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Document forgery is a significant issue in Korea, with around ten thousand cases reported every year. Analyzing paper plays a crucial role in examining questionable documents such as marketable securities and contracts, which can aid in solving criminal cases of document forgery. Paper analysis can also provide essential insights in other types of criminal cases, serving as an important clue for solving cases such as the source of a blackmail letter. The papermaking process generates distinct forming fabric marks and formations, which are critical features for paper classification. These characteristics are observable under transmitted light and are created by the forming fabric pattern and the distribution of pulp fibers, respectively. In this study, we propose a novel approach for paper identification based on hybrid features. This method combines texture features extracted from images converted using the gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) approach and a convolutional neural network (CNN), with another set of features extracted by the CNN using the same images as input. We applied the proposed method to classification tasks for seven major paper brands available in the Korean market, achieving an accuracy of 97.66%. The results confirm the applicability of this method for visually inspecting paper products and demonstrate its potential for assisting in solving criminal cases involving document forgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium (Sr) is an element of toxicological concern due to its close chemical proximity to Ca. In this work, Sr in sea salts collected from China and South Korea was analyzed by laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The precision could be improved by using multiple filter‐paper sampling and intensity normalization using a weak Na I line as a reference signal. The analyte signal variation between filter‐paper pieces as well as that within a single filter‐paper piece could be corrected by the suggested method. The limit of detection of ~2 ppm and the precision of ~5% could be obtained. As a measure of accuracy, the root‐mean‐square error was estimated to be 9 ppm. The multiple filter‐paper sampling can be performed easily on the salt production sites and improves the LIBS analysis precision resulting to sufficient quantification capability for minor metallic elements in edible sea salt products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional wisdom on how late industrialized countries follow the technology trajectories of preceding economies is in need of reformation as these countries have attained industrial leadership in a growing number of fields. However, current understandings about these countries' development of their emerging technologies have yet to investigate the divergence of idiosyncratic technology trajectories. The aim of this paper was to explore how their knowledge production strategies in emerging technology sectors are diverging. Specifically, this research examines the changing patterns of knowledge production in quantum technology in South Korea and China by developing a knowledge portfolio and knowledge strategic diagram. According to the knowledge portfolio, the relative literature position differs. In the knowledge strategic diagram, there are diverging patterns in the emerging keywords sector. This paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating the diverging strategies of late industrialized countries in their transition from catch‐up to post‐catch‐up paradigms and provides policy implications for countries developing an idiosyncratic trajectory in emerging technology sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents three papers on gastroenterology. Its first paper is based on prevalence of Barrett's esophagus (BE) in Korea. It aims to assess the prevalence of BE in Korea, contrary to the belief that its prevalence in far east is very low. Second paper is about expression and significance of ID1 helix-loop-helix protein in gastric cancer. Third paper is about role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in asthma. It explains response to treatment with potent acid suppression in difficult-to-control asthma patients.

Scholars have been raising voices for corporate leadership in politics, namely the political corporate social responsibility (CSR). While many anecdotes of democratic deficits to corporations support the claim, it is still dubious whether corporations can be trusted with such a role. If the motivation for CSR is for further value creation as the resource based‐view suggests, they may thrive in their political role by creating shared value for both private and public sectors. However, if their motivation is mere societal acceptance as the institutional theory suggests, they will fail to serve both public and private; firms will fulfill self‐interest at the cost of society at best. One way to investigate this is to examine the interaction between political connection and CSR and thereby reveal the motivation for CSR. While both concepts have been extensively studied separately, their interaction has been sparsely explored with inconclusive mixed results. Thus, this paper clarifies the effect of political connection on CSR. To this end, this paper exploits the 2008 presidential election in South Korea as an exogenous shock to the channels for political connection. This paper captures the difference‐in‐difference estimate of the effect of political connection on CSR with instrumental variables to alleviate endogeneity problems and two‐way fixed effects to handle firm heterogeneity. As a result, this paper demonstrates a negative causal effect of political connection on CSR, a decline by 4.9% on average, which resolves the conflict in the literature. In addition, the negative effect supports institutional theory over the resource based‐view as the motivation for CSR and raises a cautious voice for political CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been a lot of research on the effect of workforce diversity on innovation performance, the studies on research and development (R&D) team diversity have been scarce. Moreover, even the previous studies considered R&D performances at the firm level, which left the relationship between inputs and outputs unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship more precisely by examining the effect of R&D team diversity at the project level. The gender, major, and education diversities were considered and the project‐level performances were measured by four indicators: papers, patents, R&D success, and innovative sales. After analyzing 1166 R&D projects implemented by South Korean small and medium‐sized enterprises supported by government subsidies, we found inverted U‐shaped relationships between gender and major diversities and patent applications. That is, patents increased from low to moderate level of diversities (0.52 for gender diversity and 0.43 for major diversity in normalized Blau's index). However, when the diversities exceeded the moderate levels, patents decreased. Our findings provide strong empirical evidence that the ambivalence of diversity influences simultaneously and that the influences dominate differently depending on the degree of diversity. Education diversity had a linear positive correlation with paper publications and R&D success. Based on these findings, we discussed managerial implications from the perspective of R&D project managers and the funding agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to make a bibliometric analysis of the current research situation in unilateral biportal endoscopy/biportal endoscopic spinal surgery (UBE/BESS). Research data sets were acquired from the Web of Science database. The study chosed "biportal endoscopic spinal surgery" OR "two portal endoscopic spinal surgery" OR "percutaneous biportal endoscopic decompression" OR "unilateral biportal endoscopy" OR "irrigation endoscopic discectomy" as the search terms. The literature search was limited to articles published before March 5, 2021. We only included original articles and reviews. VOS viewer and Citespace software were used to analyze the data and generate visualization knowledge maps. Annual trend of publications, distribution, H‐index status, co‐authorship status, and research hotspots were analyzed. A total of 74 publications met the requirement. The sum number of citations was 31,204, in which 19,336 were no self‐citations. The average citation of all the papers was 21.84 times. The H‐index of all the publications was 85. South Korea's total number of articles was far higher than that of other countries and regions (61, 82.4%), followed by United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Peoples Republic of China (three, ranking second, accounting for 12.2% of the total). For the most productive authors, Choi ranked first with 21 articles, Kim ranked second with 16 articles, and Heo ranked third with 12 articles. The journal with the greatest number of publications was World Neurosurgery, with a total of 18 (39.1%) papers. