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The present study was conducted to find the constitutive antifungal phenolic lipids, phenolics contents and antioxidant activities in mango fruit peel extracts of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) resistant ('Kensington pride') and susceptible ('Badami' and 'Raspuri') mango cultivars grown in India, during fruit development, maturity and ripening. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine 5-n-pentadecyl resorcinol content and total phenolics. Moreover, the mango peel methanolic extracts were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential using invitro DPPH assay. Results show that 5-n- pentadecyl resorcinol content in the mango fruit peel extract was at its peak during the early stage of fruit development (at 30DFS) in 'Kensington pride' as compared to 'Badami' and 'Raspuri'. The upsurge in total phenolics content and DPPH activity at 30 DFS, in all three mango cultivars, indicated their higher radical scavenging activity during fruit development than the fruit maturity and fruit ripening. Endogenous production and retention of high levels (P ≤.05) of constitutive antifungal 5-n-pentadecyl resorcinol in anthracnose resistant mango cultivar ('Kensington pride') during early stage of fruit development that imparts disease resistance during development, maturity, and fruit ripening process, could be one of the bases of plant defense mechanism against anthracnose disease. In conclusion, this study exhibited the important role played by the mango cultivars background on the constitutive antifungal 5-n-pentadecyl resorcinol content and antioxidant profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variants are considered as one of the main determinants of the concentration of serum lipids and coronary artery disease (CAD). Polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein (Apo) AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster has been known to affect the concentrations of various lipid sub-fractions and the risk of CAD. The present study assessed associations between polymorphisms of the Apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster, [ApoA-I,-75G > A, (rs1799837); ApoC-III 3238C > G, (SstI), (rs5128) and ApoA-IV, Thr347Ser(347A > T), (rs675)] with serum lipids and their contributions to CAD in North Indian population. We recruited age, sex matched, 200 CAD patients and 200 healthy controls and tested them for fasting levels of serum lipids. We genotyped selected polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. There were no statistically significant association of selected polymorphisms (or their combinations) with CAD even after employing additive, dominant and recessive models. However there was significant association of selected polymorphisms with various lipid traits amongst the control cohort (p < 0.05). Mean levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were found to be significantly higher among controls carrying at least one mutant allele at ApoA1- 75G > A (p = 0.019) and ApoCIII SstI (p < 0.001) polymorphism respectively. Our study observed that the selected polymorphisms in the ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster although significantly affect various lipid traits but this affect does not seem to translate into association with CAD, at least among North Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a comparative study of the serum lipid peroxides, lipids, blood pressure, body mass index, and dietary intake of 190 age-matched urban and rural men in India. Differences in the health of the two groups of Indian men; Statistically significant correlations between lipid peroxides and serum cholesterol and triglycerides in urban men; Elevation of lipid peroxides in urban men.

Examines the increased antibody response to parasite lipids in amicrofilaraemic individuals from a region where Wuchereria bancrofti infection in endemic in Orissa, India. Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis; Risk factor for cysticercosis; Characterization of glycolipids from Litomosoides carinii microfilariae.

The antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of methanol leaves extract (CPMLE) and ethyl acetate fraction (CPEALF) of lemon hill (Citrus pseudolimon) was examined on key enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) in type-2 diabetes. In-vivo antidiabetic activity was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats against CPMLE and CPEALF. Methanolic extract of the plant was effective against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging (IC50 = 313.20 µg mL−1), reducing power (IC50 = 366.69 µg mL−1), and H2O2 scavenging (IC50 = 498.26 µg mL−1) and phosphomolybdate radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 508.02 µg mL−1). Ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 259.33 µg mL−1), reducing power (IC50 = 268.91 µg mL−1), and H2O2 scavenging (IC50 = 476.39 µg mL−1) and phosphomolybdate radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 278.60 µg mL−1). C. pseudolimon methanol extract had inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 350.09 µg mL−1) and α-amylase (IC50 = 291.17 µg mL−1) enzymes. Oral administration of CPMLE and CPEALF reduced elevated fasting blood glucose, lipid levels, and oxidative stress along with Hb1AC level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biophysical Society Thematic Meeting, Hyderabad, India, 1-5 November 2012 It should come as no surprise that membrane lipids can profoundly affect the functions of membrane proteins. In turn, lipid-protein interactions play a major role in normal cell functioning, and hence in human health and disease. This meeting on 'Lipid-Protein Interactions in Membranes' brought together researchers from around the world to a serene oasis within the bustling metropolis of Hyderabad, India. Major aspects of this emerging field where lipids and proteins intersect were covered, with a particular focus on membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, as well as technical challenges and advances. Here, we summarize the presentations, highlighting their clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational exposure is unregulated in developing countries like India, and becoming the most common cause of disease of environmental origin. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of occupational exposure on plasma lipid profiles, and risk of cardiovascular diseases. A total of 79 human volunteers were included in the study. Control subjects were healthy housewives of Karimnagar, India. Occupationally exposed individuals included different occupational workers like petrol station attendants, battery chargers, drivers, welders, pesticide-exposed workers, painters, and auto mechanics. These subjects were shown to be chronic occupationally-exposed for at least three years, and neither associated with any other chronic pathological conditions like hypertension or diabetes, nor under any medication other than analgesics during the month preceding the study. Subjects with excessive high or low caloric intake were excluded from the study. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), VLDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol, and TC/HDL ratio in these subjects were significantly higher than those in control subjects, whereas HDL cholesterol was not markedly affected. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and other anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), body fat index (BFI), body surface area (BSA)) were not significantly different between groups. Data suggest that chronic occupational exposure increases plasma lipid levels and is thereby associated with cardiovascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The sources of organic matter in three typical mangrove systems of Cochin estuary were assessed for the first time with help of sediment bulk parameters and fatty acid biomarkers. The C/N and δ13C analysis showed intermediate values to that of autochthonous and terrestrial inputs of organic matter, signaling to a mixed origin. The biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter revealed a dominance of lipids over proteins and carbohydrates, indicating the nutritive or energetic value as well as the freshness of organic matter in all the systems. Fatty acids ranging from C8 to C24 were identified in the study. C20:5n-3 was one of the major fatty acids at station 1, indicating significant benthic phytoplankton contribution. The zooplankton biomarkers C20:1 and C24:1 were also present in appreciable levels, suggesting the tidal influx. Principal fatty acids at station 2 were the zooplankton biomarkers C20:1 and C24:1 implying significant estuarine contribution through tidal influx. The major fatty acids at station 3 were diatom marker C20:5n-3 and the higher plant marker C24:0. Dominant fatty acids in mangrove leaves; C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were also present at station 3. The low contributions of C20:1 and C24:1 confirms the limited tidal exchange at this station. Presence of significant amount polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mangrove sediments confirms the freshness of organic matter. Thus, fatty acid biomarker study of the three mangrove systems of Cochin estuary could substantiate the bulk parameter approaches effectively; distinguishing the multiple sources of the organic matter and the observed spatial variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the lipoprotein profiles in healthy Kandha tribesmen, Naulia fishermen and Berhampur city dwellers in India. Participants and methods; Results.

