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This paper compares how frontline staff in four national child welfare systems and policy contexts - Finland, Norway, England and the USA (specifically, California) - respond to questions about a scenario of possible harm to children. The countries have different child welfare systems that we anticipated would be reflected in the workers' responses ( n = 1027). The analysis shows differences and similarities between the systems, although often not in line with system expectations. There is also variation within the country samples. The study shows the complex interactions of individual and agency characteristics in addition to the role of proceduralised decision-making systems and professional discretion. Key Practitioner Messages Professional discretion differs., Proceduralised and high threshold systems result in less variation between workers' responses., System categories do not seem to capture the nuances of frontline decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Jumping to conclusions' (JTC) is an established reasoning bias in people with psychosis and delusion proneness. Research investigating the JTC bias in other clinical populations remains in its infancy. This study investigated whether individuals with anorexia (AN) displayed the JTC bias compared with healthy controls and, if so, whether the bias was greater in relation to emotionally salient information. The study also investigated whether delusionality was correlated with the JTC bias. JTC was measured using the 'beads task'. Three versions were employed: the standard version and two emotionally salient tasks. Results indicated that a majority (55.6%) of people with AN ( n = 26) displayed poor insight into their eating disorder beliefs but did not display an elevated JTC compared with healthy controls ( n = 33) on any task. The level of delusionality in the AN group was not correlated with JTC bias. Findings suggest that although a majority of people with AN demonstrated limited insight, they did not display the JTC bias. This may suggest that poor insight in eating disorders has different characteristics to that found in psychotic disorders, which may suggest that differences are needed in relation to how they are treated using psychological means. However, this was a small study, and study replication is required. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) often have severely impaired left ventricular function and a poor prognosis. Having an ICD in situ effectively denies them the possibility of a quick, arrhythmic death. It is still unclear if and when the end of life and device deactivation should be discussed with patients and how much patients want to know prior to ICD implantation. Methods: Patients with an active ICD for chronic heart failure were interviewed regarding their attitude toward the ICD, their recollection of the consent procedure, and how they felt the end of life should be discussed with ICD patients (n = 54). Patients who had received ICD therapies (n = 25) were reviewed as a subgroup with extended questions regarding attitudes toward device deactivation. Results: Fifty-four patients were recruited. Most patients were not aware that the ICD could be deactivated. The vast majority of patients (84%) wanted to be involved in the deactivation decision; 40% felt this discussion should be prior to ICD implantation but others felt the discussion should only occur if the patient was terminally ill (16%) or in the last few days of life (5%). Conclusion: Patients with ICDs are routinely counseled about the benefits of ICDs, but options for device deactivation are not well understood by patients. Most patients would like to be involved in deactivation decisions and we feel this should be discussed well in advance. (PACE 2011; 34:1628-1633) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]