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery ranked second with six (13.0%) papers. In third place, there were fix articles published by Asian Spine Journal and Neurospine, accounting for 21.8% of the total articles. These top three journals accounted for 73.9% of all the papers. Spondylolisthesis and endoscopic decompression were the research hotspots in recent years. The number of publications has showed an upward trend with a stable rise in recent years. South Korea is the country with the highest productivity, not only in quality, but also in quantity. Barun Hosp and Leon Wiltse Mem Hosphave published most articles. Choi is the most productive author. World Neurosurgery is the most productive journal. Spondylolisthesis and endoscopic decompression are the research hotspots in recent years. Indeed, this study provides new insight into the growth and development of UBE/BESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how sales of local small businesses can be promoted through COVID‐19 stimulus payments. In the beginning of April, 2020, The Gyeonggi provincial government in Korea implemented a stimulus payment program worth up to 500 thousand Korean Won (416 US dollars) per person to encourage local consumption. By exploiting unique features of the stimulus payments that restricted the use of the payments in the municipality of residence at establishments accepting the Gyeonggi local currency, the paper identifies the treatment effect of the stimulus payments, taking a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences approach. The results suggest that the stimulus payments led to significant increases in card spending in establishments accepting the Gyeonggi local currency, relative to other establishments. The estimated overall spending effect of 4.1% persisted over three weeks, and the effects are heterogeneous across sectors. While the estimated spending effect of the stimulus payments is larger among sectors such as groceries, furniture, and beauty, sectors such as restaurants, leisure, and travel that experienced substantial sales losses did not gain much from the stimulus payments. This suggests that targeting sectors the most severely affected can be a more effective policy measure in terms of alleviating the gaps in COVID‐19 induced economic losses across sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of Policy Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Aims: To investigate the developmental trajectory of the rate and perceptual assessment of oral diadochokinesis (DDK) in typically developing children compared with adults. Also to examine the characteristics of DDK productions in children with speech sound disorders (SSD) and the relationship between DDK production and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). Methods & Procedures: Participants were 316 typically developing children and 90 children with SSD from 3 to 9 years old, as well as 20 adults with normal speech. The mono‐, bi‐ and trisyllabic nonsense strings containing Korean tense consonants and the vowel [a] were used for DDK tasks. The number of iterations per s was measured as the DDK rate for each stimulus. The perceptual assessment of DDK productions was also performed for regularity, accuracy and rate. Outcomes & Results: The DDK rates increased throughout childhood, but the oldest children, 9‐year‐olds in the current study, did not achieve adult‐like rates for all mono‐ and trisyllabic strings. Children with SSD also did not show significant differences from typically developing children when the DDK productions were analysed using only accurate tokens. The PCC of children with SSD showed higher correlations with regularity, accuracy and rate of perceptual ratings than the timed DDK rate. Conclusions & Implications: This study highlighted the fact that the comprehensive evaluation of DDK productions may provide even more useful information about children's oral motor skills. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Rates of DDK reflect the motor skills of the articulatory systems independently of phonological skills; therefore, the tasks are widely used in the diagnostic evaluations of speech disorders in both children and adult populations. However, a substantial number of studies have questioned the validity and usefulness of DDK rates for evaluating speech abilities. Also, the literature suggested that the measure of DDK rate alone does not provide a clear and useful indication of children's oral motor skills. DDK tasks should be analysed in terms of accuracy and consistency as well as rate. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: The literature reporting normative DDK performance has mainly been based on English speakers. As different consonants have different temporal characteristics, the linguistic and segmental features of DDK tasks can impact the DDK rate. This study established a norm for DDK rate for Korean‐speaking children and investigated the developmental trajectory of DDK performance in typically developing children compared with adults. This study suggested that the comprehensive evaluation of DDK productions may provide even more useful information about children's oral motor skills by examining the characteristics of DDK productions in children with SSD. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: This study provided normative data of young Korean‐speaking children aged 3–9 years. Normative data in children under 5 years of age are valuable given that the majority of children referred for speech difficulty assessments are between 3 and 5 years of age, but only a few studies have provided the normative data in young children. This study showed that many children could not complete DDK tasks correctly and provided additional support for the notion that other aspects of DDK performance, including accuracy and regularity, may yield more useful diagnostic indications than timed DDK rates alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflexivity has received relatively little analytic attention in discussions of younger adolescents' agency. Using interview data from a sample of South Korean adolescents, this paper explores whether and how they manifested reflexivity concerning the impacts of socioeconomic inequality on their own occupational prospects. Through combining and adapting existing theorisations, it proposes a heuristic model for analysing adolescents' reflexivity based on three interrelated continua: reflectiveness, criticality and boundedness. It is hoped this model will facilitate a more nuanced understanding of how adolescents' agency is constructed in relation to their developing capacity for reflexivity and the impacts of structural inequalities upon it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korean government initiated a multi‐tiered benefits system for older people, but the relative poverty rate of the older population remains the highest among developed economies. This paper employed the Shapley decomposition and four efficiency criteria to evaluate the anti‐poverty efficacy and efficiency of major public transfer benefits with the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2006–2018. The results present that the Korean public pension exerted the greatest efficacy among the programmes. The efficacy of the Basic Pension, operating as a means‐tested benefit, significantly increased when implemented in 2008 and expanded in 2014. In terms of efficiency, the contributory public pension supported only 40% of older adults in poverty. However, the generous coverage of the Basic Pension since 2008 might have led to more than half of recipients not experiencing absolute poverty. Therefore, this paper concludes with suggestions for more financial support targeting the economically vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why and when do today's Far‐Right groups cooperate across national boundaries? This paper seeks to provide answers to these questions by examining a deviant rather than representative case: the transnational connections between right‐wing intellectuals in South Korea and Japan. Analysing the recent publication of a highly controversial and provocative book and the transnational politics around it, we emphasise the roles of right‐wing intellectuals and the processes by which divergent political interests converge in changing geopolitical and domestic political contexts. By situating Far Right activities in its broader context of shaping—colonial history, American hegemony and the confrontation with socialist regimes such as China and North Korea—this paper develops a contextual account of the transnational Far Right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political apologies have been argued to contribute to reconciliation among groups and nations but their efficacy has also been questioned. This paper examines the acceptance of political apologies, their content and the protagonists in the victim nation, the perpetrator nation and their subgroups. Guided by studies on the structure of apologies, it distinguishes 10 features of apologies, seven of which concern their content and three of their protagonists. Following the analysis of apology statements by Japan to South Korea, the paper further breaks these features (factors) down into 32 elements (levels). The acceptance of around 70,000 possible apology combinations is examined in a randomized conjoint experiment, which was embedded in online quota‐based surveys in Japan (n = 2700) and South Korea (n = 3000). The analysis reveals that the content of apologies matters, protagonists matter more than content and some subgroups matter more than protagonists. The subgroup analysis showed that some within‐country differences are larger than cross‐country differences, which challenges the SIT. Apology statements that would be acceptable in both nations are summarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of short‐period reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall structures is often complicated and hard to predict accurately, even when the structure behaves in the elastic region, due to significant uncertainties in the material and the environment. Modeling assumptions used in finite element (FE) analyses often influence the accuracy of the dynamic response predictions. This paper discusses the numerical modeling of shaking table tests of a 3‐story RC shear wall specimen, which was carried out by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute in July 2020. The experimental program is briefly introduced in this paper. Through nonlinear time history analyses using ABAQUS, the effect of modeling assumptions on the accuracy of the FE methods in predicting the linear and moderately nonlinear behavior of the RC structure is presented. Two commonly used modeling/model updating assumptions are considered: concrete Young's modulus and foundation flexibility. Influences of such modeling assumptions in predicting beyond design dynamic behavior (i.e., nonlinear responses and damage development) of the testing structure are also studied. The results showed that the accuracy of the dynamic response prediction of the structure could be improved significantly after calibrating the models against the white noise test results. Nevertheless, models established with different modeling assumptions can only capture the behavior of the structure at certain seismic intensity levels. Different models give results with a considerable variation in the structure's peak acceleration, floor response spectrum, acceleration amplification profile, damage pattern, and damage severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea and related practices of slowness have received global attention, as these have been viewed as reactions to and critiques of this "go‐faster" world. Celebration of slowness has been especially prominent in South Korea, which experienced an accelerated transition to a post‐industrial society. In line with recent power‐sensitive studies of slowness, this paper develops a governmentality approach that examines how slowness shapes particular bodily behaviours. Drawing on recent work on rhythmanalysis and governmentalities, this study examines how slowness is enrolled and enacts the rhythmic governing of "Olle" walking – the South Korean countryside walking experience. It specifically relates the analysis to the site‐specific experience of accelerated modernisation, where the legacy of state‐led industrial development persists in the prevailing neoliberal capitalism. First, it examines the ways in which slow rhythm is involved in walking practice, deploying and reproducing a specific rhythm, body, and the mode of biopower. It then looks at several ways through which the emerging slow rhythm of Olle walking and the fast rhythm of everyday life are negotiated. This paper argues that slow walking can serve as an affirmative mode of rhythmic governing that fosters care of the self and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Asian countries are regarded as Confucian countries although each has its own historical and cultural background. Little is known about how people in different Asian countries perceive their family boundaries. This study is an attempt to compare the perception of the family in China, Japan, and Korea. We examined the family perception and found substantial differences among the three. Chinese people showed the widest and paternally extended perception of family. Data from people in Korea nearly matched data from China, but family perception developed bilaterally. People in Japan, however, perceived only blood‐tied, intimate relations as family members. In addition, the perception of the family was not substantially different between the genders in Japan and China, but in South Korea, men perceived family boundaries more widely than women, implying that women have a greater family burden than men in Korea. Considering the heterogeneity in family perceptions in these countries, this paper tries to explain how social institutions interact with individuals and impact the perception of family. Finally, this paper concludes that it is inappropriate to tie the three East Asian countries as 'Confucian civilizations' in terms of family perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee mental health is a central issue in today's global workplace. This paper analyzes the effect of high performance work systems (HPWSs) on employee mental health. We integrate HPWS concepts with job demands‐resources (JD‐R) theory to examine competing theoretical perspectives—a positive HPWS influence and a negative HPWS influence on employee mental health. We examine employees' perceptions of psychological empowerment as an indicator of the motivational pathway of the JD‐R and work‐role overload as an indicator of the strain pathway to explain the differential effect of HPWSs on mental health. We also incorporate organizational identification theory to demonstrate how one's identification with the organization can either accentuate or attenuate feelings of both psychological empowerment and work‐role overload. Findings from a study of 999 employees in 174 South Korean organizations indicate that HPWSs are positively associated with employee mental health via employee perceptions of empowerment and that HPWSs are negatively associated with employee mental health through perceptions of work‐role overload. Furthermore, the study finds that organizational identification attenuates the relationship between HPWS and both empowerment and overload. Practice‐level post hoc analyses also reveal that the job design characteristics, pay level, and participative decision‐making are linked to empowerment. In addition, participative decision‐making is most strongly associated with work overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the life of Christian Socialist Kim Chang‐joon and explores the themes of independence, liberation, reunification, and peace between both Koreas. It divides Kim's life into four stages: his participation in the March First Movement, his involvement in Christian socialism, his practice of social thought in Manchuria, and his activities toward reunifying the two Koreas after liberation from Japanese colonial rule. In the first phase, Kim became an active nationalist. His national consciousness developed into Christian socialism through his pastoral work. When he experienced Japanese colonial oppression while working with this ministry, he abandoned religious life and focused on socio‐political activism in Manchuria. He founded the Christian Democratic Alliance and participated in the Democratic National Front to reunite the two Koreas after liberation. This article demonstrates how Kim set an example for how churches and Christians can strive for and attain liberation, reunification, and peace in the Korean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Politics & Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines consumption risk sharing among 16 regions in South Korea over the 2000–2016 period. The empirical results show that 91.8 percent of shocks to gross regional domestic product are smoothed in South Korea. Capital markets, the tax‐transfer system and credit markets absorb 29.9, 28.9 and 33.0 percent of shocks to gross regional domestic product, respectively. Most notably, South Korea relies more on credit markets for risk sharing than capital markets, an opposite pattern to advanced countries like the USA, Canada and Australia. Furthermore, the patterns of consumption risk sharing are different before and after the 2007–2008 global financial crisis, and differences in regional industrial structure and local development can influence these patterns. This paper attempts to infer the connection between these findings and both the rapid economic growth of South Korea and the Asian and global financial crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since participatory budgeting (PB) has been advocated by both theorists and practitioners of public administration, its adoption has become a global phenomenon. As of 2017, all local governments in South Korea are legally mandated to operate a PB system as a policy for inviting citizen participation in local budget decision‐making. Using an impact assessment tool completed by PB managers in local governments, this research tested two sets of independent variables—citizens' participatory capacity and the diversification of communication in the PB process—that could be associated with the dependent