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The article focuses on an addition to the papers of American art gallery owner Richard Kuhlenschmidt at the Archives of American Art, which include photographs of letters from Las Vegas, Nevada casino signage. The author provides a brief biography of Kuhlenschmidt and discusses the gallery operated by Kuhlenschmidt and Tim Jancar in an apartment in Los Angeles, California, and the gallery he operated with Joan Simon Menkes in West Hollywood, California.

In 1978, the evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers and Huey P. Newton, cofounder of the Black Panthers, began a collaboration exploring the evolution of self-deception. Together they published a brief paper that used their ideas about the naturalistic basis of deceit and self-deception to explain the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 in Washington, D.C. Given the continued power of the naturalistic fallacy in the modern life sciences, historical attention typically focuses on highly visible controversies with great popular traction. This essay instead mobilizes the muted legacy of Trivers and Newton's publication to underscore the inherent difficulties scientists face in finding a receptive audience for their theories, even naturalistic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For scholars interested in what Jason Frank calls 'the outsize authority of the Founders in our jurisprudence and our politics,' I propose reviewing the legacies of The Federalist Papers from the vantages offered by Toni Morrison and Herman Melville. Frank insists that understanding the politics of the Federalist requires grasping how the argument is felt and staged, as well as how its rhetoric constitutes the subjectivities of its readers. To that end, I linger on three words-empire, women, and slaves-that appear in Frank's Publius and Political Imagination yet do more work than he explicitly allows. Passing references, omissions, elisions, and unowned contradictions reveal how the Founders evoked figures of the conquered and the enslaved to support the consolidation of the nation; they also suggest dimensions of the Founders' imagination whose analysis could enlarge and sharpen Frank's argument about the Federalist's formative and depoliticizing work (434-409-5000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleanor (Edwards) Ledbetter, who served immigrant populations in Cleveland throughout most of the Progressive Era and the Great Depression, was one of the first librarians to advocate for multiculturalism (then called cultural pluralism) as opposed to Americanism. In providing multicultural and multilingual library services for immigrants, Ledbetter was active locally as librarian at the Broadway Branch of the Cleveland Public Library and member of the Cleveland Americanization Committee and nationally as chair of the American Library Association's Committee on Work with the Foreign Born. She was recognized internationally as a bibliographer of Polish literature and translator of Czech folktales, for which she was awarded honors by the Polish and Czechoslovak governments, and as an unofficial ambassador for the American public library in eastern and southeastern Europe, specifically the countries of the former Yugoslavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1946 General Dwight Eisenhower, the Army Chief of Staff, established the Research and Development (R&D) Division on the War Department General Staff to expedite major technological breakthroughs in weapons technology. This goal, based on the separation of the management of R&D from procurement, captured the Army's preference for qualitative rather than quantitative superiority on the battlefield, but it threatened to upend entrenched methods of incremental product improvement under way in the Army's supply organizations, collectively called the technical services. The division's brief existence (it ceased operations in 1947) contrasted sharply with the longevity of the Ordnance Department's in-house manufacturing arsenals; for more than a century they had exploited synergies between R&D and production to turn out new weapons mass-produced in industry. The history of the R&D Division and the corresponding management of technological innovation in the technical services broadens an otherwise narrow historiographical interpretation of postwar knowledge production in the United States that is still focused heavily on the moral and political economy of military-funded academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between the political influence of the financial industry and financial regulation in the run-up to the global financial crisis. We construct a detailed database documenting the lobbying activities, campaign contributions, and political connections of the financial industry from 1999 to 2006 in the United States. We find evidence that spending on lobbying by the financial industry and network connections between lobbyists and legislators were positively associated with the probability of a legislator changing positions in favor of deregulation. The evidence also suggests that hiring lobbyists who had worked for legislators in the past enhanced this link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the history of refereeing at specialist scientific journals and at funding bodies and shows that it was only in the late twentieth century that peer review came to be seen as a process central to scientific practice. Throughout the nineteenth century and into much of the twentieth, external referee reports were considered an optional part of journal editing or grant making. The idea that refereeing is a requirement for scientific legitimacy seems to have arisen first in the Cold War United States. In the 1970s, in the wake of a series of attacks on scientific funding, American scientists faced a dilemma: there was increasing pressure for science to be accountable to those who funded it, but scientists wanted to ensure their continuing influence over funding decisions. Scientists and their supporters cast expert refereeing—or “peer review,” as it was increasingly called—as the crucial process that ensured the credibility of science as a whole. Taking funding decisions out of expert hands, they argued, would be a corruption of science itself. This public elevation of peer review both reinforced and spread the belief that only peer-reviewed science was scientifically legitimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At least in the American case, the surest way to disenthrall ourselves of a disabling founder worship is to more fully embrace the founders. This essay uses the case of Fabius-the pen name of the under-studied American founder John Dickinson-to show how many resources there are for political reform, rebellion, and reconstitution within the American founding. It thus argues that we need not imagine revolution as the only remedy to the great ills that plague the American republic. The example of Fabius also reminds us that foundings are heterogeneous things, filled with conversation and contestation, and in that sense need not be imagined as dramatic exceptions to the dynamics of everyday life and the possibilities of democratic rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses several visions of civil liberties in America which were espoused by advocates and government actors during the nation's New Deal period in the twentieth century, and it mentions U.S. courts, the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights, and the country's Supreme Court. The efforts of various American states to effectuate labor rights are examined, as well as judicial and state powers in the U.S. Free speech and the American Constitution's First Amendment are examined.

