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The constantly shifting boundaries between land and sea pose fundamental challenges in resolving land‐use disputes at the coast. In the UK, these difficulties are compounded by the fact that multiple agencies and authorities are charged with managing the coastline. This means the coast is a space of legal plurality, subject to overlapping jurisdiction. This paper demonstrates the consequences of this with reference to Whitstable, on the north Kent coast, where customary law and established ("as of right") use is clashing with private property rights concerning the ownership of, and access to, a town beach. Noting that the legal authorities are struggling to reconcile these different rights claims, the paper concludes that the effective resolution of land‐use conflicts on a changing coastline demands legal pliability and, ideally, a reduction in the overall number of organisations responsible for the regulation of the "coastal commons." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the mysterious loss of a common preposition MID in the historical development of English. The issue is examined using a quantitative method combined with a historical sociolinguistic focus on the free peasantry in the East Midlands and Kent. Statistical results show East Midlands to be the leading region of the change, with Kent being the most conservative region. Given the special role of free peasantry in medieval society, it is proposed that they can exert disproportionate influence over linguistic changes in the feudal society, due to their free movement, well‐off socio‐economic status and higher prestige, and so are instrumental in the linguistic competition between MID and WIÐ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the initial stage of Kent Fire and Rescue Service's project to develop a comprehensive understanding of the behaviours and associated motivations of those directly experiencing an accidental dwelling fire (ADF). Although human behaviour in fires in public, commercial and industrial spaces is a well-established area, for the past 30 years, the study of human behaviour in dwelling fires has not received a comparable degree of attention. The first stage of this applied research was a pilot study comprising semi-structured interviews with 10 individuals who had experienced an ADF and suffered physical injury as a result. This paper will outline the background to and findings of this qualitative study. Key among the findings was that several interviewees clearly expressed their desire to take early action to tackle or mitigate the effects of a fire. It also identified that a majority of interviewees entered or attempted to enter the room of fire origin to investigate, tackle or mitigate the effects of the fire and also expressed a strong belief in the validity and appropriateness of such actions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclination is the angle of a magnetization vector from horizontal. Clastic sedimentary rocks often experience inclination shallowing whereby syn‐ to post‐depositional processes result in flattened detrital remanent magnetizations relative to local geomagnetic field inclinations. The deviation of recorded inclinations from true values presents challenges for reconstructing paleolatitudes. A widespread approach for estimating flattening factors (f) compares the shape of an assemblage of magnetization vectors to that derived from a paleosecular variation model (the elongation/inclination [E/I] method). Few studies exist that compare the results of this statistical approach with empirically determined flattening factors and none in the Proterozoic Eon. In this study, we evaluate inclination shallowing within 1.1 billion‐year‐old, hematite‐bearing red beds of the Cut Face Creek Sandstone that is bounded by lava flows of known inclination. Taking this inclination from the volcanics as the expected direction, we found that detrital hematite remanence is flattened with f=0.650.560.75 $f=0.6{5}_{0.56}^{0.75}$ whereas the pigmentary hematite magnetization shares a common mean with the volcanics. Using the pigmentary hematite direction as the expected inclination results in f=0.610.550.67 $f=0.6{1}_{0.55}^{0.67}$. These flattening factors are consistent with those estimated through the E/I method f=0.640.510.85 $\left(f=0.6{4}_{0.51}^{0.85}\right)$ supporting its application in deep time. However, all methods have significant uncertainty associated with determining the flattening factor. This uncertainty can be incorporated into paleomagnetic poles with the resulting ellipse approximated with a Kent distribution. Rather than seeking to find "the flattening factor," or assuming a single value, the inherent uncertainty in flattening factors should be recognized and incorporated into paleomagnetic syntheses. Plain Language Summary: The magnetization of ancient sedimentary rocks provides