variables "citizens' trust in government (CTG)" and "government officials' trust in citizens (GTC)." The paper presents the three major findings on the common drivers behind CTG and GTC: (1) citizen participants' knowledge on budget and budgeting process; (2) local government's efforts in gathering citizens' inputs for PB; and (3) the mutual efforts to understand the needs and limitations of both citizens and the local government. The paper concludes by exploring the implications for the design and delivery of effective PB implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martyr is the title given to someone who has died for the sake of their faith. However, the dead cannot speak about their own death. Judgments on behalf of the dead are inevitably done by the living, posthumously. In this sense, martyr‐making is the politics of the death operated by the living. Taking this perspective of martyr‐making, this paper seeks to reassess the martyr‐making process in the Protestant Church in Korea (PCK), focusing on the case of Rev. R. J. Thomas's death in Korea in 1866. Some argue that Thomas, with his original desire to be a missionary and his contribution in providing the Bible to native Koreans, is the first Protestant martyr in Korea. However, others contend, with the viewpoint of decolonization, that his approach, which appeared invasive, cannot be justified, even though he himself identified as a missionary. Even the ambiguity of his death prevents him from being called a martyr. Given that the process of martyr‐making or unmaking inevitably involves potential politicization by specific living authorities who interpret and designate individuals as martyrs, this paper explores the trends of martyr‐making in the PCK, where political and religious ideologies are deeply intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumer and advanced consumption culture in modern society is an era that focuses on individual personality and value, and "my own customized products", or customized marketing strategies, are actively being developed throughout the industry. Recently, IT technologies that can support personalized services such as artificial intelligence, ubiquitous systems, and marketing automation have been recognized for their potential, directly or indirectly affecting distribution industries affected by personal consumption culture. Accordingly, customized products or services, i.e., customization, are attracting attention as an effective methodology to cope with such market changes. Objectives: Among the necessities used by modern women, cosmetics account for an endless interest in beauty and maintaining physical and mental health, and as the cosmetics market expands, it is considered that the cosmetics industry needs a clearer and in‐depth study on the cosmetics submarket to satisfy consumers' diverse needs. Methods: This review paper is a literature review, and a narrative review approach has been used for this study. A total of 300 to 400 references were selected using representative journal search websites such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ResearchGate, LitCovid, DBPia, and RISS, of which a total of 42 papers were selected in the final stage based on 2013 to 2022 using PRISMA flow diagram. Results: This study suggested to indicate the changes in the cosmetics market due to the emergence of cosmetics curation services after the coronavirus disease‐19 pandemic, advanced changes in consumer purchase patterns following the 4th Industrial Revolution, and significant future prospects of cosmetics curation services. Conclusion: As the beauty and cosmetology industry is expected to develop in the future, it will grow as a centerpiece of the beauty industry and symbolizes nationalized cultural pride. Therefore, this review article will be continuing to promote customization as a premium beauty service for dermatological condition in Republic of Korea through corporate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is limited basic research on carbon dioxide (CO2) fractional laser, indicating blind spots in CO2 fractional laser treatment of certain diseases. This study aimed to organize previous literature, summarize the current research, and speculate on possible future development. Methods: We searched document data on fractional CO2 lasers from the Web of Science core collection database and retrieved 928 articles from 2004 to 2021. CiteSpace software was used to analyze the main institutions, authors, subject hotspots, and research frontiers in global CO2 fractional laser research. Results: The results revealed that 928 related papers were published in the past 18 years (2004–2021), and the number has increased annually. The publications were written by 3239 authors from 626 institutions in 60 countries/regions. The United States (US) dominates this field (312 documents), followed by Italy (289), and South Korea (88). Lasers in Surgery and Medicine is the journal with the most publications and citations, and Uebelhoer is the central author. The main research hotspots include vulvovaginal atrophy, fractional photothermolysis, keloids, drug delivery, gene expressions, facial acne scarring, resurfacing, vitiligo, and photo damage. Conclusion: Using CiteSpace, this paper draws a map of authors, institutions, and keywords in fractional CO2 laser from 2004 to 2021; summarizes the main authors, institutions, research hotspots, and cutting‐edge topics of global fractional CO2 laser technology in recent years; and summarizes the current application status of global fractional CO2 laser in disease treatment. It also provides new ideas for the future application and research of fractional CO2 lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The purpose of this paper was to review the literature focusing on the scalp health of the Korean people in the COVID‐19 blue era and the possibility of significant development as an academic. Methods: This review paper is a literature review, and the method is a narrative review. Results: It was found that the higher the awareness of hair loss, the better the scalp and hair management behavior. South Korea needs to develop systematic customized management methods, scalp programs, and products due to the development of the COVID‐19 era and the development of the 4th industry. Conclusion: South Korea still needs to improve the expertise of tricolologists and national social security insurance and research along with the growth of the beauty and healthcare service industry in the COVID‐19 blue era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Problematic toenails caused by various diseases that are infected by various bacteria are discolored or deformed if left unattended for a long time are gradually increasing in modern society. Accordingly, the present study examines the anti‐bacterial effects of LCN products, focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton rubrum, which can appear in problematic toenail symptoms. After the treatment, a significant anti‐bacterial effect occurring on problematic toenails when a product containing silver ion (Ag+) will be analyzed. Methods: The anti‐bacterial activity of LCN functional gel products in anti‐fungal and/or anti‐bacterial potency was confirmed by the paper disk method against two strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton rubum). Results: From July 2019 to October 2019, 30 men and women in their 20s and 50s who needed to manage problematic toenails in Wonju city, Gangwon‐do, Republic of Korea, were asked to use LCN products once every two weeks. After 4 months, changes in the managed toenails were observed. Both products showed very good anti‐microbial activity against, Trichophyton rubum but a very weak one against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: As a result of this study, although there was a difference between individuals, the feet treated with LCN products showed effective anti‐bacterial activity against topical anti‐bacterial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The beauty industry, one of the face‐to‐face the essential industries in the COVID‐19 pandemic, has been hit hard. Aims: We present the current state of the beauty ecosystem in the corona pandemic and the future direction of the beauty industry after COVID‐19. Methods: This review paper is a literature review, and a descriptive review approach was used in this study. A total of 100–150 references were selected using representative journal search sites such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopers, Research Gate, and RISS, and a total of 24 papers were finally selected as of 2017–2022 using PRISMA flow diagram. Results: In Korea, the beauty industry, which is essential to face‐to‐face due to COVID‐19, was hit hard. The contraction of consumer sentiment led to a drop in sales. The online market has become more active as offline activities have declined sharply. Even during the COVID‐19 era, the Republic of Korea is an IT powerhouse. With the widespread use of K‐drama and K‐pop, the interest in Korean beauty and fashion has increased rapidly throughout the world. Therefore, K‐Makeup, hair, skincare, and nailcare are all the rage through YouTube. Predict