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The article profiles two Polish anthropologists, Bronislaw Malinowski and Ludwik Fleck. Malinowski and Fleck were trained in the natural sciences but they were well read in philosophy and social sciences, too. Malinowski was born in 1884 and was trained at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland where he studied physics and mathematics before moving to philosophy, the subject of his doctoral dissertation. Fleck was born in 1896 and trained at Lvov's John Casimir University, where lively philosophical debates were in progress. Two Lvov professors were especially important to Fleck: Kazimierz Twardowski, head of the university's philosophy department and his son-in-law Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, a radical conventionalist.