous pH, and ketone concentrations were compared between survivors and non‐survivors. Simple logistic regression was used to determine if these variables predict the binary variable of survival or non‐survival, and if they did, an empirical optimal cut point for mortality prediction was calculated.The APPLEfast and APPLEfull scores were significantly higher in non‐survivors (30 cats; 24.6±7.4$$ 24.6\pm 7.4 $$ and 45.2±7.3$$ 45.2\pm 7.3 $$, respectively) compared with survivors (38 cats; 20.9±6.2$$ 20.9\pm 6.2 $$ and 41.7±6.5$$ 41.7\pm 6.5 $$; P = .01 and P = .02, respectively). The APPLEfast (P = .03) but not the APPLEfull scores (P = .06) predicted mortality. For every 1 unit increase in the APPLEfast score, the odds of death increased by 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006‐1.17; P = .03). Median BG was significantly higher in non‐survivors (431 mg/dL; range, 260‐832 mg/dL) compared with survivors (343 mg/dL; range, 256‐738 mg/dL; P = .01) and BG predicted mortality (P = .02). For every 1 mg/dL increase in BG, the odds of death increased by 1.004 (95% CI, 1.0006‐1.008). Empirical optimal cut points for APPLEfast and BG mortality prediction were 24.5 and 358 mg/dL, respectively.The APPLEfast score and BG predict mortality in cats with DKA and can be used to stratify populations by risk of mortality in clinical trials of DKA in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rabies virus (RABV) is the etiologic agent of rabies, a fatal brain disease in mammals. Rabies circulation has historically involved the dog has the main source of human rabies worldwide. Nevertheless, in Colombia, cats (Felis catus) have become a relevant species in the epidemiology of rabies. Aims: To characterize rabies cases in humans in Colombia in the last three decades in the context of the epidemiology of the aggressor animal. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal epidemiological study of human rabies caused by cats' aggression, collecting primary and secondary information. Variables considered included the demography of the patient, symptoms, information about the aggressor animal as the source of infection and the viral variant identified. Results: We found that the distribution of rabies incidence over the years has been constant in Colombia. Nevertheless, between 2003 and 2012 a peak of cases occurred in rural Colombia where cats were the most frequent aggressor animal reported. Most cats involved in aggression were unvaccinated against rabies. Cat's clinical signs at the time of the report of the human cases included hypersalivation and changes in behaviour. Human patients were mostly children and female and the exposure primarily corresponded to bite and puncture lacerations in hands. The RABV lineage detected in most cases corresponded to variant 3, linked to the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). The geographical presentation of cat borne RABV in humans occurred along the Andes mountains, epidemiologically known as the rabies red Andean corridor. Discussion: By finding cats as the primary source of rabies spillover transmission in Colombia, this report highlights the importance of revising national rabies control and prevention protocol in countries in the Andes region. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that rabies vaccination for outdoor cats needs to prioritize to reduce the number of rabies‐related human deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the association between pet ownership and psychosocial outcomes among the oldest old in Germany during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Methods/Design: Data from the "Old Age in Germany (D80+)" study were used, a large, nationwide representative study covering both individuals living at home and individuals in nursing homes aged 80 years and above (n = 2867 individuals). The telephone interviews were conducted from May to October 2021. Established tools (e.g., "Short Form of the Depression in Old Age Scale", DIA‐S4) were used to quantify the outcomes. Five groups were generated: (1) no pet ownership, (2) having at least one dog (but no other pets), (3) having at least one cat (but no other pets), (4) having at least one other pet (but neither dogs nor cats), (5) having at least two different types of pets (in any combination). Results: Multiple linear regressions showed that compared to individuals without a pet, individuals having at least one dog had significantly lower loneliness levels (β = −0.21, p < 0.01). In the fully‐adjusted models, other forms of pet ownership were not significantly associated with the outcomes examined. Conclusion: Particularly living with a dog was associated with lower loneliness among the oldest old people in Germany. If living with a dog is in line with the preferences and attitudes of the very old, this could be a strategy for reducing loneliness in this age group. Key points: There is a dearth of studies examining the association between pet ownership and psychosocial outcomes based on nationally representative data.Using nationally representative data of the D80+, our aim was to explore the association between pet ownership and psychosocial outcomes during the Covid‐19 pandemic ‐ an area in which literature is extremely limited.Living with a dog was associated with lower loneliness.Multiple pet ownership may help to maintain life satisfaction.This could indicate a strategy for reducing loneliness in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A limited antigen diet trial and subsequent food provocation is currently the optimal method of confirming a diagnosis of food allergy in dogs and cats. However, performing an effective diet trial can be challenging as it requires a high level of client and pet compliance, appropriate diet selection and correct interpretation of the provocative challenge. This narrative guides the clinician through the process, highlights potential pitfalls and specifies how these can be avoided to achieve a successful outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are routinely used in the management of human type 2 diabetes and have been shown to effectively mitigate hyperglycemia and reduce the risks of cardiovascular and renal compromise. Two SGLT2 inhibitors, namely bexagliflozin and velagliflozin, were recently FDA approved for the treatment of uncomplicated feline diabetes mellitus. These oral hypoglycemic agents are a suitable option for many newly diagnosed cats, with rapid improvements in glycemic control and clinical signs. Suitable candidates must have some residual β‐cell function, as some endogenous insulin production is required to prevent ketosis. Appropriate patient selection and monitoring are necessary, and practitioners should be aware of serious complications such as euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regional lymph nodes are frequently sampled in cats with suspected intestinal lymphoma; however, their diagnostic value has not been explored. Objectives: To investigate whether histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of mesenteric lymph nodes correlates with the diagnosis of intestinal lymphoma in cats. Animals: One hundred 2 client‐owned cats diagnosed with intestinal lymphoma. Methods: Retrospective study. The inclusion criteria required a full‐thickness biopsy of the small intestine and concurrent excision of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologic and immunophenotypic analyses were performed on intestinal biopsies and corresponding lymph nodes. Selected nodal samples diagnosed with reactive lymph nodes underwent clonality testing. Results: Transmural T‐cell lymphomas, encompassing small and large cell types, were predominant (64 cases, 62.7%), with large B‐cell lymphomas being more frequently transmural (68.8%) than mucosal (31.2%). Among all lymph nodes examined, 44 (43.1%; 95% CI: 33.9%‐52.8%) exhibited neoplastic infiltration. Among cases of small cell lymphoma, 51 out of 72 (70.8%; 95% CI: 59.4%‐80.1%) showed no nodal involvement. Clonality results correctly identified 19/30 (63.3%; 95% CI: 45.5%‐78.2%) reactive lymph nodes. Concerns were raised regarding clonal identification in the remaining cases and potential misdiagnoses based on phenotypic characteristics. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The study underscores the potential drawbacks of relying solely on mesenteric lymph nodes for diagnosing intestinal lymphomas in cats, particularly small cell subtypes. It emphasizes the importance of full‐thickness biopsies for assessing transmural infiltration and recommends caution when utilizing mesenteric lymph nodes for histologic, immunohistochemical and clonality evaluations in mucosal lymphomas. Despite limitations, this research highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies in cats with intestinal lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solutions to the cats‐hunting‐wildlife environmental conflict could benefit from social science approaches. Our Theory of Planned Behavior questionnaire—informed by an elicitation survey of cat owners at veterinary clinics about their attitudes, norms, and beliefs regarding bringing their cats inside at night—surveyed 158 cat owners across 20 veterinarian clinics in four cities. It revealed that wildlife conservation was not influential on cat owner intention but veterinarians, cat safety, peers, and household members were. Thus, we designed a social marketing campaign with two treatments: (1) a veterinarian/cat safety message or (2) social/family norm message. Thirty‐four veterinary clinics received one of the two campaign posters or served as the control group. Customers (n = 510) received a "cat welfare" survey and then a pamphlet with the advocated message, and a follow‐up survey by email or telephone 3–6 weeks later (69% response rate). Campaign messaging significantly increased the number of cat owners who reported bringing their cats inside at night compared to the control group. The social/family norm message was most effective. Although rudimentary, the campaign generated measurable changes in cat owner intention and behavior. Conservation campaigns informed by co‐benefits for cat owners may reduce cats' hunting and be conciliatory ways of transcending environmental conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The standard treatment for canine and feline meningiomas includes radiotherapy, surgical excision or combined therapy. However, new therapeutic approaches are required due to the possible recurrence or progression of meningiomas despite initial therapy. Adjunctive therapy with synthetic long‐acting somatostatin (SST) analogues has been described in humans with SST‐expressing tumours. The expression of SST receptors (SSTRs) by feline meningiomas is currently unknown, and there are little data about canine meningiomas. We hypothesized that SSTR is expressed by canine and feline meningiomas (S1). Methods: Seven canines and 11 felines with histologically confirmed meningiomas underwent STTR screening. RNA expressions of SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5 (canine) and SSTR1–SSTR 5 (feline) in fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples were investigated using real‐time (RT)‐qPCR. The expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 in FFPE samples was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The specificity of applied antibodies for canine and feline species was confirmed by western blotting. Results: In canine meningiomas (n = 7), RNA expression of SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR5 was detected in all samples; SSTR3 RNA expression was detected in only 33% of samples. In feline meningiomas (n = 12), RNA expression of SSTR1, SSTR4, SSTR5 and SSTR2 was detected in 91%, 46%, 46% and 36% of samples, respectively; SSTR3 was not expressed. Overall, the detection rate was lower in FFPE samples. IHC revealed the expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 in all samples from both species. However, it is important to exercise caution when interpreting IHC results due to the presence of diffuse background staining. Conclusions: SSTRs are widely expressed in canine and feline meningiomas, thereby encouraging further studies investigating SSTR expression to conduct trials about the effect of adjunctive therapy with long‐acting SST‐analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐month‐old intact female mixed‐breed kitten presented with severe exophthalmos of the left eye. Periocular lesions, including subconjunctival haemorrhage, third eyelid protrusion, and left eyelid oedema, were detected in the absence of globe retropulsion. The left intraocular pressure was increased, and ocular ultrasonography revealed ipsilateral retrobulbar fluid. Coagulation panels were markedly prolonged and severe anaemia was detected. Ultrasound‐guided retrobulbar centesis performed to decrease intraocular pressure yielded blood. Based on the history and clinical findings, anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication was suspected. Treatment included partial tarsorrhaphy and the administration of topical antibiotics, artificial tears, and vitamin K1. Fresh whole blood and fresh frozen plasma were transfused for supportive therapy. Coagulation parameters improved after 7 days of hospitalisation. The periocular lesions resolved within 14 days, despite persistent optic nerve damage and blindness. This case report raises the possibility that anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity may result in retrobulbar haemorrhage in the absence of other typical cavitary bleeding. Although uncommon, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity should be considered in cats with retrobulbar haemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to describe a case of haemoglobinuria in a cat after near‐drowning. A 6‐year‐old male neutered domestic short hair cat weighing 6.5 kg with a pre‐existing seizure disorder presented to an emergency hospital after near‐drowning in a swimming pool during a seizure episode. On presentation, the patient was obtunded, dyspnoeic, bradycardic and hypothermic. Imaging revealed evidence of severe bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Treatment with intravenous diazepam, amoxicillin, fluid therapy, active warming and oxygen therapy was administered. The cat developed haemoglobinuria approximately 6 h after nearly drowning. Despite improvements in mentation, pulse quality and heart rate, respiratory compromise and poor oxygen saturation persisted, prompting euthanasia approximately 10 h after admission. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported clinical case of haemoglobinuria following near‐drowning in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe a case of presumptive feline subcutaneous fat sclerosis, a condition reported only once previously (in 1987) and diagnosed with postmortem examination. We describe radiographic, computed tomography scan and histopathological findings, and partial response to oral methylprednisolone and Vitamin E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific data regarding outcome of cats with high‐grade and large granular lymphocyte alimentary lymphoma (HGAL and LGL, respectively) treated with multi‐agent chemotherapy are scarce. The aims of this multi‐centric, retrospective study were to describe the outcome of cats with HGAL and LGL treated with COP‐ or CHOP‐based chemotherapy and to identify potential prognostic factors. Cats with a cytological or histological diagnosis of HGAL or LGL lymphoma treated with COP‐ or CHOP‐based protocol as first‐line chemotherapy were included. Data regarding diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow‐up were collected. Fifty‐seven cats treated with CHOP (n = 37) or COP (n = 20) protocols were included. Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) were observed in 20%, 22%, 36% and 22% of cats, respectively, for an overall response rate of 42%. Median progression‐free interval (PFI) was 148 days and overall median survival time (OST) was 131 days. Cats achieving CR, PR or SD showed significantly longer PFI (p <.01) and OST (p <.015) compared with cats with PD. Other positive prognostic factors in multi‐variate analysis were rescue treatment (p <.001) and absence of lymph node involvement (p <.03). Negative prognostic factors were diffuse infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract (p =.035) and infiltration of a non‐haematopoietic organ (p <.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningiomas are the most common feline primary brain tumours, and calvarial hyperostosis (CH) is frequently documented in association with this neoplastic entity. The clinical significance of and mechanisms driving the formation of CH in cats with meningiomas are poorly understood, although tumour invasion into the skull and tumour production of cytokines and enzymes have been implicated as causes of CH in humans. This retrospective study investigated relationships between signalment, MRI or CT imaging features, histopathologic tumour characteristics, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme concentrations, tumour expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2, MMP‐9, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and progression free survival times (PFS) following surgical treatment in 27 cats with meningiomas with (n = 15) or without (n = 12) evidence of CH. No significant differences in breed, age, sex, body weight, tumour grade, tumour volume, peritumoral edema burden, ALP isoenzyme concentrations, tumour Ki‐67 labelling indices or MMP‐2 or MMP‐9 expression and activity, or PFS were noted between cats with or without CH. There was a trend towards higher serum (p =.06) and intratumoral (p =.07) concentrations of IL‐6 in cats with CH, but these comparisons were not statistically significant. Histologic evidence of tumour invasion into bone was observed in 5/12 (42%) with CH and in no (0/6) cats without CH, although this was not statistically significant (p =.07). Tumour invasion into bone and tumour production of IL‐6 may contribute to the formation of meningioma associated CH in cats, although larger studies are required to further substantiate these findings and determine their clinical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics have unveiled a multitude of allergen molecules (AMs) associated with animal sensitizations, revealing significant cross‐ and co‐sensitization patterns among these seemingly distinct allergens. Method: We investigated the sensitization profiles of 120 children, sensitized to at least one of the 14 AMs from cat, dog, or horse using the Alex test, employing correlations and hierarchical clusters to explore relationship between sensitizations. Results: Sensitizations to Fel d 1, Can f 4/5, and Equ c 4 differ from other cat, dog, and horse AM sensitizations, suggesting they may represent genuine sensitizations for their respective animals. High correlations were observed among various AMs, including lipocalins (Can f 1/2/6, Fel d 4/7, and Equ c 1), serum albumins (Fel d 2, Can f 3, and Equ c 3), and uteroglobins (Fel d 1 and Can f_Fd1). Hierarchical clustering of sensitizations identified two similarity clusters and one dissimilarity cluster, providing an estimation of the likelihood of cross‐reactivity. Additionally, our method facilitated speculation regarding cross‐, co‐, or genuine sensitization. Moreover, we noted a potential increase in the number and level of sensitized animal AMs concurrent with increased sensitization to other aeroallergens with advancing age. No significant difference was detected for the presence or absence of various types of allergic comorbidities. Conclusion: Correlations and hierarchical clustering can unveil the extent and magnitude of cross‐, co‐, and genuine sensitization relationships among animal AMs. These insights can be leveraged to enhance artificial intelligence algorithms, improving diagnostic accuracy through the integration of other measures of sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1‐year‐old European shorthair male cat with a normally developed penis was subjected to genetic, endocrinological and histological studies due to unilateral cryptorchidism. The blood testosterone level was typical for males, while the level of anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) was very low. Surgical removal of internal reproductive organs was followed by a histological study, which revealed inactive testicles with neoplastic changes and derivatives of Mullerian ducts. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal XY sex chromosome complement and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Y‐linked genes (SRY and ZFY). Although the level of AMH was low, two normal copies of the AMH gene were found using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Analysis of the coding sequences of two candidate genes (AMH and AMHR2) for persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) in the affected cat and in control male cats (n = 24) was performed using the Sanger sequencing method. In the affected cat, homozygosity was found for three novel missense variants in Exon 1 (one SNP) and Exon 5 (two SNPs) of AMH, but the same homozygous genotypes were also observed in one and two control cats, respectively, whose sex development was not examined. Three known synonymous variants with homozygous status were found in AMHR2. We conclude that the DNA variants identified in AMH and AMHR2 are not responsible for PMDS in the affected cat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cats in respiratory distress have limited tolerance for manipulation, hindering clinical monitoring. Minute volume (MV) can be utilized to rate dyspnea in humans, but its relationship with respiratory distress in cats remains poorly investigated. Hypothesi s : Cats with respiratory distress will show higher MV per kg body weight (MV/BW) than normal cats, and the MV/BW increase will correlate with survival. Animals: Fifty‐two cats with respiratory distress from lung parenchymal disease, pleural space disease, lower airway obstruction (LAO), or upper airway obstruction were recruited since 2014. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. Study cats were placed in a transparent chamber, allowing clinicians to easily observe their breathing status and record ventilation using barometric whole‐body plethysmography (BWBP). Ventilatory variables of the 52 cats were compared with those of 14 historic control cats. Follow‐up data, including disease category, clinical outcomes, and survival, were prospectively collected. Results: Cats in respiratory distress demonstrated significantly higher MV/BW (397 mL/kg; range, 158‐1240) than normal cats (269 mL/kg; range, 168‐389; P <.001). Among the etiologies, cats with LAO, parenchymal, and pleural space disease exhibited higher‐than‐normal MV/BW trends. A cutoff value of 373 mL/kg (1.4‐fold increase) indicated abnormally increased breathing efforts (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 93%). MV/BW was independently associated with increased cardiorespiratory mortality in cats with respiratory distress (adjusted hazard ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02‐1.35; P =.03). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Breathing efforts in cats can be noninvasively quantified using BWBP. Measurement of MV/BW could serve as a prognostic index for monitoring cats experiencing respiratory distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myeloma‐related disorders (MRDs) are rare and poorly documented neoplasms of cats. Hypothesis/Objectives: To describe clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings, response to treatment, and survival time and to identify factors associated with shorter outcomes in cats with MRD. Animals: Fifty cats with a diagnosis of MRD. Methods: Cats with paraproteinemia confirmed by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and either intramedullary plasmacytosis >10%, marked cytonuclear atypia with intramedullary plasmacytosis that ranged between 5% and 10%, or cytologically or histologically confirmed visceral infiltration were retrospectively included from several veterinary referral centers. Results: Bone marrow plasmacytosis and splenic or hepatic involvement were present in 17/27 cats (63%), 36/42 cats (86%), and 27/38 cats (71%), respectively. Anemia was reported in 33/49 cats (67%) and thrombocytopenia in 16/47 cats (34%). Some of the treatments that the cats received included melphalan and prednisolone (n = 19), cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (n = 10), chlorambucil and prednisolone (n = 4), prednisolone (n = 4), or other (n = 4). The overall response rates to melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and chlorambucil in combination with prednisolone were 87%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Adverse events to melphalan or cyclophosphamide occurred in 65% and 23% of cats, respectively. Median survival time was 122 days (range, 0‐1403) and was not significantly associated with chemotherapy protocol. Anemia (hazard ratio [HR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0‐9.8) and thrombocytopenia (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2‐6.0) were risk factors for shorter survival. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our study confirmed the guarded prognosis of MRD in cats and identified risk factors for shorter survival times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs in cats and are increasingly discussed as a treatment for feline pancreatitis. However, its effects on serum lipase in healthy cats remain unknown. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of prednisolone on serum lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) in cats. Animals: Seven clinically healthy colony cats, aged 4 to 7 years, with unremarkable CBC/biochemistry panel were studied. Methods: Prospective study: Prednisolone (1.1‐1.5 mg/kg, median 1.28 mg/kg PO) was given daily for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity (LIPC Roche; RI, 8‐26 U/L) and PLI (Spec fPL; RI, 0‐3.5 μg/L) were determined at day 1 before first treatment and at days 2, 3, 8, 10, and 14. Cats were examined daily. An a priori power analysis indicated that 6 cats were needed to find a biological relevant effect at 1‐β = 0.8. Statistical analyses comprised the Friedman test, random intercept regression, and repeated‐measures linear regression. Results: Median (range) day 1 lipase activities and PLI were 22 U/L (14‐52 U/L) and 3.2 μg/L (2.3‐15.7 μg/L). One cat with abnormally high lipase activity (52 U/L) and PLI (15.7 μg/L) at day 1 continued having elevated lipase activities and PLI throughout the study. Lipase activities and PLI concentrations did not differ significantly among time points regardless of whether the cat with elevated values was included or not. All cats remained healthy throughout the study. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Administration of prednisolone in anti‐inflammatory doses does not significantly increase serum lipase activity and PLI concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals studied Procedures Results Conclusion To determine the prevalence of anterior uveitis in dogs and cats hospitalized with a diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).Dogs and cats hospitalized between May 2020 and January 2021 were prospectively included.Patients were categorized into two different groups: The first group included patients diagnosed with SIRS, and the second group included patients hospitalized without SIRS as a control group. Daily physical and ophthalmological examinations were conducted during hospitalization. Diagnosis of anterior uveitis was made based on the presence of aqueous flare, low intraocular pressure, and other associated ocular signs such as episcleral injection and miosis. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with SIRS and anterior uveitis development.The study comprised 42 patients with SIRS and 26 patients without SIRS. Among those with SIRS, 38% developed anterior uveitis, whereas only 7.7% of patients without SIRS showed signs of anterior uveitis. The prevalence of uveitis was significantly higher in animals with SIRS compared to those without SIRS (p < .05).Anterior uveitis is more prevalent in patients with SIRS than patients without SIRS. Therefore, complete ophthalmic examination is recommended in all patients presenting with this syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canine diaphragm is a muscular and tendinous dome‐like plate and is largely involved in digestive and respiratory functions. Very few studies compared morphology of the diaphragm between dogs and cats and no studies have investigated the effects of individual factors on this morphology. So the aim of this study was to (1) study the effects of individual factors on the morphology of the diaphragm and (2) to compare its morphology between cats and dogs. Surface measurements of 86 diaphragms were performed. The tendinous centre (TC), the lumbar part of the peripheral muscular (LP) and the sternal and costal parts of the peripheral muscular (SCPM) were measured. Measurement ratios (surface of anatomical part of the diaphragm/total surface of the diaphragm) were used for statistical analysis (TC%S, LP%S, SCPM%S). The SCPM%S are significantly lower, and the LP%S are significantly higher when bodyweight increases in dogs and cats. The TC%S are significantly lower when the body condition score of dogs increases. The SCPM%S are significantly higher, and therefore, the TC%S and LP%S lower in brachycephalic animals as opposed to mesocephalic animals. The TC%S are significantly higher in dogs than in cats and the SCPM%S are significantly higher in cats than in dogs. This study proposed a cartography of the diaphragm morphology in cats and dogs taking into account individual animal factors. Significant differences in the diaphragm morphology between cats and dogs and between mesocephalic and brachycephalic animals were found. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results and to investigate the consequences of these variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza A is an emerging zoonotic virus with worldwide distribution. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to assess influenza A exposure in stray cats in regions with positive cases of wild birds. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti‐influenza A antibodies in feral cats from a region in Spain with cases of positive wild birds. A cross‐sectional study of stray cats (n = 183) was conducted between March 2022 and March 2023. The presence of antibodies against the influenza A virus was tested using a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit adapted for this study and confirmed by competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against the haemagglutinin H5. During sample collection, none of the cats exhibited clinical signs of illness. Four of the 183 animals tested showed anti‐influenza A antibodies by ELISA, and the seroprevalence of influenza A was 2.19% (95% confidence interval 0.85%–5.48%). Due to the low number of positive cases detected, it appears that cats did not have an important epidemiological role in influenza A transmission during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the volume, the concentration of steroid hormones, and biochemical composition of the foetal fluids at different gestational ages in dogs and cats. Methods: Following the ovariohysterectomy, the allantoic and amniotic fluid samples were collected from pregnant bitches and queens and were assigned to different groups according to their gestational age. Results: The canine and feline allantoic fluid volume increased during pregnancy, reached its maximum values on days 40–49 and then decreased. The canine and feline amniotic fluid volume increased steadily by the last days of pregnancy. In spite of significant changes of sex hormones in the foetal fluids, their concentration and ratios were not significantly different between male and female fetuses. The canine amniotic cortisol concentration increased until days 40–49 and decreased significantly afterwards. The maximum cortisol concentrations in the feline allantoic and amniotic fluids were observed on days 50–60 and 40–49, respectively. During the canine pregnancy, the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, chloride, sodium, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and the activities of aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the amniotic fluid were higher than the allantoic fluid. The magnesium, potassium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, creatine and lipase were higher in the allantoic fluid. In the feline allantoic fluid, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, albumin and glucose concentrations and the activities of creatine kinase (CK), GGT, LDH and lipase were higher. The ALP, AST activities, sodium and calcium concentrations were higher in the amniotic fluid (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Volume of foetal fluids was determined in dogs and cats. Concentration of sex hormones did not different between male and female fetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic sternal osteomyelitis is a rare condition in felines, with limited reported cases to date. Objectives: We report the case of a 2‐year‐old castrated male, domestic shorthair cat, weighing 4.68 kg, that presented with skin openings every 3–4 months, despite skin debridement and reconstruction. Methods: A subcutaneous dead space larger than the skin defect was detected. Haematological analysis revealed elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Thoracic radiography revealed sternal deformation and suspected osteomyelitis. Computed tomography revealed a fistula extending from the third to the fourth sternebrae. Results: Bone and soft tissue debridement and abscess flushing were performed along with long‐term antibiotic therapy. The cat remained recurrence‐free throughout an 18‐month post‐surgery follow‐up period. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of chronic osteomyelitis occurring in a cat's sternebrae and represents the first successful case of its treatment. This case showcases the potential for improved treatment outcomes in similar cases. Understanding and successful treatment of such cases can pave the way for better management of feline osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Companion animals, including dogs and cats, are frequently identified as sources of Pasteurella multocida, a bacterium that can be transmitted to humans and cause infections. Objectives: This survey defines the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, capsular types, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) types and virulence factors of P. multocida isolated from cats. Methods: A total of 100 specimens from various cat breeds were collected. P. multocida was characterized using both biochemical tests and PCR. Genotypes of isolates were determined using capsular and LPS typing methods. Additionally, virulotyping was performed by detecting the presence of 12 virulence‐associated genes. Disk diffusion was used to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates. Results: The prevalence of P. multocida in cats was 29%. Among the isolates, the majority were capsular type A (96.5%) and type D (3.4%), with a predominant presence of type A. Twenty‐six of the isolates (89.66%) belonged to LPS genotype L6, whereas three isolates (10.3%) belonged to genotype L3. Among the 12 virulence genes examined, sodC, oma87, ptfA, nanB and ompH showed remarkable prevalence (100%). The toxA gene was detected in four isolates (13.8%). Variations were observed in other virulence genes. The nanH gene was present in 93.1% of the isolates, whereas the pfhA gene was detected in 58.6% of the isolates. The exbD‐tonB, hgbB, sodA and hgbA genes showed prevalence rates of 96.5%, 96.5%, 96.5% and 82.8%, respectively. Additionally, particular capsule and LPS types were associated with specific virulence genes. Specifically, the toxA and pfhA genes were found to be more prevalent in isolates with capsular type A and LPS genotype L6. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, clindamycin, lincomycin, streptomycin and penicillin. Conclusions: According to this epidemiological and molecular data, P. multocida from cats possess several virulence‐associated genes and are resistant to antimicrobial medicines commonly used in humans and animals. Thus, it is crucial to consider the public health concerns of P. multocida in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straelensia cynotis is a trombidioid mite that causes painful, usually nonpruritic nodular dermatitis mainly in the dorsal region of dogs. This case report describes the first observation of feline straelensiosis in Europe with clinicopathological findings. Molecular characterisation of the parasite was performed and compared with mites collected from dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies indicate that 6% to 20% of feline patients have at least one dermatopathy. Hypothesis/Objective: This retrospective study aimed to provide comprehensive information about the types of skin diseases, diagnosis methods, treatments and follow‐up data in a hospital population of domestic cats in Iran. Animals/Materials and Methods: The present survey of clinical observations was conducted on the medical records of 1825 individual cats brought to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Iran) over a 12‐year period (2009–2020). Results: Feline dermatoses accounted for 154 (8.43%) of the 1,825 cats examined during the study period. The most prevalent dermatological manifestations in the studied population of 154 were erythema, macules, papules and/or pustules (36; 23.37%), alopecia (18; 11.68%) and erosive/ulcerative lesions (17; 11.03%). Specific dermatological diagnoses made were the following (in descending order, of 154): dermatophytosis (34; 22.07%), subcutaneous abscesses (16; 10.38%), atopic skin syndrome/environmental allergies (20; 10.38%), external parasites (15; 9.74%), otitis (10; 6.49%), flea infestation (6; 3.89%), food allergy (4; 2.59%) and primary pyoderma (2; 1.29%). Most lesions were observed in the head/face of cats (41 of 154; 26.62%) and their ears (39; 25.32%). Following treatment, 86 of 154 cats (69.35%) had complete remissions, 17 cats faced recurrent dermatoses and the owners of 21 cats were not satisfied. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The prevalence of dermatoses among this cohort of Iranian cats is similar to that in other parts of the world. However, a noticeable difference was detected in the most prevalent dermatoses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the characteristics and outcomes of feline dermatological conditions in Iran. Background – Studies indicate that 6%–20% of feline patients have at least one dermatopathy. Objective – This retrospective study aimed to provide comprehensive information about the types of skin diseases, diagnosis methods, treatments and follow‐up data in a hospital population of domestic cats in Iran. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance – The prevalence of dermatoses among this cohort of Iranian cats is similar to that in other parts of the world. However, a noticeable difference was detected in the most prevalent dermatoses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the characteristics and outcomes of feline dermatological conditions in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most commonly utilized protocols to treat lymphoma in cats employ vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisone; with additional drugs sometimes used including L‐asparaginase and doxorubicin. Medical records were reviewed for 55 cats with alimentary lymphoma treated with a novel multiagent protocol using prednisolone, L‐asparaginase, doxorubicin, vinblastine instead of vincristine, a higher dosage of cyclophosphamide and oral procarbazine (VAPC protocol). Outcomes evaluated were response to therapy, toxicity and progression‐free survival (PFS). Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was the most common treatment‐related reason for chemotherapy dosage adjustment, occurring in 8 of 52 cats receiving vinblastine, 7 of 55 cats receiving cyclophosphamide and 1 of 40 cats receiving doxorubicin, but febrile neutropenia was identified in only two cats. Of 38 cats receiving chemotherapy for measurable disease, 26 (68.4%) achieved complete response (CR). Three cats achieved a partial response and 9 cats failed to achieve a remission. There were no identified factors influencing whether a cat was likely to achieve CR. For all 55 cats (including those receiving chemotherapy and surgery), median PFS was 184 days with 1, 2 and 3‐year survival rates of 35.4%, 26.5% and 26.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, 40 cats that achieved CR had a median survival time of 341 days (78 days for PR, 45 days for NR); PFS times were also significantly affected by lymphocyte:monocyte L:M ratio (>3.4 = 700 days vs. ≤3.4 = 126 days) and B‐cell versus T‐cell phenotype (220 days vs. 42 days, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is characterised by invasive and metastatic behaviour and is poorly responsive to current treatments, hence the need for new therapeutic strategies. FOSCC shares molecular targets with human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), among these the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cetuximab is an anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody employed in the therapy of HNSCC and, interestingly, previous work in vitro suggested that it displays cytostatic and cytotoxic properties also against FOSCC. With the present study, we aimed at further investigating the effects of cetuximab on invasion and metastasis pathways proven to be relevant in human patients. To this purpose, FOSCC cell lines SCCF1, SCCF2 and SCCF3 were treated with cetuximab for 48/72 h and subjected to Western blot for matrix metalloproteinases‐2/9 (MMP‐2/9) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers vimentin, E‐, P‐ and N‐cadherin. Treatment with cetuximab resulted in downregulation of MMP‐2/‐9 in all of the three cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, cetuximab downregulated vimentin and P‐cadherin in SCCF1, upregulated E‐cadherin whilst downregulating P‐/N‐cadherins in SCCF2, and impaired P‐/N‐cadherins in SCCF3. An in vitro scratch test also demonstrated that cetuximab delayed cell migration in SCCF3. These data suggest that cetuximab mitigates invasion and metastasis processes by impairing MMPs and epithelial–mesenchymal transition pathways in FOSCC, indicating that this monoclonal antibody may help to counteract malignant progression and improve the management of locally invasive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analytical performance specifications (APS) are vital for method evaluation and quality control validation. However, the limited availability of biological variation (BV) data, regulatory guidelines, and expert opinion (EO) may present challenges in veterinary medicine. The empirical biological variation (EBV) approach, based on population reference intervals (pRI), has emerged as an alternative method to derive APS in human medicine. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the practicality and usefulness of the EBV approach in deriving performance limits for various measurands in dogs and cats. Methods: Eight hematology and 13 biochemistry measurands were analyzed in dogs and cats. Estimates of combined biologic variation based on traditional biological (CVB) and EBV-derived (CVE*) formulas were calculated and assessed for evidence of correlation. Performance limits for expanded uncertainty/total error and imprecision were compared among EO, BV, and EBV. Results: Strong and significant correlations were found between CVB a nd CVE* for both dogs (r = .86, p < .00001) and cats (r = 0.95, p < .00001). The EBV-derived APS were generally comparable to EO and BV, with a subjective criterion of 1.5% difference for imprecision and 3% for total error/expanded uncertainty. Conclusion: The EBV approach, using pRI, shows promise as a surrogate marker for biological variation and as a practical tool for determining performance limits in dogs and cats. Assuming accurate pRI generated on analyzers with stable analytical performance, this approach could offer benefits when expert recommendations or robust BV studies are lacking or yield conflicting results. Further research is needed to explore the applicability and advantages of the EBV in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Listeriosis is a severe foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen of animals and humans. Listeriosis is a rare disease in cats. Objective: To describe the clinical, diagnostic imaging, histological, and microbiological features of L. monocytogenes‐associated mesenteric lymphadenitis in a cat. Animals: Listeria monocytogenes‐associated mesenteric lymphadenitis was confirmed in a cat by histology and microbiology. Results: Two distinct isolates of L. monocytogenes were cultured from the affected mesenteric lymph node and whole genome sequencing was performed. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: This report should alert veterinary clinicians and microbiologists to the syndrome, which may have implications for health and food safety in animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seizure emergencies (ie, status epilepticus [SE] and cluster seizures [CS]), are common challenging disorders with complex pathophysiology, rapidly progressive drug‐resistant and self‐sustaining character, and high morbidity and mortality. Current treatment approaches are characterized by considerable variations, but official guidelines are lacking. Objectives: To establish evidence‐based guidelines and an agreement among board‐certified specialists for the appropriate management of SE and CS in dogs and cats. Animals: None. Materials and Methods: A panel of 5 specialists was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer‐reviewed literature with the aim to establish consensus clinical recommendations. Evidence from veterinary pharmacokinetic studies, basic research, and human medicine also was used to support the panel's recommendations, especially for the interventions where veterinary clinical evidence was lacking. Results: The majority of the evidence was on the first‐line management (ie, benzodiazepines and their various administration routes) in both species. Overall, there was less evidence available on the management of emergency seizure disorders in cats in contrast to dogs. Most recommendations made by the panel were supported by a combination of a moderate level of veterinary clinical evidence and pharmacokinetic data as well as studies in humans and basic research studies. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Successful management of seizure emergencies should include an early, rapid, and stage‐based treatment approach consisting of interventions with moderate to preferably high ACVIM recommendations; management of complications and underlying causes related to seizure emergencies should accompany antiseizure medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various infectious agents can infect the male reproductive system. Objectives: The aims of this study were to provide current data on fungal and yeast flora of the external organs of reproductive system of male short hair cats including penis and prepuce. Methods: In total 28 samples were taken from external genital system of male stray cats using sterilised cotton swabs. Samples were taken based on the absence of any reproductive complications using physical examinations. The samples were transferred to sterilised Stuart transport media and were then incubated in the Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol at 32°C for 48 h. The identification of fungi and yeasts was confirmed by germ tube formation test, CHROM agar, urease testing and Corn meal agar medium with Tween 80. Results: Fungal agents were isolated from 7 (25%) out of 28 male stray cats. Fungal isolates were obtained from the penis and prepuce of 4 (36%) and 7 (100%) male cats, respectively. The most commonly recovered species samples were Candida krusei (3.75%) and Penicillum spp. (6.86%) from the penis and prepuce of the cats, respectively. The external organs of male reproduction of cats were infected with 2–4 different fungal agents. Only 5 (45%) cats were infected with one fungus; however, in 6 (55%) cats, mixed fungal infections were isolated. Cats 3–4 years old had the highest fungal contamination in the prepuce region (4/7), while the penis at this age had the least contamination (1/4). Conclusions: It is concluded that the external reproduction organs of male cats could be infected by different fungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐year‐old female neutered Persian cat presented with hyporexia and gradual weight loss over 6 months. Physical examination revealed cranial abdominal pain. Haematology and serum biochemistry were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasonography and a computed tomography scan suggested a non‐neoplastic mass compressing the gallbladder. During an exploratory laparotomy, a duplex gallbladder with two separate cystic ducts was diagnosed intraoperatively. The mass identified using the imaging techniques was an abnormal right gallbladder which was distended with immobile mucoid bile and a thickened wall. The left gallbladder and cystic duct were grossly normal. A cholecystectomy of both gallbladders was performed. Histopathology of the right gallbladder identified chronic cholecystitis. The cat made a good recovery from surgery and reported complete resolution of its hyporexia and a return to normal body weight. This is the first report of a successful cholecystectomy of a duplex gallbladder with chronic cholecystitis of a single gallbladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) is a commonly used modality in small animal veterinary medicine. Anecdotally, gas bubbles are frequently identified in small animals undergoing thoracic CT examination. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to record the occurrence and prevalence of vascular and extravascular gas in routine thoracic CT examinations in dogs and cats. Patients with any clinical signs of diseases related to soft tissue gas were excluded. A total of 84 canine studies and 90 feline studies were included, detecting gas in 66.7% of all studies, with gas more likely to be detected in canine studies (75.0%) than in feline cases (58.9%) (P = 0.009). Canine studies were more likely to have gas detected in postcontrast studies than in precontrast studies (P = 0.016). Intravascular gas was detected in 65.5% of all included studies (75% canine and 56.7% feline). Extravascular gas was detected in 13.8% of all studies (14.3% canine, 13.3% feline), with gas detected in the vertebral canal of 8.62% of all studies (canine 11.9%, feline 5.56%) and within fascial planes in 5.75% of all studies (canine 2.38%, feline 8.89%). In conclusion, gas bubbles were identified in the majority of canine and feline thoracic CT studies without clinical evidence of a pathologic etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seven‐month‐old, male, domestic short‐hair cat was presented with nodular and ulcerative lesions, as well as respiratory signs, caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis infection. Owing to lack of response to oral itraconazole and potassium iodide, isavuconazole was substituted for itraconazole, leading to clinical cure after three months of treatment without adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A domestic cat was presented with nodular lesions on the nose/muzzle and pinnae. Protothecosis was diagnosed through cytological and histopathological examination, and culture. Molecular identification confirmed Prototheca wickerhamii infection. Intralesional application of amphotericin B in conjunction with oral terbinafine resulted in a significant reduction of the nasal lesion and complete resolution of the pinnal lesion, without adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline infective endocarditis is a difficult condition to detect and diagnose early, with a poor long‐term prognosis. This case report describes the clinical, laboratory, instrumental and histological findings in a 12‐year‐old cat with Bartonella henselae endocarditis associated with multi‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteraemia. The latter pathogen recently emerged as deadly nosocomial bacteria in humans and is considered a common cause of infective endocarditis. The prolonged corticosteroid therapy administered in the cat probably played a role in the onset of B. henselae endocarditis and E. faecalis intestinal translocation and bacteraemia. Echocardiography remains the tool of choice to suspect infective endocarditis, as it can detect vegetative lesions consistent with this condition. Feline infective endocarditis should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats, especially when there are signs of systemic disease, a history of prolonged corticosteroid treatment or concomitant infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (FPLCH) is a rare histiocytic proliferative disease of middle‐aged to older domestic cats. Langerhans cells in the terminal airways proliferate and infiltrate the interstitium and the airways to a lesser degree, widely effacing normal parenchyma. Historically, definitive diagnosis has required postmortem evaluation where pulmonary lesions have a classic gross and histologic morphology. Here, we present the first documented antemortem diagnosis of FPLCH using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology and immunocytochemistry (ICC) in a 9‐year‐old British shorthair mix. The cat had a 3‐month history of respiratory difficulty that was refractory to steroids and antimicrobials. Pulmonary radiographs had marked diffuse changes with a complex bronchointerstitial and micronodular pattern. BAL cytology revealed neutrophilic inflammation and markedly increased histiocytes with morphology distinct from typical pulmonary macrophages. ICC characterized histiocytes as CD1a+/E‐cadherin+/CD11b−/PanCK−, consistent with a Langerhans cell phenotype. The cat was humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis and presented for necropsy. Gross, histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and ultrastructural findings confirmed a diagnosis of FPLCH. Proliferative cells were E‐cadherin+/Iba‐1+/CD18+/CD1a+/CD5+/MHCII+/CD204−/CD4−; transmission electron microscopy identified the presence of Birbeck granules in the proliferating histiocytes, consistent with previous reports of FPLCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phenobarbital (PB) is used as a first‐line treatment for recurrent epileptic seizures in cats. While hematologic abnormalities are well‐known side effects of antiepileptic therapy with PB in humans and dogs, little is known about such alterations in cats. Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical relevance of cytopenia during PB treatment in cats. Methods: In this single‐center, retrospective clinical study, 69 cats—with suspected idiopathic epilepsy admitted to the Small Animal Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna (VMU)—were included. A complete blood count for each patient was performed, and changes in hematocrit, leukocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes were documented and graded. Results: Fifty‐three out of 69 cats (76.8%) showed cytopenias with a reduction of at least one cell fraction during PB treatment. The most frequent change was neutropenia (60%), followed by leukopenia (49.3%), thrombocytopenia (24.1%), and anemia (20.3%). Most of the changes were mild or moderate; only one patient (1.5%) showed severe leukopenia and neutropenia, and one was a life‐threatening neutropenia (1.5%) with a serum PB concentration within or even below the therapeutic range. These patients did not present with clinical symptoms other than those related to epileptic episodes. Cats who received combination therapy showed lower hematocrits than those who received monotherapy. A tendency for leukocytes and neutrophils to decrease during PB treatment was also seen. Conclusions: Blood cytopenias may frequently occur in cats on chronic PB therapy, even when serum drug levels are within the therapeutic range. However, clinical signs are typically mild to moderate and rarely severe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 5‐year‐old, castrated, male domestic short‐haired cat presented with neurological deficits in the pelvic limbs, back pain and dysuria. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass lesion caudal to the L4 vertebrae. In addition, suspected haemorrhage was observed at the cranial aspect of the mass. There was no evidence to support the presence of extravertebral intrusion or vertebral body, osteolysis. Dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed to debulk the intraspinal mass. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment revealed a primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the clinical and pathological features and imaging diagnosis of intraspinal PNET without extraspinal invasion in a cat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 14‐year‐old cat presented with right‐sided epistaxis, right facial swelling, hyporexia, and sneezing. A right nasal mass was diagnosed based on dental radiography and computed tomography (CT), and nasal angiofibroma was diagnosed based on histopathology. Treatment consisted of stereotactic body radiation therapy in three consecutive daily doses. Self‐limiting grade 3 oral mucositis developed which resolved within 6 weeks. Recheck CT 169 days after treatment confirmed a partial response by RECIST(1) based on digital CT measurements. Disease progression was confirmed on CT 642 days after treatment, per RECIST criteria, with the longest tumor diameter measuring 3.4 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]