great insight into Earth's past. Earth scientists use these rocks to understand how Earth's magnetic field has flipped through time and to reconstruct how continents have moved. Hematite is a common mineral which gives many sandstones a red color—leading geologists to refer to them as "red beds." While hematite is a reliable magnet through time, the magnetic directions recorded by hematite grains can be shallower than the geomagnetic field (i.e., they are flattened). Magnetization steepness is how Earth scientists determine the latitude where rocks were deposited as the magnetic field gets steeper toward the pole. We need ways to correct for magnetization shallowing in sedimentary rocks. In this study, we compared the steepness of magnetic directions held by hematite to that of lava flows that formed in the same time interval. Magnetic directions from lava flows are not flattened so this comparison allows us to determine the shallowing amount. We compare it to a statistical method and see that the results are indistinguishable within the appreciable uncertainty of the methods. Earth scientists should include the uncertainty associated with inclination shallowing when they report ancient pole positions determined from such flattened magnetic directions. Key Points: Inclination shallowing is empirically quantified in 1.1 Ga clastic sedimentary rocks bracketed by volcanicsDetrital hematite remanence is flattened by a factor of 0.610.550.67 $0.6{1}_{0.55}^{0.67}$ relative to unflattened pigmentary hematiteFlattening factor uncertainty is present in all methods and should be incorporated into the uncertainty of sedimentary paleomagnetic poles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal efficacy of ethanolic extracts of peels and seeds of mango (cvs. Ataulfo, Manila, Kent and Creole) at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% w/v were assessed. Nanostructured coatings based on chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), chitosan‐peel extracts nanoparticles (CPNP) and chitosan‐seed extracts nanoparticles (CSNP) were evaluated in the four mango cultivars. The volatile composition of the extract was measured by GC/ME. For the nanoparticles (NP), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of CNP, CPNP and CSNP, and the in vitro and in situ effects of the nanocoatings on various postharvest phytopathogens were also tested. Of the 42 volatile found, 11 exhibited antimicrobial activity. Among these, α‐pinene was present in all cvs and Creole. The average NP sizes were 5 ± 2.76 nm for CNP, 4.123 ± 1.23 nm for CPNP and 3.11 ± 1.06 nm for CSNP with Zeta potentials of −1.94 mV, −2.26 mV and − 4.53 mV respectively. The peel extracts were more efficient at reducing mycelial growth. The most sensitive fungi were Colletotrichum asianum and Talaromyces variabilis. The CPNP completely inhibited the in vitro growth of C. asianum, Fusarium solani, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum oculatum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and T. variabilis. The lowest disease incidence was 20% for the cv. Manila with the nanocoating of CSNP, while in cv Kent, an infection reduction of 50% was achieved with the nanocoating of CPNP. Lower disease severity was with both nanocoatings in cv. Kent. The use of Nanocoatings from mango residues could be an excellent option as a natural antifungal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ashford, in East Kent, is a government-designated growth area. Between 2001 and 2031, the town is set to grow by 31 000 homes and 28 000 jobs, almost doubling in size. This raises numerous concerns about the ability of the local water infrastructure and Kentish Stour catchment to accept this pressure in the short and long term. The Ashford integrated water management study (AIWMS) set out to address all the issues around water quality, water resources, biodiversity and flood risk to allow Ashford's growth to occur without unacceptable environmental damage. The study reviewed current problems with the water environment, established the key constraints to growth that might arise from the proposed development and identified water management strategies to accommodate Ashford's expansion. The paper reviews the integration methodology that was developed and discusses the lessons learned from the experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quite possibly, the first application of geographic analysis to identify and characterise the spatial behaviour of the offender concerning the crime scene was developed in 1980 by Milton Newton. Although previous studies have used Newton and Swoope's geoforensic process (Kent, 2009, Essays on the integration of anisotropic landscapes within contemporary geographic profiling models [LSU doctoral dissertations]; Leitner et al., 2007, Police Practice and Research, 8[4], 359–370) to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, there are, to our