This study investigated lipid and protein composition of two river eel available in India,Mastacembelus armatusandAnguilla bengalensis bengalensis, to ascertain their nutritional value. The carnivorous nature of eel makes it susceptible for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of toxic metal in their body; therefore, the measurement of two toxic heavy metals, mercury and arsenic, in the muscle tissues of these two eel species was also determined. The results showed that though the lipid content of both the species was quite low in comparison to European or Japanese eel, the protein content was appreciably high, and the value was quite similar in both species (∼24%). The fatty acid profile and amino acid profile of the two species were also determined to quantify the amount of essential fatty acid as well as essential amino acid in their muscle tissue. The amount of total mercury, organic mercury, and arsenic was found to be non-remarkable which indicates the beneficial and safe consumption of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antihyperlipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Solanum nigrum L. and its chloroform fraction was explored in Triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. Bioactivity guided fractionation followed by flash chromatography of the most active fraction resulted in the isolation of Stigmast-5, 22-dien-3β-ol. After 24 h of i.p. injection of Triton administration at 400 mg. kg-1 b.w., the extract and fraction were administered orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg. kg-1 b.w. Serum samples analyzed showed a dose dependent inhibition of the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Dhokla and idli are popular breakfast foods in India. The objective of the present study was to evaluate their antioxidative properties during different stages of preparation. The effects of fermentation on the enhancement of antioxidative activities were reflected by a higher total phenol content (TPC) in the fermented batters, which also displayed better antioxidative activities than their unfermented batters and steam-cooked products. Fermentation enhanced>2.5-fold TPC and>125% reducing activity. The fermented batters were better free-radical scavengers, which increased in a time and dose-dependent manner, than either the unfermented batters or their steamed products. There was significant enhancement of metal-chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities during fermentation. The TPCs of both dhokla and idli extracts were positively correlated with the respective values of other parameters, suggesting a possible role of phenolics in the extracts as the antioxidant. The data also revealed a strong correlation between any two of these five parameters tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae) was evaluated for antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity in high-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. It was found that the extract caused a significant reduction in the lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats and was comparable with the standard anti-hyperlipidemic drug atorvastatin. It was also found that the plant extract increased the liver antioxidant enzyme (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione) levels while reducing the lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde) levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new hemiterpenes, utililactone (1) and epiutililactone (2), along with nine known compounds (3-11), were isolated from the leaves of Prinsepia utilis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds showed significant immunosuppressive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of fruit peel wastes to grow thraustochytrids for nutritional enrichment of wastes will lower environmental and economic costs associated with feedstock specific for aquaculture industries. In this study, high-carbohydrate content agricultural wastes, such as orange, pineapple, banana, and mausambi fruit peels were enriched with essential fatty acids producing thraustochytrids Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276. Characterizations of fruit peels revealed the presence of high carbohydrate content (9–16%) and reducing sugars essential for the growth of thraustochytrids. Optimization for lipid production of Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276 was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with different concentrations of fruit peels in solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. Fruit peels composed of SSF experiments were designed using a central composite design. Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276 cells efficiently utilized the sugar components of fruit peels for their growth and lipid accumulation. Different SSF composites made of fruit peels were significantly enriched with fatty acids of Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276 cells. Culturing Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276 cells with these waste materials demonstrated distinct responses towards lipid accumulation at different compositions. The optimized SSF composite consists of 9.91 g 100 mL−1 orange, 5 g 100 mL−1 mausambi, 4.12 g 100 mL−1 pineapple, and 8.01 g 100 mL−1 banana peels and was enriched with 8.37% of Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276-derived lipids. This study expands the benefits and bioprocessing potential of essential fatty acids producing Aurantiochytrium sp. ATCC276 along with fruit peel wastes which a frontier in circular bioeconomy and valorizing waste for usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High cost is the principal drawback of treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) with any of the new lipid formulations of amphotericin B. The aim of the present study was to see if the costs of treatment with such drugs could be reduced by using ultra-short courses. Amphotericin-B-lipid complex (ABLC) was given to 77 Indian patients with antimony-unresponsive VL, either as a single infusion of 5 mg/kg (Group A) or two infusions, each of 5 mg/kg, given 5 days apart (Group B) or on consecutive days (Group C). Other than the anticipated higher fever and chills, treatment was well-tolerated. On day 19 after first infusion, 72 patients were considered apparent cures: 24 (89%) of the 27 in Group A; all 24 (100%) in Group B; and 24 (92%) of the 26 patients in Group C. Six months after treatment, 19 (70%) of 27 in Group A, 19 (79%) of 24 in Group B, and 21 (81%) of 26 in Group C were