This paper traces the history of mortgage law in the United States. I explore the history of foreclosure procedures, redemption periods, restrictions on deficiency judgments, and foreclosure moratoria. The historical record shows that the most enduring aspects of mortgage law stem from case law rather than statute. In particular, the ability of creditors to foreclose nonjudicially is determined very early in states' histories, usually before the Civil War, and usually in case law. In contrast, the aspects of mortgage law developed through statute change more frequently. This finding calls into question whether common law is inherently more flexible than the civil-law system used in some other countries. However, case law tends to be less responsive to populist pressures than statutes. My findings suggest that the reason common law favors financial development is unlikely to be its greater flexibility relative to law made by statute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between debt contracts and state contract law. We first develop an index to evaluate whether each state's law is favorable or unfavorable to lenders. We then analyze how the contract terms, the frequency of covenant violations, and the repercussions of covenant violations vary across states. We find that cash collateral is most likely to be used when the contract is governed by law that is favorable to debtors and that out-of-state borrowers who use favorable law pay higher yield spreads. In addition, when the law is favorable to lenders, there are significantly fewer covenant violations, and the repercussions of covenant violations--measured as changes in the borrower's investment policy--are more severe. We also compare the characteristics of relevant parties across states, and the results provide support for the theory that there is a market for contracts similar to the market for incorporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antitrust as a whole was transformed owing in large part to Robert Bork in The Antitrust Paradox. This paper examines what Bork said and did not say about cartel enforcement and offers an examination of how the actual structure of cartel enforcement played out relative to what Bork advocated. To provide some perspective on Bork's view of cartel enforcement, we compare his views with those of the other major influential antitrust book of the time by Richard Posner. We identify three distinct stages of cartel enforcement. Stage 1 is characterized by a low number of cartels prosecuted along with low fines and jail terms. Consistent with Bork's vision, stage 2 demonstrates a significant increase in cartels prosecuted, although fines and jail terms remain low. Stage 3 (the current stage) exemplifies a decline in the number of cartels prosecuted relative to stage 2 but with dramatic increases in monetary fines and jail terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that mainstream approaches to teaching American politics not only fail to give students the intellectual tools they need to become effective citizens, they also help to legitimize the market values that threaten liberal arts curriculums today. The American Political Development (APD) approach to teaching American politics is best suited for teaching a critical civic education and nurturing democratic values, such as civic engagement, public service, and social solidarity, at liberal arts colleges. Moreover, liberal arts colleges provide a particularly effective educational setting for taking an APD approach to American Politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1929 and 1934-1935, the physical anthropologist Harry L. Shapiro voyaged in the South Seas on the Mahina-I-Te-Pua and the Zaca, measuring mixed-race islanders, including the descendants of the Bounty mutineers on Pitcairn Island. His research in Polynesian hybridity reflects the growing cultural and scientific investment of the United States in the Pacific during this period. Shapiro's oceanic adventures and intimate encounters prompted him to discount typological speculation and emphasize instead the liberal Boasian program in physical anthropology, giving him the confidence to refigure his evaluations of racial difference. The seaborne investigatory enterprise came to influence U.S. racial thought, adding impetus to the condemnation of racism in science. On his return from the South Seas, Shapiro tried to get his fellow physical anthropologists to issue a manifesto opposing the harnessing of their science to racial discrimination and prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents history of science-related news briefs on topics including the History of Science Society Annual Meeting which was held in 2018, Science History Institute Haas Postdoctoral Fellow Ingrid Ockert's receipt of the 2018 2018 HSS/NASA Fellowship in Aerospace History. It states that historian Owen Hyman's won the Ronald Rainger Prize for his essay "Anxieties of the Plastic Age: Cotton Culture, White Supremacy, and Tenant Forestry in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, 1935–1953."