knowledge, no investigations that have validated the procedure with cases of serial murderers. The main objective of the study is to analyse a sample of 41 serial killers with a minimum number of six crimes and to evaluate the method proposed by Newton (1988, Geographical discovery of the residence of an unknown dispersing localized serial murder). The results confirm only Newton's first assumption in which after the fifth crime in the series, the estimated 'haven' is close to the actual 'haven', ruling out that the search area becomes progressively smaller and that the 'haven' is located in the search area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Differences in discriminative and predictive ability for all-cause mortality of two clinical staging systems, the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) and Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS), were estimated.Methods: Data for nonpregnant persons aged 40 to 75 years were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Predictive and discriminative ability was assessed using pseudo-R2 and C-statistics. Median years of life lost were also computed for each score.Results: Differences in out-of-sample estimates of pseudo-R2 and C-statistics (EOSS model as reference) were 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01-0.04) (Kent pseudo-R2 ), 0.03 (0.01-0.04) (Royston pseudo-R2 ), and 0.02 (0.01-0.02) (C-statistics). The median years of life lost for EOSS scores 2 and 3 (low to high risk) for a reference person were 1.19 and 6.76 years. Those for CMDS scores 1, 2, 3, and 4 (low to high risk) were 1.53, 2.90, 3.91, and 8.51 years. Consistent results from the in-sample estimates were observed.Conclusions: CMDS had statistically significantly greater predictive and discriminative ability than EOSS for persons aged 40 to 75. While the clinical relevance of these differences is unknown, CMDS may have greater clinical utility given that it uses fewer items to risk stratify. The clinical relevance and utility need to be studied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports that some of the Malling Jewel raspberry plantings at East Malling Research Station in Kent, England were found naturally infected with raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) for the first time in summer 1982. Infection was detected initially in two out of 15 stools, tested individually, at one end of a 4-year-old 40-stool row used for mechanical harvesting trials and trained on the Lincoln horizontal canopy system. Malling Jewel, Malling Admiral and Glen Clova are currently the most widely grown varieties in England and all three have been considered immune to RBDV. They become infected following graft inoculation with some RBDV isolates but natural infection has never been reported and they appear highly resistant to infection by pollen-borne virus.

Selective insecticides have largely displaced broad‐spectrum products on cultivated hops, allowing a resurgence of historic pests and new ones to arise.The present study reports the incidence of 30 insect species from four insect Orders and 14 Families feeding on aphid susceptible and/or aphid‐resistant low trellis hop cultivars in south‐east England and at three West Midland sites. Three are Kent Red Data Book species [Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Hypena rostralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Psylliodes attenuatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] and three are DEFRA biodiversity action plan priority insects [Acronicta rumicis, Melanchra persicariae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spilosoma lubricipedia (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)].Six common lepidopteran species severely damaged hop cones (Adoxophyes orana, Autographa gamma, Epiphyas postvittana, Eupitheca assimilata, Mamestra brassicae and S. lubricipedia), whereas Biston betularia, H. rostralis, Melanchra persicariae and Phlogophora meticulosa did not. European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) feeding on hops in Kent are the so‐called E‐pherotype.Lygocoris pabulinus (Hemiptera: Miridae) caged on developing flowering lateral shoots reduced numbers of developing hop cones by 38% and cone weight by 42%, whereas Liocoris tripustulatus caused no losses.Companion plants in the drive alleys between rows of hops reduced the incidences of L. tripustulatus and S. lubricipedia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on how the population of individuals can be used to determine how to obtain a sample. It discusses the calculation of sugar content of potatoes harvested in June 2012 in Kent, England. It is stated that there can be populations within populations, as the potatoes grown in Kent are just a small fraction of the total amount of potatoes grown in England in 2012. Calculation of sugar content involves the use of the mean, standard deviation and variance.