healthy, relapse-free and considered definitive cures. These cure rates were not statistically different. All 18 treatment failures (five initial non-responders and 13 relapses) were cured after treatment with a 5-day course of ABLC at a higher dose (10-15 mg/kg.day). In a related analysis of hospital plus drug costs for treating antimony-unresponsive VL, short-course ABLC (1-5 days) was compared with conventional amphotericin B (0.75-1.0 mg/kg on alternate days over 30-34 days). This analysis, which included the cost of re-treatment, identified one short-course ABLC regimen with an overall estimated expense which was only modestly higher than that of amphotericin B. Together, the present results provide further support for the use of ABLC in the management of VL patients who fail antimony therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A readily distinguishable and indigenous member of the plant kingdom in the Indian subcontinent is the 'drumstick tree', i.e. Moringa oleifera Lam. In addition to India, this drought-tolerant and rapidly evolving tree is currently extensively disseminated across the globe, including subtropical and tropical areas. The plant boasts a high nutritional, nutraceutical and therapeutic profile, mainly attributing to its significant repertoire of the biologically active components in different parts: protein, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, tannin, isothiocyanate, lipids, minerals, vitamins, amongst others. M. oleifera seeds have been shown to elicit a myriad of pharmacological potential and health benefits, including: antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Additionally, the seed cakes obtained from post-extraction process are utilized for: coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation purposes, benefiting effluent management and the purification of water, mainly because of their capability in eliminating microbes and organic matter. Despite the extraordinary focus on other parts of the plant, especially the foliage, the beneficial aspects of the seeds have not been sufficiently highlighted. The health benefits of bioactive components in the seeds are promising and demonstrate enough potential to facilitate the development of functional foods. In this review, we present a critical account of the types, characteristics, production and isolation of bioactive components from M. oleifera seeds. Furthermore, we appraise the: pharmacological activities, cosmetic, biodiesel, lubricative, modern farming, nutritive and wastewater treatment applications of these functional ingredients. We infer that there is a need for further human/clinical studies and evaluation, despite their health benefits. Additionally, the safety issues need to be adequately clarified and assessed, in order to establish a conventional therapeutic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids and bulk geochemical proxies were employed to understand the sources and transformation of sedimentary organic matter from surface sediments of major five mangrove systems in the northern Kerala coast. Texture, tidal rhythm and the proximity to the south eastern Arabian Sea were the main factors influencing distribution and accumulation of the organic matter in these systems. A total of 118 fatty acids were quantified and grouped into short-chain (SCFA), long-chain (LCFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and branched-chain (BrFA) fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, cyclic fatty acids, and dicarboxylic acids. The distribution of fatty acid groups was in the order SCFA > BrFA > MUFA > LCFA > PUFA. Total fatty acids (TFA) concentration exhibited profound seasonal variations and ranged from 6.25 to 580.49 lg/g (pre-monsoon > post-monsoon > monsoon except in Kadalundi which follows the reverse order). The sedimentary fatty acids in the study region reveal a wide spectrum of inputs from terrestrial, planktonic (preponderance of diatom followed by dinoflagellates along with brown algae, cyanobacteria, red algae) and bacterial sources (e.g., Desulfobulbus-type bacteria, sulfur-reducing bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria). Significant concentrations of bacterial fatty acids suggest the functioning of an effective microbial loop and various biogeochemical pathways operating in these sediments (sulfate reduction, iron and manganese oxide reduction, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India, resembling other developing nations, is confronting a hastening demographic switch to non-communicable diseases. Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) constitute a varied heterogeneous group of disorders with variable clinical appearance, primarily in the pediatric populace. Congenital deformities and genetic disorders are significant for mortality throughout the world, and the Indian scenario is not very different. IEMs are a group of monogenic issues described by dysregulation of the metabolic networks that bring about development and homeostasis. Incipient evidence focuses on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as significant contributors to the multiorgan modifications are detected in a few IEMs. The amassing of toxic metabolites in organic acidurias, respiratory chain, and fatty acid oxidation ailments inhibit mitochondrial enzymes and processes, bringing about elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In different IEMs, as in homocystinuria, various sources of ROS have been suggested. In patients' samples along with cellular and experimental animal models, a few investigations have recognized substantial increments in ROS levels alongside diminishes in antioxidant defenses, relating with oxidative damage to proteins, lipids as well as DNA. Elevated ROS levels interrupt redox signaling pathways controlling biological processes such as cell development, differentiation, or apoptosis; however, few investigations explore these processes in IEMs. This review depicts the mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, redox signaling in branched-chain amino acid