This essay examines the cultural significance of "ambulatory maps" in the Atlantic world between 1700 and 1800. Comparing stationary and portable maps, the essay in particular explores the emergent genre of the commercial pocket map. As "things-in- motion," pocket maps occupied a unique place in American material life. Used for mapping people's transits while at the same time being objects in transit, pocket maps constituted a unique visual and literary experience that affected early American engagements with space and spatial ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hollywood studio system-production, distribution, and exhibition vertically integrated-flourished until 1948, when the famous Paramount decision forced the divestiture of theater chains and the abandonment of a number of vertical practices. Although many of the banned practices have since been posited to have increased efficiency, evidence of an efficiency-enhancing rationale for theater ownership has not been presented. This paper explores the hypothesis that theater chain ownership promoted efficient ex post adjustment in the length of film runs-specifically, abbreviation of unexpectedly unpopular films. Extracontractual run-length adjustments are desirable because demand for a film is not revealed until the film is actually exhibited. The paper employs a unique data set of cinema booking sheets. It finds that run lengths for releases by vertically integrated film producers were significantly-economically and statistically-more likely to be altered ex post. The paper documents and discusses additional practices intended to promote flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of induced innovation in the development of American agriculture from 1880 to 1980. The induced innovation hypothesis, most closely associated with the work of Hayami and Ruttan, argues that successful economies develop technologies in accordance with market price signals to loosen constraints on growth imposed by factor scarcities. Our analysis employing new state and regional level data fails to find support for Hayami and Ruttan's hypothesis. This paper suggests that many of the fundamental generalizations about American agricultural development need to be reconsidered and redirects attention to the role of settlement, changing crop patterns, and biological investments in explaining changes in factor utilization in American agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular understandings of segregation often emphasize the Jim Crow South before the 1954 Brown decision and, in many instances, explain continued segregation in schooling as the result of segregated housing patterns. The case of Flint, Michigan, complicates these views, at once illustrating the depth of governmental commitment to segregation in a northern community and showing how segregated schools and neighborhoods helped construct one another. The Flint case also reveals new modes of segregationist thought. Throughout much of the twentieth century, Flint's city leaders thought of segregation as splitting, and they sought to divide their city along racial lines. But they thought of segregation as joining as well. Drawing on various strands of progressive reform and educational thought, Flint's educational, business, and philanthropic leaders believed community bonds would be stronger in segregated neighborhoods anchored by their schools. Flint's "community schools" program worked toward this end, exemplifying the paired embrace of segregation as joining and splitting, and becoming a model for educators in hundreds of cities nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using mid-twentieth-century American psychology as my focus, I explore how scientific psychology was constructed as a distinctly masculine enterprise and was navigated by those who did not conform easily to this masculine ideal. I show how women emerged as problems for science through the vigorous gatekeeping activities and personal and professional writings of disciplinary figurehead Edwin G. Boring. I trace Boring's intellectual and professional socialization into masculine science and his efforts to understand women's apparent lack of scientific eminence, efforts that were clearly undergirded by preexisting and widely shared assumptions about men's and women's capacities and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the papers of American artist and author Suzi Gablik at the Archives of American Art within the Smithsonian Institution. The author explains how Gabik became involved with Belgian Surrealist painter René Magritte, explores the journals Gabik kept while abroad in Europe, and discusses her advocacy for social responsibility in art.