new changes in the Korean beauty industry market, which is the center of K‐beauty and K‐cosmetics. As a leader in the beauty industry, the Republic of Korea will present the sustainability of the beauty ecosystem and the direction of its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper asks whether welfare chauvinism applies to co‐ethnic migrants. Existing research on welfare chauvinism, the view that welfare provision should be restricted to native‐born citizens and that migrants should be excluded from provision, has largely focused on ethnic difference as a main motivation, but little attention is given to whether native‐born citizens discriminate among co‐ethnics. Using a choice‐based conjoint experiment and various framing interventions, this paper considers whether South Koreans discriminate against co‐ethnic migrants in providing social housing. It also considers whether public cost and recipient contribution requirements affect discrimination. We find that co‐ethnics are subject to welfare chauvinism, with applicants from more developed and culturally similar origins more preferred, but we do not find that the cost structure motivates discrimination based on origins. Accordingly, this paper expands the literature on migration and welfare states to better consider non‐Western societies with high levels of co‐ethnic migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: TPACK is a widely used framework for assessing teachers' competence in integrating technology in education. However, previous studies have shown varying interpretations of the relationship between TPACK elements. Qualitative studies that assess the manifestations of TPACK by examining the practices of pre‐service teachers are rare. Objectives: This study investigates technology integration in innovative physics teaching and learning materials designed by pre‐service teachers and the manifestation of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in empirical cases. Methods: We qualitatively extracted the components of PCK, TPK, and TCK from the innovative physics teaching and learning materials developed by 22 pre‐service teachers in their fourth year at a teachers' college in South Korea. We scored them based on the new evaluation criteria established in this study. Results and Conclusions: Based on the materials, we identified three types of technology integration: Learning Materials Providing, Learning Activity Providing, and Virtual Experiments Creating. This study identifies teachers' level of TK and integrates it with TPACK expression. Results confirm the connection between TK and TCK and show that a strong PCK can serve as a basis for TPK. The TPACK expression pattern can help achieve balanced development of TPACK in teacher education. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: TPACK framework combines pedagogical, content, and technological knowledge in teachers' professional expertise.Despite TPACK's widespread use, studies showed varied interpretations of the relationships between its elements.TPACK measurement often relies on self‐assessment, lacking a total reflection of technology use in teaching.Few qualitative studies explore TPACK manifestations through pre‐service teachers' practices. What the paper adds to the currently known about: There are three types of technology integration: Learning Materials Providing, Learning Activity Providing, and Virtual Experiments Creating.The study found that pre‐service teachers in the virtual experiments creating type exhibit strong subject‐specific TPACK.In physics education, TK is essential and can be divided into the use of ICT and programming.The study correlates TK levels with TPACK expressions, resulting in five patterns based on PCK, TPK, TCK, and TK. The implications of study findings for practitioners: The study presents empirical evidence of TPACK manifestation in pre‐service physics teachers, focusing on TK.High programming TK has a significant impact on subject‐specific TPACK.The study confirms the TK‐TCK connection and highlights PCK's role in TPK.TPACK patterns can guide teacher education, fostering balanced development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications Parental time with children varies across cultures but has mostly been studied in a European context. In this paper we estimate whether the association of work and gender with parental allocation of time is different in South Korea and the United States.We suggest that household level characteristics are associated with the time parents spend with their children, but that these associations are more gendered in South Korea than in the United States.We used data from the 2003–2018 American Time Use Survey (n = 38,562) and 2004–2014 Korean Time Use Survey (n = 12,828). Using ordinary least squares, we estimated the association of the intersection of gender and work in predicting parental time with children.Gender is an important factor in time allocation in South Korea, where education was positively associated and working hours were negatively associated with mothers', but not fathers', time spent with their children. In the United States, resources and work have a dominant role, as both parents tend to spend more time with their children if they have higher education and income and work fewer hours.In South Korea, a gendered regime is associated with the allocation of parental time only; mothers are influenced by their spouses' time allocation and resources. The United States follows a trade‐off regime, where resources are associated with time spent with children, whereas gender plays a smaller role in parental time allocation.Studying parental time allocation should account for the intertwined relationship of culture, resources, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This commentary discusses a principal contribution of Monocello et al.'s paper presenting a cultural models approach to body fatness perceptions, which provides a rigorous and systematic means of identifying analytic categories that are locally meaningful, in contrast to categories derived from a solely universalizing perspective. In situating their work within an underrepresented population in eating disorders research—young men in South Korea—the authors step beyond the constraints of a universalizing, or etic, framework for probing how body dissatisfaction relates to eating disorder risk. The value of an alternative analytic framework, based on a culturally local, or emic, perspective on how bodies are perceived is demonstrated through the use of a cultural models approach exploring the relationship between culturally defined conceptualizations of body image and eating disorder risk. Understanding such relationships and the meanings attributed to the myriad aspects of body image through locally grounded frameworks provides an essential tool for investigators and clinicians to better understand the lived experience of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, and also to inform more culturally salient approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. An emic approach that centers local perspectives and priorities also facilitates participation of communities underrepresented in research in knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, a new technique is suggested for best electric load forecasting of South Korea. The proposed study is based on an improved metaheuristic methodology. This paper proposes a new improved version of Support Vector Machine for Regression (SVR) base on the proposed algorithm. The algorithm is based on a modified version of Crow Search Algorithm (ACSA), where, by combining by the SVR, generates an efficient classifier. Although, different drawbacks of using original CSA are stated, the proposed ACSA method provides a proper modification for resolving of these shortcomings. The forecasting model has been then performed to a historical data from South Korea to indicate the algorithm efficiency and the results are compared with some other methods, including SVR‐CGA, SVR‐CAS, ANN, and simple Regression to show the suggested method performance. Final results show that MAPD, MSE, and RMSE values of the test data with lower values for South, North, Center, and East, provided better results based on the proposed SVR‐ACSA based on different values of center and kernel of the SVR. Experimental results on the case study shows that the minimum MAPD has been added which is happened in Northern regional is 1.1062, 1.1336, 1.1065, 1.02, 2.23, 1.96, and 1.49 for SVR‐ACSA, SVR‐CGA, SVR‐CAS, ANN, Regression, LSTM‐RNN, and ELM which indicates the method's higher efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low‐carbon transition involves achieving the coordinated development between economic development and carbon reduction. This paper utilises an integrated decomposition and econometric framework to reveal the influence mechanism and convergence evolution of carbon emission intensity (CEI) across 29 OECD countries in the period 1992–2018. The country‐level low‐carbon transition efforts are then investigated. The results imply that: (1) The reduction in CEI is primarily attributed to the changes in economic development and energy intensity. The carbon