This article engages with recent debates which assert that community participation and empowerment are place-contingent. The particular nature of localities has regularly been taken to account for success or failure in processes of participation and regeneration. In contrast, this article exposes the failings based in the nature of the process of regeneration in the complex intersection of national agendas of community participation, regional objectives of economic growth and local aspirations of social cohesion and improved amenities. These agendas meet in the seemingly mutual pursuit of the 'active community'. They become manifest in the micro-politics of negotiating and enacting different constructions of community by the different actors 'empowered' in the regeneration process: regional development agencies, local government and local civil society. The article is based on ethnographic research in the Kent coalfield. The coalfields as distinct places have commanded a lasting place in the academic and policy literature: romanticized as the epitome of 'communityness' but demonized as the site of problem groups. This otherness has outlasted the industry the communities were built on. The analysis here shows that the social organization of regeneration in an arguably 'different' place is less driven by local specificities than by a failure to make visible conflicting constructions of community; therefore both the pathologizing of disadvantaged social groups and calls for more 'community' in policy delivery rather than policy reform are called into question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between landscape and British national identities by means of a case study of the white cliffs of Dover in Kent, England. The cliffs were important symbols of island-nationhood across the modern period, and demonstrate that even in the age of empire British as well as English national identities could be conceptualized in distinctly insular ways. In particular, the cliffs were seen to be associated with the national homeland, its heritage and historical continuity over hundreds of years, as well as with national defence and a defiant self-asserted separateness from the rest of Europe. The article has implications for the (still relatively neglected) role played by specific landscapes in the construction of national identities, not just in Britain but generally. In functioning as markers of national difference the physical distinctiveness of these landscapes was important, but their associational value mattered more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-sheet charters and coin epigraphy provide valuable evidence for the development of representations of the Old English dental fricative in the seventh and eighth centuries. This evidence indicates differing Kentish and Mercian practices up to the 780s, when scribes in both areas rapidly adopt <ð> to represent this sound. In Kent, occasional experimentation with this character from perhaps as early as the reign of Eadbald (616-40 ad) may suggest a lengthy period of gradual adoption prior to the rapid increase. Mercian practice instead shows an abrupt adoption, which is perhaps the result of reform according to external (perhaps Kentish) models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans play an important part in the dispersal of plant seed and other propagative material, either inadvertently or deliberately. We expand on this observation to demonstrate how the form of dispersal reflects different patterns of human interaction and relationship, and how the opposite is also true: that patterns of human exchange modify the properties of plant germplasm subject to further co-evolutionary selection. While these patterns are reported in the ethnobotanical literature for rural tropical and subtropical regions, there has been little work on comparable patterns for industrial and post-industrial Europe. We review the subject, and illustrate the issues with reference to recent data on the management of germplasm in British allotments in East Kent and West London. Résumé Que ce soit volontairement ou par inadvertance, les humains jouent un rôle important dans la dispersion des graines et autres organes de propagation des végétaux. Partant de cette observation, les auteurs démontrent comment la forme de dispersion reflète différents schèmes d'interactions et de relations humaines et comment, à l'inverse, les schèmes d'échange humains modifient les propriétés du patrimoine génétique végétal, soumis à une nouvelle sélection co-évolutionnaire. Alors que ces schèmes sont rapportés dans la littérature ethnobotanique pour les régions rurales tropicales et subtropicales, leurs équivalents dans l'Europe industrielle et postindustrielle sont encore peu étudiés. Les auteurs passent ce sujet en revue et l'illustrent en se référant à des données récentes sur la gestion du germoplasme dans les lotissements de l'Est du Kent et de l'Ouest de Londres, en Angleterre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the response of benthic and hyporheic macroinvertebrate communities to supra-seasonal drought using synthesized hydroecological data available for the Stour River in Kent, England. It discusses the effects of river low flow on macroinvertebrate organisms including the reduction in species richness and a homogenous composition in hyporheic community. It presents a conceptual model that demonstrates the processes influencing macroinvertebrate fauna under low-flow periods.

The article presents an autobiography of Professor Kenneth J. Broadley from Kent, England. He was born on May 18, 1943 and attended a private school in Catford, South London. He was trained as a pharmacist for a family business, after which, he enrolled at a pharmacy school at Brighton College of Technology. Further information related to his job as pharmacist and being professor is presented.