Writers on American prints generally have ignored the speculative and entrepreneurial aspects of printing and publishing, and business histories are difficult to reconstruct because so little primary evidence remains. This article stitches together information from a variety of sources about workshop practices and staffing, coloring, costs, distribution and advertising, and the importance of job printing in the production of American lithographs from the late 1820s through the Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century, a number of American designers pursued the approach known as "universal design," or design that can be used by both disabled and nondisabled people. Universal design informed a number of mainstream products as designers integrated disability-related features into functionally and aesthetically distinct offerings for the mass market. These successful, fashionable consumer goods reflected the ideal that design for people with disabilities could bring about better design for all. In the public image of these products, however, disability was rarely a central focus, but instead remained secondary or hidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses enrollment in colleges and universities in the U.S. and specialization in the sciences as of 2012. The author examines the physics profession in the U.S. since the end of World War II and suggests that quantitative methods can assist in identifying patterns of isolated case studies, and suggests questions and themes that can lead archival research. The article discusses U.S. colleges and universities following World War II with a particular focus upon the transition from amateur natural philosophy to the rise of professional scientists, which the author identifies as the credentialing of the U.S.

The article discusses the Black Manifesto, a demand for reparations for African Americans issued by the National Black Economic Development Conference (NBEDC), an African American professional organization sponsored by the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO). It examines the leadership of civil rights activist James Forman. The author comments on the presentation of the Black Manifesto to predominately white churches and denominations in the U.S. in 1969, including Riverside Church in New York City, and explores confrontations with the Episcopal Church. Student protests at Voorhees College in Denmark, South Carolina are also considered.

Stanley Milgram's study of "obedience to authority" is one of the best-known psychological experiments of the twentieth century. This essay examines the study's special charisma through a detailed consideration of the intellectual, cultural, and gender contexts of Cold War America. It suggests that Milgram presented not a "timeless" experiment on "human nature" but, rather, a historically contingent, scientifically sanctioned "performance" of American masculinity at a time of heightened male anxiety. The essay argues that this gendered context invested the obedience experiments with an extraordinary plausibility, immediacy, and relevance. Immersed in a discourse of masculinity besieged, many Americans read the obedience experiments not as a fanciful study of laboratory brutality but as confirmation of their worst fears. Milgram's extraordinary success thus lay not in his "discovery" of the fragility of individual conscience but in his theatrical flair for staging culturally relevant masculine performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to one goal of drug law enforcement, cocaine prices decreased between the years 1986 and 2000. This paper discusses how arrest avoidance behavior may affect cocaine consumer and dealer response to law enforcement. Dealers avoid arrest by making quick and easy sales; thus, pure-gram price is negatively related to dealer enforcement. Consumers avoid arrest by accepting high prices rather than searching for lower prices. Thus, pure-gram price is positively related to consumer enforcement. Because the implications from arrest avoidance conflict with traditional models of how enforcement should affect prices, I also empirically examine the relationship. Using purchase-level data from the Drug Enforcement Administration and legal penalty data, I find a negative, significant relationship between dealer enforcement and pure-gram price and a positive, significant relationship between consumer enforcement and pure-gram price. Both are consistent with the intuition of arrest avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the notion of historical subjectivity which can lead to a great confusion among people in the U.S. Historians present historical facts without any evidence and usually they construct narratives about the event in the past. Historians would just perceived the connection between the things happening around, the distance of a place and the date of when the event occurred. The narration of an event without factual evidence would result to the inconsistency of information.