emission coefficient effect also negatively influences CEI. The impact of energy consumption per capita, however, is negligible. (2) According to econometric analysis, energy intensity, energy mix, carbon emissions per capita and energy use per capita have positive impacts on CEI. Specially, GDP per capita shows an inverted U‐shaped curve relationship with CEI. (3) There is evidence of convergence in CEI across developed countries. Energy intensity plays a crucial role in accelerating the CEI convergence process, implying a half‐life of 3 years. (4) Fifteen European countries have made strong low‐carbon transition efforts among all countries. Denmark has made the largest efforts, South Korea the least. This study provides important implications for low‐carbon economy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is putting millions at risk in more and more countries, making it a serious public health threat worldwide. Under such circumstances, "Untact" and "Streaming Life" are emerging as major trends in the recent service industry, and the beauty lives commerce market is expanding centering on mobile shopping in Republic of Korea. Objectives: This study descriptively investigated changes in the needs of beauty and cosmetics industry consumers for good consumption of the MZ generation after COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: This review paper is a literature review, and a narrative review approach has been used for this study. A total of 300 to 400 references were selected using representative journal search websites such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ResearchGate, and RISS, of which a total of 39 papers were selected in the final stage based on 2009 to 2021. Results: An E‐commerce packaging production and use have grown steadily in recent years as online purchases increase. As a result, the impact on the environment has also increased. Humanity faces climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and/or destruction of air, soil, water, and ecosystems. The climate and environmental crisis will be one of the greatest challenges in human history. This review paper conducted a comprehensive study on the good consumption of MZ generation for K‐Cosmetics in COVID‐19 pandemic. Conclusion: This review clearly identifies the needs of consumers in the beauty and cosmetics industry for good consumption of the MZ generation for K‐beauty in COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, it is expected to be used as an important marketing material in the global cosmetics market by confirming new changes in the Korean cosmetic market, which is the center of K‐Beauty and K‐Cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of distributed Photovoltaic (PV) generators in the power system changes the load demand pattern as some of them are located behind the meter (BtM). As known as BtM PV generators, the impact on netload demand pattern increases the uncertainty of scheduling and balancing of the power system. The distortion of load demand by BtM PV must be decoupled to make an accurate forecast model for the load. In this paper, the impact of BtM PV on stochastic forecast error (SFE) is analyzed and verified how they change the efficiency of microgrid operation. The net load pattern and solar irradiation data are collected and used to decouple BtM PV distortion by using K‐mean clustering and support vector machine regression analysis. Then, the baseload demand and solar irradiation forecast model is built using recurrent neural networks with external input parameters. Using the forecast model, the correlation between distributions of forecast and forecast error is built as a joint probability distribution. The SFE is modeled as conditional forecast error in a form of a probability density function and used for microgrid scheduling optimization. Case studies are based on data acquired from global data assimilation and prediction system (GDAPS) and local transmission system operator (TSO) at Jeju island in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1965, Japan has issued numerous apologies to Korea, which however failed to resonate with the Korean public. To investigate this puzzle, this paper analyses the structure of these apologies and empirically examines their reception in Korea. Blatz et al.'s (Political Psychology, 2009, 30, 219) classification of components of political apologies was applied to conduct a qualitative analysis of 63 official apology statements by Japan to Korea and identify the most frequently used components (Study 1). Korean participants (N = 210) were randomly presented with an experimental vignette consisting of a major apology component to examine their psychological responses, and they also ranked the importance of each major apology component (Study 2). Results showed that while Koreans viewed admission of wrongdoing as an essential and the most demanded component of apology, it was paradoxically the least frequent component offered by Japan in reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The fused lasso signal approximator (FLSA) is a smoothing procedure for noisy observations that uses fused lasso penalty on unobserved mean levels to find sparse signal blocks. Several path algorithms have been developed to obtain the whole solution path of the FLSA. However, it is known that the FLSA has model selection inconsistency when the underlying signals have a stair‐case block, where three consecutive signal blocks are either strictly increasing or decreasing. Modified path algorithms for the FLSA have been proposed to guarantee model selection consistency regardless of the stair‐case block. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the path algorithms for the FLSA and prove the properties of the recently modified path algorithms' hitting times. Specifically, we reinterpret the modified path algorithm as the path algorithm for local FLSA problems and reveal the condition that the hitting time for the fusion of the modified path algorithm is not monotone in a tuning parameter. To recover the monotonicity of the solution path, we propose a pathwise adaptive FLSA having monotonicity with similar performance as the modified solution path algorithm. Finally, we apply the proposed method to the number of daily‐confirmed cases of COVID‐19 in Korea to identify the change points of its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global banks play an important role in the international transmission of shocks by allocating funds across the world through their foreign affiliates. Using monthly data on individual foreign bank branches in Korea from 2004 to 2018, this paper investigates how global banks propagate shocks and examines the effect of one particular macroprudential measure that was introduced to reduce the volatility of cross‐border bank flows. I find that foreign bank branches actively adjust their borrowing from headquarters by responding to changes in interest rates and the covered interest parity deviations. An important underlying heterogeneity is revealed: branches with high shares of loans in their balance sheets are more sensitive to interest rate changes, while branches with high bond shares respond more to the covered interest parity deviation. The macroprudential policy restricting the foreign exchange derivative positions of banks to be less than certain multiples of the long‐term capital does make the branches capitalize more by borrowing over the long term from parent banks, but the policy mostly affects the bond‐type branches and has no effect on total borrowing from the parent banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea in 2015 in order to examine social implications of news media's roles during rumour propagation. There was an alarming level of public fear during the disease outbreak due toan information crisis, resulted by the government's holdback of vital information and the widespread MERS rumours on social media. By paying attention to news coverage patterns of rumours and comparing them across the outbreak period, the paper examines the following research questions: (a) Under what media frames were the MERS rumours reported by the online news? (b) Which media frame did the online news use most frequently? (c) How did the media frames change during and after the information vacuum? Methods: Content analysis of news articles that covered MERS rumours during the outbreak has been conducted. Inductive open coding has been performed to investigate what reactions and media frames the news coverages have demonstrated to report the rumour propagation. Sample: The article samples were retrieved for big data analysis from the Big Kinds or the Korea Integrated News Database System (www.bigkinds.or.kr), by using the search terms, "MERS" and "SNS (Social Network Services)." A total of 142 articles have been sampled. Results: The paper found 7 reaction variables and categorized them into 2 risk‐reporting media frames: risk‐alarming frame(Anxiety, Criticisms and Damage) and risk‐mitigating frame (Government, Correction, Remedies and Causes). The paper discovered that anxiety was the most frequently observed reaction variable across all phases. The paper also concluded that there