Introduction: The introduction of the innovative non-violent resistance approach (NVR) at a multi-agency service in east Kent, UK, has presented challenges in terms of the recruitment of the necessary wider professional support for the family, with some professionals seeing the approach as not child-focused. Aims and objectives: To identify child-focused themes among professionals, and to compare these with discourses used in NVR and, for comparison, in the Webster-Stratton approach, to elucidate possible obstacles to the acceptance by professionals of NVR. Methods and analysis: A focus group of experienced professionals was convened to discuss what it means to be child-focused, and a thematic analysis was conducted. Key texts from NVR and the Webster-Stratton approach were selected and analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis. Results: Being child-focused was considered to require the child's voice being heard, at least by the parents. Power differentials and developmental issues were also highlighted in the discussion. The key text analyses suggests that the Webster-Stratton approach is communicated through familiar 'biomedical' and 'missionary' discourses, while surprisingly NVR is communicated through a discourse of 'war' as well as the more familiar and child-focused 'family values' discourse. Implications: The 'war' discourse used by NVR, in which violent young people are seen as aggressors and oppressors, challenges the traditional discourses of childhood formed around notions of innocence. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to furthering the adoption of NVR as an effective way of working to help violent children of all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Tawney's century, Kent was London's principal coastwise supplier of grain. This trade was concentrated in the ports of Milton, Faversham, and Sandwich, and largely controlled by merchant-oligarchs living in them, who played a pivotal role in fostering the development of market integration and regional agrarian specialization. In periods of shortage, urban merchants prioritized their own commercial interest, and the subsistence needs of their own resident poor, at the expense of the county's rural poor, and in opposition to policies advocated by their guardians on the county bench. The regional politics of dearth need to be analysed at least as much in terms of vertical as of horizontal fissures in the social structure, and against the background of the politics of plenty, for over-dependence on the London market provoked protest from producers following good harvests and hardened their attitudes to the poor when the situation was reversed. Some forms of popular protest usually assumed to embody plebeian critiques of the failures of local justices should in fact be read primarily as expressions of the unity that often bound governors and their client-poor in opposition to the rival subsistence claims of other little commonwealths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study objective To assess the safety and patient satisfaction of laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy (LSH) using a standardised surgical technique. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Princess Royal University Hospital, Chelsfield Park Hospital and Sloane Hospital, Kent, UK. Patients and materials Four hundred consecutive women with menorrhagia underwent LSH. The procedure was performed using the Plasma Kinetic Bipolar Diathermy (Gyrus International Ltd, Berkshire, UK) for pedicle ligation and the Lap Loop system (Roberts Surgical Healthcare Ltd, Kidderminster, UK) to detach the cervix. An electromechanical morcellator (Morcellex; Ethicon Women’s Health and Urology, Cincinnati, OH, USA) was used to remove the uterus from the abdominal cavity. Main outcome measures Patient satisfaction, morbidity rates and readmission rates. Results A total of 400 LSH were performed between February 2003 and November 2006. The principal clinical indication for hysterectomy was menorrhagia. The mean duration of surgery was 46.4 minutes. The mean operative blood loss was 126 ml. Concurrent surgery was performed in 141 women. Minor and major perioperative complications were encountered in 5% ( n= 20) of women. The major complication rate was 1.2% ( n= 5): three women (0.75%) with bladder perforation, two women (0.5%) with bowel injury and one woman (0.25%) with a vesicocervical fistula. Eight women (2%) suffered from cyclical vaginal bleeding postoperatively. Conclusions LSH is a safe and effective treatment for menorrhagia and other menstrual disorders when hysterectomy is indicated. Women appreciate the quick recovery period, reduced time off work and faster return to normal activity. Our data suggest that LSH can replace abdominal hysterectomy in selected cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of ward nurses were seconded into an Outreach Service for a 2-week period. Following this, the group took part in an evaluation of the placement using a focus group methodology. The aim of this project was to explore the perceptions of a ward-based nurse recruited into the Outreach Service so that they could function effectively and efficiently in that role.The intended outcomes of the project were:– to explore the needs of the new Outreach nurse who was recruited from the ward environment– to enable the participants of the project to have a better understanding of the role of the Outreach team– to enable the participants to develop their skills in assessing critically ill patients– to make recommendations to the Kent Critical Care Network regarding the recruitment of ward staff to Outreach [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, it is argued that Bede's famous account of the origin and early development of the people and kings of Kent in Historia ecclesiastica(I.15) does not report historical events, but reflects eighth-century concepts of migration-period kingship with mythical links to the Jutes of Scandinavia. Bracteate evidence shows that the