One of the tallest tales in American art history begins as a parable of social modesty. Reiterated endlessly in twentieth-century studies of American art and the Peale family, the story of Washington's deception at the hands of Charles Willson Peale helped crown the Staircase Group as an icon of trompe l' oeil art—a pictorial deception.

In 1794 the exiled chemist Joseph Priestley found asylum in the United States, where science was seen as both an international endeavor that depended upon human rights and a tool that would enhance national development. The arrival of Priestley, the first of many scientific exiles to relocate to the United States, seemed to fulfill Jeremy Belknap's 1780 description of the United States as "the Mistress of the Sciences, as well as the Asylum of Liberty." By declaring the United States the best, freest place to practice science, American scientists began to realign scientific internationalism according to U.S. interests and linked the universal ideals of science to the national mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the publication of Dutch-language imprints during colonial America. According to the article, publishers such as William Bradford and John Peter Zenger produced most of the Dutch-language books in colonial America, in addition to publishers Hugh Gaine, Henry Deforeest, and James Parker. The article states that almanacs comprised most of the printed Dutch books, followed by Dutch Reformed and Lutheran church catechisms, sermons, and tracts.

The United States' present neoliberal era shares with earlier tumultuous periods significant repressive tendencies in the political and economic domains. In the past, leading social workers confronted such crises in public forums and venues. This discourse analysis examines how they constructed compelling democratic narratives that influenced the enactment of beneficial social policy within three periods of democratic crisis. These social work leaders were members of presidential administrations, leaders of social work professional associations, directors of civil society organizations, and prominent writers for the profession or the public. They communicated through public and professional speeches, peer-reviewed articles, pamphlets, radio addresses, and congressional testimony. Discourse analysis reveals democratic themes such as autonomy, human dignity, equality, recognition, fostering of human capacity, social responsibility, and the necessity of moral contemplation. The historical lesson is that all social workers today should advance democratic discourse in their areas of influence to stem neoliberalism and promote democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 1971 case Palmer v. Thompson which deals with the constitutionality of Jackson, Mississippi's decision to close all of the city's public swimming pools due to an inability to operate racially desegregated pools in a safe manner, and it mentions other constitutional law matters such as Plessy v. Ferguson and Korematsu v. United States. The U.S. Constitution's equal Protection Clause and racial bias are examined.

Tocqueville's views on race and race relations as espoused in Democracy in America have received considerable scholarly attention over the past several decades. This article examines the reception of these ideas within the black counterpublic. The analysis focuses on commentary about Democracy in America in black-controlled periodicals between 1835 and 1900. The main finding is that African American intellectuals developed their own distinct interpretations of the text. This finding is significant because extant reception histories have ignored African American voices. The article also shows that African American commentators were far more critical of Tocqueville's ideas about race and race relations before the Civil War. By the close of the nineteenth century, African American intellectuals began to elevate Democracy in America to the status of a canonical text on race relations and republicanism. Both of these findings cut against the dominant historiography of the reception of Democracy in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history and legacy of the U.S. Supreme Court case Walker v City of Birmingham, particularly its significance to the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the civil rights movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Jim Crowism in Alabama under then-governor George Corley Wallace.

