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With limited phosphorus (P) supplies, increasing P demand, and issues with P runoff and pollution, developing an ability to reuse the large amounts of residual P stored in agricultural soils is increasingly important. In this study, we investigated the potential for residual soil P to maintain crop yields while reducing P applications and losses in Canada. Using a P cycling model coupled with a soil P dynamics model, we analyzed soil P dynamics over 110 years across Canada's provinces. We found that using soil residual P may reduce mineral P demand as large as 132 Gg P year−1 (29%) in Canada, with the highest potential for reducing P applications in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. Using residual soil P would result in a 21% increase in Canada's cropland P use efficiency. We expected that the Atlantic provinces and Quebec would have the greatest runoff P loss reduction with use of residual soil P, with the average P loss rate decreasing from 4.24 and 1.69 kg ha−1 to 3.45 and 1.38 kg ha−1, respectively. Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia would experience relatively lower reductions in P loss through use of residual soil P, with the average runoff P loss rate decreasing from 0.44, 0.36, and 4.33 kg ha−1 to 0.19, 0.26, and 4.14 kg ha−1, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of considering residual soil P as a valuable resource and its potential for reducing P pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Effective alcohol control measures can prevent and reduce alcohol‐related harms at the population level. This study aims to evaluate implementation of alcohol policies across 11 evidence‐based domains in Canada's 13 jurisdictions. Methods: The Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project assessed all provinces and territories on 11 evidence‐based domains weighted for scope and effectiveness. A scoring rubric was developed with policy and practice indicators and peer‐reviewed by international experts. The 2017 data were collected from publicly‐available regulatory documents, validated by government officials, and independently scored by team members. Results: The average score for alcohol policy implementation across Canadian provinces and territories was 43.8%; Ontario had the highest (63.9%) and Northwest Territories the lowest (38.4%) jurisdictional scores. Only six of 11 policy domains had average scores above 50% with Monitoring and Reporting scoring the highest (62.8%) and Health and Safety Messaging the lowest (25.7%). A 2017 provincial/territorial current best practice score of 86.6% was calculated taking account of the highest scores for any individual policy indicators implemented in at least one jurisdiction across the country. Discussion and Conclusions: Most of the evidence‐based alcohol policies assessed by the Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project were not implemented across Canadian provinces and territories as of 2017, and many provinces showed declining scores since 2012. However, the majority of policies assessed have been implemented in at least one jurisdiction. Improved alcohol policies to reduce related harm are therefore achievable and could be implemented consistently across Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply management programs for Canada's dairy and poultry sectors are intended to reduce price volatility and provide fair returns for producers. However, the reduced risk and higher returns for these producers may contribute to higher farmland values. This paper estimates the impact of supply management on farmland values in the Canadian province of Ontario using a hedonic approach based on over 25,000 farmland sales. The results indicate that farmland values have been positively impacted by supply‐managed livestock density. In addition, a recent policy change ‐ a cap on the price of dairy quota ‐ is found to further contribute to increased farmland values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies some specific types of discursive positioning used by Canadian midwives and pregnant women and shows how an analysis of positioning can contribute to the study of information practices occurring within everyday conversation. It reports initial findings from an ongoing study of midwife-client communication in the Canadian province of Ontario. It uses the concept of the "information ground," a physical environment where information-seeking and exchange occur, to analyze the information needs, seeking, giving and exchange taking place when Ontario midwives and their pregnant clients meet in a clinic or home setting for prenatal visits. The study provides an opportunity to examine several specific information-seeking issues related to the physical space of the midwifery clinic and with relevance to both the everyday life information seeking of midwifery clients and the work-place information seeking of midwives. In Canada, midwifery is a fully or partially licensed profession in six of the ten provinces and one of the three territories. Midwifery services are fully government funded in four provinces.