has been a decrease in risk‐alarming media frames and an increase in attempts to analyze causes for the rumour propagation (Causes), as the outbreak proceeds to the second phase, when the information vacuum finally ended. Conclusion: By exploring a disease outbreak in which ineffective risk management and absence of official information caused significant problems, the paper underlines the need for systematic risk communication measures, endorsed by effective collaboration among political leadership, media and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present a framework for GVC‐oriented industrial policy that merges the so‐called GVC perspective and the so‐called developmentalist perspective—the latter of which is a perspective that industrial policy is most often analysed through, but has been somewhat neglected by the GVC perspective. I argue that the GVC perspective too quickly dismisses the relevance of industrial policy in the East Asian development experience, particularly those in South Korea and Taiwan between roughly 1960 and 1990. By drawing on the industrialisation experiences of these two countries, my framework for industrial policy suggests that the GVC perspective's ideas for industrial policy would be strengthened by more clearly acknowledging the continued importance of three observations by the developmentalist perspective: (a) the need for governments in developing countries to bargain with foreign investors for the purpose of domestic industrialisation; (b) policy design should not only focus on increasing exports, but also focus on replacing some imports with domestic production; and (c) linking up to the value chains of transnational corporations based in high‐income countries can bring about some benefits, but ultimately, successful industrialisation necessitates a degree of competing with transnational corporations. State‐owned enterprises have historically played an important role in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1989, the Member States of the European Union integrated their TV markets together in order to create a larger and more open 'single TV market' through the Television without Frontiers Directive. The French film industry used this opportunity to extract additional revenues by implementing TV quotas and strengthening the chronologie des médias. This paper examines the impact of these two measures on the French film and TV industries and shows how they were incoherent. In contrast to the expectations of the French film industry, these measures have induced it to produce less attractive films and burdened the TV industry with increased regulatory costs. While the government poured massive subsidies into the filmmaking sector, this endeavor has not been able to significantly improve the attractiveness of French films. In this regard, the Korean film industry offers valuable lessons. Since the late 1990s, the Korean government has significantly reduced its level of protectionism and scaled back its intervention in the industry. Crucially, business has been the main engine to produce attractive films that can compete with Hollywood films in the open market. For the French film industry, the findings in this paper suggest which direction its Grandes Manœuvres should pursue. If the French film industry truly wishes to enhance its competitiveness, it needs to broaden its view and look at other parts of the world where competitive film industries have emerged and enjoyed more success. It is clear what the future direction of Grandes Manoeuvers should be, progressive liberalization and globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last three decades have witnessed major institutional and structural transformations across both economically developed and developing countries. While many individuals and groups have benefited from these changes, they have simultaneously resulted in growing disparities between the haves and have‐nots. The growing socioeconomic inequalities, however, have not been met with significant resistance and it has been even observed that people have become more tolerant of inequalities. This article explores the motivations behind tolerating socioeconomic inequality, and investigates how the tolerance of socioeconomic inequality has changed over the past 25 years, while also comparing it across very distinctive political and socioeconomic regimes. This study overcomes a gap in research by employing longitudinal, cross‐sectional survey data to analyze temporal change in attitudes towards inequality. Fixed effects models are applied on five waves of World Values Survey data (1994–2020) on four distinctly different post‐industrial countries: Japan, the People's Republic of China, South Korea, and the United States. The paper argues that, on an individual level, there is a tendency to accept inequality normalizing narratives and defend one's own self‐interest, derived from one's structural position. This accounts for a considerable part of the variation in tolerance for socioeconomic inequality across these nations. The article concludes that trends in tolerating socioeconomic inequality have over time become more similar across these four countries with distinctly different political–economic regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging for educators to ensure that students complete the pre‐class learning assignments before the in‐class session. Objectives: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre‐class video‐watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners' resource management strategies, procrastination, and repeated video‐watching. Methods: For the empirical study, three types of data (i.e., log data, survey and exam) were obtained from 70 undergraduate students who were enrolled in pre‐service teacher program designed in a flipped classroom including pre‐class videos and in‐class session. Results and conclusions: The findings showed significant differences between the non‐procrastination group and procrastination group in their video watching time and resource management strategies. Those who watched the pre‐class videos at home/dorm greatly outnumbered those who did not, and they performed better than students who watched the pre‐class videos in other locations. What are the major takeaways from the study?: This finding highlights the importance of resource management strategies in terms of the time and study environment to promote success in flipped learning courses. However, the number of times students accessed the pre‐class videos or watched the videos before class was not correlated with learning achievement. The reason for re‐watching pre‐class videos is a suggested future direction so instructors can design effective flipped learning courses. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Flipped learning is a type of blended learning that combines two teaching and learning modes: face‐to‐face learning and online learning. The effectiveness of flipped learning has also been demonstrated in many empirical studies and meta‐analyses.Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging to ensure that students complete the pre‐class materials before class.Data‐driven decisions based on the learning analytics approach can help instructors revise the in‐class activities more adoptively and individual learners can be more engaged in flipped learning. What this paper adds?: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre‐class video‐watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners' resource management strategies, procrastination, and repeated video‐watching.We also examined the correlations among pre‐class video‐watching behaviour variables and learning achievement.This study highlights the following: (1) The no‐procrastination group had better resource management strategies than the procrastination group; (2) students who watched pre‐class videos at home outperformed those who watched them in other locations: (3) the number of times students accessed pre‐class videos was not correlated with learning achievement; and (4) whether or not students watched pre‐class videos prior to the in‐class sessions was not correlated with learning achievement. Implications for practise and/or policy: Although flipped learning gives students considerable autonomy in terms of when and where to watch pre‐class videos at their convenience, it is necessary to help students develop resource management strategies by providing role models, best practises, and statistics in previous flipped learning classes.Research findings suggest that instructors should provide guidelines and learning strategies on how to review or repeat the pre‐class videos to improve the quality of learning.To encourage students to repeat the videos, the pre‐class videos should be short and concise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High attrition/dropout rates and low engagement have been major concerns of online educators. This study examined female high school students' cognitive engagement and disengagement in an online learning context during the COVID‐19 pandemic through the lens of self‐determination theory's basic psychological needs. We investigated an extended dual‐process motivation mediation model that emphasizes the mediating role of the need for competence, including an additional factor, technology self‐efficacy, in a South Korean high school context (n = 235). Results from structural equation modelling provided evidence for the proposed model. Our findings indicated that the exogenous variables (ie, perceived autonomy support, perceived teacher control and technology self‐efficacy) predicted cognitive engagement and disengagement with the mediating role of competence need satisfaction and competence need frustration. We found distinct processes including (a) "autonomy support‐competence need satisfaction‐cognitive engagement", (b) "teacher control‐competence need frustration‐cognitive disengagement", (c) "technology self‐efficacy‐competence need satisfaction‐cognitive engagement" and (d) "technology self‐efficacy‐competence need frustration (negative effect)‐cognitive disengagement". This study suggests using autonomy support strategies to fulfil students' competence needs in online learning contexts. We also found a possible role of technology self‐efficacy in influencing psychological competence needs, cognitive engagement and cognitive disengagement in online learning contexts. Implications of the findings are discussed. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic High attrition/dropout rates and low engagement have been major concerns of online educators.Emergency remote teaching (ERT) has implications for online teaching beyond the ERT paradigm.Self‐determination theory (SDT) has been adopted and adapted with the goal of determining how to achieve need satisfaction, optimize learner motivation and enhance student engagement in classroom settings.What this paper adds This study applied a dual‐process motivation mediation model to investigate both cognitive engagement and disengagement among female high school students in an ERT online learning environment.The extended dual‐process motivation mediation model examined the role of an additional factor, technology self‐efficacy in cognitive engagement and disengagement in online learning.This study examined the role of direct, indirect and cross‐over effects focusing on both bright and dark aspects of the dual‐process motivation mediation model in online learning in a South Korean girls' high school during ERT.Implications for practice and/or policy This study proposes the use of autonomy support strategies in online learning contexts.Teachers should understand their students and provide support that addresses competence need satisfaction to enhance student cognitive engagement in online learning contexts.More efforts should be made to prepare teachers for designing online learning experiences that increase students' competence need satisfaction and decrease competence need frustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea and Taiwan are nimble, mid‐sized economies known for their critical technological competencies in high‐tech industries like semiconductors. These industries have been crucial for their business diversification and specialisation. During the period of globalisation from the 1980s to the 2010s, both nations rapidly climbed the economic ladder. However, the emergence of US‐China trade tensions in the late 2010s disrupted the global landscape. The decoupling of high‐tech value chains in favour of inward‐oriented industrial policies presented a dilemma for semiconductor firms in Korea (e.g. Samsung Electronics) and Taiwan (e.g. TSMC). This paper provides an overview of recent changes in their semiconductor industries and discusses the concerns surrounding industrial value migration. It explores the strategic technological ventures taken by both economies to navigate this uncertain environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Substance use, that is of cigarettes, alcohol and chemical inhalants, is a major contributor to health‐compromising behaviors and the related consequences among adolescents around the world. The purpose of this paper is to examine trends in this phenomenon in South Korea among sexually active adolescents who reported sexual minority behaviors as compared to their heterosexual (HS) peers. Design and Methods: This study used data from the annual web‐based survey called Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 5‐year intervals: 2006, 2011, and 2016. From 2017, the questions regarding the gender of sex partners were excluded from the survey, thus no data is available for sexual minorities after 2016. Selected data (Unweighted n = 10,029) was used to assess whether substance use increased, decreased, or remained unchanged among adolescents who reported same‐sex (SS) behaviors and bisexual (BS) behaviors compared to their peers reporting HS behaviors. Demographic variables included age and assigned gender. Substances referred to are cigarettes, alcohol, and chemical inhalants. Logistic regression models were sex‐stratified according to assigned gender. Trend analyses were carried out to examine disparities in substance use among sexually active adolescents across the three survey years. Results: Across the three survey years, cigarette use, alcohol use, and problematic drinking declined among all sexually active youths, but there were some differences among the subgroups. In 2016, SS girls were more likely to use cigarettes than HS girls. The prevalence of alcohol use and problematic drinking among BS girls was relatively higher than among girls who exhibited either HS or SS behaviors. Inhalant use was very high among both boys and girls with SS and BS behaviors. Practice Implications: The findings of the study reveal disparities in substance use between sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents in South Korea. This creates an alarm for collecting data separately for sexually diverse youth in future Korean national surveys with a goal of reducing substance use among all adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the influx of Yemeni asylum seekers generated the unprecedented politicization of the refugee issue in South Korea. This paper explored South Korean attitudes towards refugees by collecting data from Korean college students. In doing so, we looked into what led to negative attitudes towards refugees and the role perceived threats play as a mediator. Following previous studies on intergroup threat theory, we noted that threat perception was a useful tool in understanding intergroup prejudice and anxiety as perceived threats and their antecedents were found to explain a significant amount of the attitudes towards refugees. We also found strong interconnections between prejudices towards different minority groups, including Islamophobia, homophobia and anti‐refugee attitudes. This finding supported the idea that such prejudices are part of a larger intolerant belief system towards minority groups in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatiotemporal measurements observed through river networks have two distinct characteristics: a spatiotemporal correlation under the flow‐connected structure and the existence of heterogeneous covariances, which require a careful approach to implement principal component analysis (PCA). This paper focuses on developing a PCA method to reflect the unique characteristics of river networks. We propose a novel method combining flow‐directed PCA and geographically weighted PCA for the domain of river networks. The strengths of our approach are that it can (i) reduce dimensionality for streamflow data while effectively removing correlation among them and (ii) identify the group structure of data. It is possible to find essential patterns and sources of variation that may not be disclosed due to the attributes of flow‐connected networks. We apply the proposed method to the daily monitoring records of total organic carbon in the Geum River catchment area in South Korea. The results show that the proposed method successfully adjusts for the topological structure of the network and temporal correlation among observations while considering the spatial heterogeneity, enabling a more concrete understanding of monitoring networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of literature has investigated the voting behavior of US legislators on trade bills to reveal a possible causal mechanism. Relying on dichotomous roll‐call voting data, however, has certain limitations on revealing the comprehensive thought probes of lawmakers on a complex diplomatic issue such as making an FTA deal. In this paper, we provide new insight to fill such a gap by analyzing congressional speech data during FTA ratification procedures. Using an automated web scraper, we collected the entire speech data (N = 5,372) of Senators and House Representatives in the 108th and 112th US Congress regarding AUSFTA and KORUS FTA, respectively. The speech sentiment analysis results show background and context (i.e., attitude‐behavior inconsistency) in the process of trade negotiations and agreements. Additionally, the results help identify important factors (i.e., ideology, constituency stimuli) that influence whether members of Congress stand for and against the FTA implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]