We examine the intuition that in supermajoritarian settings, polarization and policy-making gridlock are fundamentally linked but that a pressing common problem can reduce both. When actors' individual costs from a policy addressing such a problemdiffer, their preferences over the appropriate policy respond asymmetrically to increases in the magnitude of the problem. In a broad range of circumstances such increases can give rise to increased polarization but may also simultaneously yield net welfare-enhancing policy adjustments rather than entrenchment of gridlock. The association of polarization and gridlock is contingent on how the problem responds to the policy solution, institutional structure, and the location of the status quo policy when the extent of the problem changes. We illustrate the model's logic by comparing US national policy making in the Progressive Era and the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1970s, before the passage of Roe v. Wade , an underground feminist group in Chicago performed an estimated eleven thousand illegal abortions. Women's liberation groups formed abortion referral services across the country, but the Abortion Service of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, known colloquially as "Jane" after the pseudonym its members adopted, was distinct, and its story has lingered in feminist consciousness while others have not. Members eventually performed abortions themselves, despite lacking formalized medical training, putting the procedure into women's own hands. As the pro-choice community began to fear the erosion of abortion rights, Jane stories gained new currency as tales of women's resilience in the face of unjust legal restrictions. This essay explores how Jane's story has been told, beginning just after the group's dissolution in 1973 and ending in the present—when the group became part of the consciousness of a new generation. Jane members took an increasingly active role in telling their story through interviews and memoirs. Younger women in turn represented them in a variety of media that serve as sites of intergenerational communication. These include documentaries, zines, blogs, and a play. I argue that while Jane members and their contemporaries have been concerned with fashioning their historical legacies, their audience of younger women has eagerly adopted and interpreted their story on their own terms. In this process of remembering, Jane stands as a case study in both the making and using of second-wave feminist history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay investigates the emergence of a profusion of lay and specialist literature in the late 1950s United States advocating on behalf of “gifted” and “academically talented” students. This call to reform schools around individual differences in “intelligence” was associated in its moment with the Sputnik crisis and the passage of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA). The essay demonstrates, however, that the emergence of intensified interest in education for the “academically talented” was actually closely coterminous with Brown v. Board of Education and should also be understood in the context of early efforts to desegregate the public schools. It holds that a closer look at the NDEA—and a supporting body of literature working in tandem with it—reveals continuities in psychometric conceptions of “intelligence” and testing from the interwar period into the post–World War II era. This essay thus makes contributions to the historiographies of the Cold War, civil rights, psychometrics, and education in the 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor families often combine public benefits with social network and community resources to cope with economic instability. This study shows that decisions to combine formal and informal resources are as dynamic as the economic instability they are intended to buffer. Using survey data of poor families receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits in Durham, North Carolina, this study takes advantage of the within-month economic instability created by the SNAP benefit cycle to show how families intentionally combine their formal and informal resources throughout a benefit month. Results show that families receiving SNAP benefits are more likely to borrow money for food 3 weeks after receiving SNAP benefits. Household food insecurity remains stable throughout the SNAP month, suggesting that this use of families' informal social safety nets may effectively buffer against economic instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of race and ethnicity in the history of American art. It considers the 1937 exhibition "Paintings by New York Chinese-Japanese Artists," limits to hiring by citizenship by the Works Progress Administration, exclusion of Asian immigrants from naturalization due to the U.S. Immigration Act of 1924, and president of the Artists’ Union Harry Gottlieb.