disorders, further organic acidurias, and homocystinuria, alongside the latest research investigating the proficiency of antioxidants in addition to mitochondria-targeted therapies as therapeutic components in these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild edibles and non-cultivated plants were significantly contributing to nutritional security and livelihood in rural areas of Himalayan region. The rich nutritional value and diversity of secondary metabolites in these plants escaped proper recognition; hence, warranted systematic and research investigation. The present study focuses on the assessment of nutritional composition of three underutilized wild edible fruits i.e. Prinsepia utilis Royle, Prunus persica L. and Neolitsea pallens D.Don. growing wildly in Western Himalaya. The seed kernels of all the selected species were found to be rich sources of nutrients (e.g., lipids, carbohydrates and proteins), minerals (e.g., phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, iron and sodium) and energy value. Edible oil obtained from seed kernels of P. utilis and P. persica were found rich in essential fatty acid (linolenic acid), important unsaturated (omega-6 & omega-9) and saturated fatty acids. Among these, seed kernels of P. utilis possessed maximum quantity of carbohydrate (20.6%) and crude fiber (14.57%), whereas, fat content (70.40%) and energy value (720k cal/100 g) were found maximum for Neolitsea pallens. The results of this study indicated potential of selected species in combating nutritional insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variability of nature and composition of organic matter in the surficial sediments of mangrove and estuarine systems of Cochin were investigated. Assessment of biochemical composition and elements such as carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were employed for this. Irrespective of the higher content of total organic matter, the labile organic matter was very low in both mangrove and estuarine sediments. Concentrations of biochemical compounds were comparatively higher in mangrove sediments. Total lipids were the dominant class among labile organic compounds in both mangrove and estuarine sediments contributing 51.4% and 45.3%, respectively. Protein to carbohydrate ratio was higher in estuarine sediments when compared to mangroves, indicating low dead organic matter accumulation, probably due to the strong hydrodynamic conditions in estuaries. Correlation analysis showed that sediment texture had no significant correlation with any of the sedimentary parameters in mangroves, whereas in estuaries, it showed significant correlations with most of the sedimentary parameters. Principal component analysis indicated three different dominant processes in mangroves namely mangrove litter addition, diagenesis and other geochemical process like siltation and sorption/desorption, while in estuaries the dominant process seems to be diagenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity needs to be “conserved through use.” Owing to the global need, the present study includes two underutilized berries, Carissa carandus and Eleagnus conferta, to explore their potential as supplementary food by evaluating their antioxidant activity and approximate chemical composition. Berries of E. conferta are a richer source of carotene, ascorbic acid, protein, and magnesium, whereas berries of C. carandus are rich in sugars, lipids, iron, and magnesium. The antioxidant properties of the berries and a comparative account on their performance using DPPH and FRAP assay was studied. Both assays revealed high activity in the peel extract of berries of C. carandus. The LC-MS/MS profile of C. carandus reveals the presence of eleven different polyphenolic compounds while E. conferta had only four of these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10[sup 10]-10[sup 11] cells per g[sup -1] dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With newer anti-obesity medications (AOMs) being introduced at a rapid pace, it is prudent to make a concise and updated clinical practice document that may help busy clinicians in daily clinical practice. A group of metabolic physicians, diabetologists, endocrinologists, and bariatric surgeons assembled during the Integrated Diabetes and Endocrine Academy 2023 Congress (IDEACON, July 2023, Kolkata, India) to compile an update of pharmacotherapeutic options for managing people with obesity in India. After an extensive review of the literature by experts in different domains, this update provides all available information on the management of obesity, with a special emphasis on both currently available and soon-to-be-available AOMs, in people with obesity. Several newer AOMs have been shown to reduce body weight significantly, thus poised to make a paradigm shift in the management of obesity. While the tolerability and key adverse events associated with these AOMs appear to be acceptable in randomized controlled trials, pharmacovigilance is vital in real-world settings, given the absence of sufficiently long-term studies. The easy availability and affordability of these drugs is another area of concern, especially in developing countries like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelargonium graveolens L., essential oil (EO) has various therapeutic properties, including aromatherapy. The present experiment was designed to investigate chemical makeup of the P. graveolens (Geranium) EO from Northeast India using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the pharmacological potential was determined using a range of assays along with Allium cepa assay for genotoxicity study. GC-MS analysis of the EO revealed the presence of 11 compounds with a total 97.43% identified area, with citronellol (32.84%), geraniol (23.62%), and citronellyl formate (12.14%) as the major compounds. The essential oil exhibited type-II anti-diabetic properties with an IC50 6.66 μL/mL and skin whitening potential IC50 of 1.89 μL/mL. P. graveolens EO (IC50 26.16 μL/mL) was found to possess comparatively weaker anti-inflammatory