veneration of Woden existed in Kent by the sixth century. Support for a contemporary belief in the Scandinavian origin of Kentish kings is found in locally produced bracteates, which imitate Scandinavian styles, and where several recovered from Kentish cemeteries are found in close proximity to places with royal connections. These include the only known Kentish site linked to the veneration of Woden. Evidence suggests that Kentish genealogy reflects a mythical belief in ancestry from Woden, rather than historical descent from Scandinavian Jutes. Finally, it is argued that Kentish bracteates, usually found in exceptionally rich female graves, were worn by high status women. These women may have played a significant role in legitimizing new royal claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of spreading mown perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) herbage over the total ground area on water loss during field-wilting was compared with leaving herbage in swaths (three swaths put together into one, occupying 0·18 of ground area) in three experiments. Spread crops were not tedded during wilting but were rowed up immediately before harvest. In all experiments, conventional silage-making equipment was used on a field scale. Feeding value was assessed with lactating dairy cows and growing heifers (Experiment 1) and sheep (Experiment 3). The periods of field wilting were 48 h (Experiment 1), 24 h (Experiment 2) and both 24 h and 48 h (Experiment 3). Spreading the crop was associated with larger increases in loss of water in all three experiments compared with leaving grass in swaths. Losses of dry matter (DM) during wilting were similar in Experiment 2 but were higher for the swathed crop wilted for 48 h than for 24 h in Experiment 3. Spreading resulted in restricted fermentations associated with higher crop DM contents at ensiling. In Experiment 1 the concentrations of DM, ash and water-soluble carbohydrate in silage were higher (P < 0·001) for spreading the crop and the concentrations of crude protein and neutral-detergent fibre were lower (P < 0·05) than for swathed material. In Experiment 3, spreading was associated with higher concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates and ethanol and lower concentrations of fermentation acids, ammonia-N and neutralizing value in silage. Voluntary DM intake of silage by dairy cows and heifers was higher for spread than for swathed material (P < 0·05), but in Experiment 3 (sheep) there were no significant differences between treatments in voluntary intake of DM. The increased intake by dairy cows of silage from spread herbage was reflected in increased concentrations of milk fat (P < 0·01) and protein (P < 0·05) but not in milk yield (P > 0·05). It is concluded that spreading herbage during field wilting prior to ensiling accelerates water loss and has the potential to improve the feeding value of the ensiled product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic status of farmers in 1086 in Kent, England. It is reported that in 1946 and 1947 the "Economic Journal" published two contributions by R. V. Lennard which were aimed at constructing a comprehensive statistical picture of the holdings of the English peasants in 1086. Out of several surveys Lennard produced a league table indicating the relative size of land holdings in the various counties. His findings were in many ways unexpected, especially in the very low rating given to a number of eastern counties where the husbandmen had commonly been thought of as unusually prosperous, as well as free. Lennard did not explain the composition of his sample, but it can be readily reconstructed on his criterion. It contains 80 manors, or distinguishable parts of them, the majority either small or very small, none large by Kentish standards, only 20 of even moderate size, and more than three-quarters of them in lay ownership. On average they had between seven and eight villeins apiece, owning between 13 and 14 oxen; but the median was four villeins, and a quarter of them contained only one or two.

The article deals with protests and disturbances in Kent, England. From the economic history of Kent, it is indicated that popular disturbance was a fairly regular phenomenon in this period, frequently influenced but by no means governed by economic variables and that the typical disorder was small-scale, localised and customary, confirming rather than challenging the hierarchic structures and central norms of parish society. Thereafter the only recorded incidents of popular action worth mentioning involved limited town disorders during the parliamentary elections of 1640, and, about the same time, the first signs of the religious factionalism, which was endemic during the Civil War but all, were small-scale. Conflict between clothiers and iron-masters was probably inevitable. Economic factors influencing the size of English disturbances were the increasing level of poor relief and the low rate of taxation on the poorer classes. In Kent the Elizabethan machinery for poor relief was being widely enforced by the start of the seventeenth century, though it was not entirely effective.

In an orchard in Kent, metalaxyl applied to the soil at 0.5 or 1.5 kg/ha on 20 July and to fruit as a 0.03 per cent spray on 3 September 1979 controlled rotting of Cox's Orange Pippin apples by Phytophthora syringae. There was also a residual effect of similar treatments applied in the previous year. Dipping fruits in 0.03 per cent metalaxyl controlled infections which had been developing on zoospore-inoculated apples for five days at 10° but not when the incubation period was longer, in post-harvest dip treatments, the ability of metalaxyl at 0.01 per cent to control the spread of rotting by contact with apples inoculated with P. syringae was not affected if it was mixed with 0.05 per cent benomyl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninth International Congress of Ethnobiology, University Of Kent, 13-17 June 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]