Our article investigates the role of congressional candidates during the era of party ballots in nineteenth-century congressional elections. We examine how these candidates contributed to the overall quality of the party ballot and the means by which nationalization of elections served to mitigate candidate attributes. In our analysis, we take advantage of two unique features of elections during this era. First, election timing was quite variable before 1872, as many House races were not held concurrently with presidential elections. Second, House candidates’ position on the ballot varied depending on whether a presidential or gubernatorial race was also being contested at the same time. To investigate these factors, we examine House elections prior to the adoption of the Australian ballot and find strong evidence of candidate effects during this period. Our findings raise important implications about candidate influence and electoral accountability in a more party-centered era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Patent Office of the 1850s offers a rare opportunity to analyze the early gendering of science. In its crowded rooms, would-be scientists shared a workplace with women earning equal pay for equal work. Scientific men worked as patent examiners, claiming this new occupation as scientific in opposition to those seeking to separate science and technology. At the same time, in an unprecedented and ultimately unsuccessful experiment, female clerks were hired to work alongside male clerks. This article examines the controversies surrounding these workers through the lens of manners and deportment. In the unique context of a workplace combining scientific men and working ladies, office behavior revealed the deep assumption that the emerging American scientist was male and middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy makers have raised concerns about the outcomes of former child Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients following the redetermination of eligibility at age 18 using an adult disability definition. We use Social Security administrative data to track state-level benefit receipt and employment outcomes of all former child SSI recipients who received an age-18 redetermination from 1998 through 2006, through age 24. We find that (1) state cessation rates ranged from 20 to 47 percent, (2) ceased recipients had higher employment rates and lower rates of SSI receipt than continued recipients, and (3) continued recipients who lived in states with higher employment rates also had higher Disability Insurance benefit receipt rates than those who lived in states with lower employment rates. The findings raise questions about the state-level variation in SSI's role in the overall safety net and the variations in options available to former child SSI recipients following the age-18 redetermination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of fourteen US postage stamps between 1863 and 1922 analyzes images of American Indians in US national iconography. Beginning with a generic image of a native warrior that was rejected by the post office at a time when the Indian wars were still ongoing and ending with a portrait of an important Lakota leader incorporated into a 1922 stamp series, we show how the changing relationship of Native Americans to the US government was reflected in stamps, taken-for-granted tokens that, while often effectively invisible, circulated throughout US society by the billions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majority opinions are the most important output of the US Supreme Court, not only disposing the instant case but also providing guidance for other institutions, lower courts, and litigants as to the state of the law. The authoring of dissenting opinions, though, is frequently regarded as deleterious to the Court's institutional legitimacy and the efficacy of the majority opinion. Leveraging the content of all Court opinions between 1979 and 2009, I argue dissenting justices use dissenting opinions to strategically alter the issue dimensions addressed in the majority opinion. An examination of the effect of separate opinion content on majority opinions indicates dissenting opinions yield majority opinions addressing a greater number of topics, and I provide evidence that the dynamic is driven by the strategic behavior of dissenting justices seeking to realign the Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For much of the twentieth century the landscape of American federalism was characterized by accumulation of power by the national government. In recent decades influential political and legal thinkers have called for devolution of governmental power to the states and localities, where, they argue, such powers properly belong and are more effectively exercised. One of the recurrent argumentative tropes in the devolutionary literature maintains that devolution is more desirable than centralization because it better protects and enhances individual liberty, and not merely the sovereignty of the states. The project of this essay is to challenge this alleged linkage by examining four of its most common and compelling manifestations. Utilizing Isaiah Berlin’s distinction between negative and positive liberty, the essay offers critical analysis of claims that devolution serves individual liberty by (1) facilitating policy experimentation, (2) spurring interjurisdictional competition, (3) promoting local self-government, and (4) enforcing the limits of governmental power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses what the author refers to as the uncertainty that is associated with American abortion law as of 2017, and it mentions the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to strike down two provisions of a Texas abortion statute in the case Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt. Legal protections for abortion rights are addressed, along with the evolution of antiabortion arguments involving women's health, the history of abortion litigation in the U.S., and the Roe v. Wade abortion law case.

Ideal point estimation in political science usually aims to reduce a matrix of votes to a small number of preference dimensions. We argue that taking a nonparametric perspective can yield measures that are more useful for some subsequent analyses. We propose a conditional autoregressive preference measurement model, which we use to generate case-specific preference estimates for US Supreme Court justices from 1946 to 2005. We show that the varying relative legal positions taken by justices across areas of law condition the opinion assignment strategy of the chief justice and the decisions of all justices as to whether to join the majority opinion. Unlike previous analyses that have made similar claims, using case-specific preference estimates enables us to hold constant the justices involved, providing stronger evidence that justices are strategically responsive to each others' relative positions on a case-by-case basis rather than simply their identities or average relative preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]