agent than the standard diclofenac (IC50 9.24 μL/mL) in the protease inhibitory test. The EO demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 22.68 μL/mL than ascorbic acid IC50 12.53 μL/mL in the ABTS assay. The EO was found to moderately affect the mitotic index (15.32%) and induce chromosomal aberrations (11.40%) at a concentration of 1 μL/mL after 72 h of exposure. Based on the findings the Northeast Indian variety of P. graveolens EO exhibits promising type-II anti-diabetic and skin whitening properties, which could be further utilized in the formulation of anti-diabetic and skin whitening agents after validation through clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the estuarine mangrove forests of Cochin region, Southwest coast of India were characterized to assess the sources of organic matter (OM) and to validate the effectiveness of the various geochemical indices to identify multiple OM sources and the complex geochemistry of these tropical coastal environments. The total concentration of the n-alkanes varied from 606.39 to 826.25 µg/g [dry weight (dw)] in mangrove sediments, to values between 230.10 and 287.67 µg/g in estuarine sediments. The n-alkane distribution in the study region indicated a strong odd over even predominance in both mangrove and estuarine sediments. Assessment using terrestrial OM indices such as Carbon Preference Index (CPI), Terrigenous Aquatic Ratio (TAR), and Terrestrial Marine Discriminant (TMD) suggested that a large fraction of OM in the mangrove sediments was derived from mangrove plant litter and a better preservation of mangrove OM in the sedimentary environment has occurred. These findings are supported by the higher content of total lipid, tannin, and lignin, as well as by the depleted δ13C values. Low ratios of CPI, TAR, and TMD at estuarine sites E2 and E3 indicated a mixed origin of OM. Natural or biogenic indices such as natural n-alkanes ratio (NAR), Σn-alkanes/n-C16, n-C29/n-C17, and LMW/HMW revealed that all the mangrove stations and the estuarine station E1 received OM from natural or biogenic sources, whereas a significant anthropogenic input was noticed for estuarine stations E2 and E3. Indices like Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C17, Ph/n-C18 further confirmed the mixed nature of OM accumulated under the anoxic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, comparative analysis of skeletal muscle transcriptome was carried out for four biological replicates of Aseel, a fighter type breed and Punjab Brown, a meat type breed of India. The profusely expressed genes in both breeds were related to muscle contraction and motor activity. Differential expression analysis identified 961 up-regulated and 979 down-regulated genes in Aseel at a threshold of log2 fold change ≥ ±2.0 (padj<0.05). Significantly enriched KEGG pathways in Aseel included metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation, with higher expression of genes associated with fatty acid beta-oxidation, formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling, response to oxidative stress, and muscle contraction. The highly connected hub genes identified through gene network analysis in the Aseel gamecocks were HNF4A, APOA2, APOB, APOC3, AMBP, and ACOT13, which are primarily associated with energy generating metabolic pathways. The up-regulated genes in Punjab Brown chicken were found to be related to muscle growth and differentiation. There was enrichment of pathways such as focal adhesion, insulin signaling pathway and ECM receptor interaction in these birds. The results presented in this study help to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with fighting ability and muscle growth in Aseel and Punjab Brown chicken, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine sponges, in particular the Haliclona species (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Chalinidae) and/or their associated microorganisms, continue to yield an array of novel compounds. The aim of this work was the characterisation (morphometric, elemental and biochemical) of the three Haliclona species (Haliclona tenuiramosa, Haliclona cribricutis and Haliclona retiderma) from the Mandapam coast, Gulf of Mannar, India as an aid in the discrimination of the desired species for in vitro production of bioactive products and further ecobiotechnological applications. Diversity of the Haliclona species was analysed based on morphometric variables and elemental composition of the pinacoderm (outer epithelioid layer). Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis did not reveal any change in elemental composition in spicules; however, the percentage of elemental composition in pinacoderm was significantly different among the species. The order and range of pinacoderm elemental composition were chlorine (36-51%), sodium (29-43%), silicon (0.72-2.2%), iron (0.46-0.73%). Aluminium (1.86-8.88%), calcium (0.92-16.19%) and sulfur (0.44-9.74%) varied greatly among the species. Total carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents also showed diversity among the species, i.e., carbohydrate content was high in H. tenuiramosa; proteins in H. cribricutis and lipids in H. retiderma, respectively. The order of ratio of spicule/protein content among the species were H. retiderma > H. cribricutis > H. tenuiramosa. The current approaches and results could direct an efficient application of discriminating sponge species in situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal marine ecosystems in many parts of the world are under unrelenting stress caused by urban development, pollutants and other ecological impacts such as building of infrastructure, land reclamation for port and industrial development, habitat modification, tourism and recreational activities. The present work is a first extensive field study using the marine sponge, Sigmadocia fibulata as a bioindicator to detect metal pollution between inshore and offshore environment of the 'Gulf of Mannar', India. Samples of S. fibulata were collected from different places of inshore (0.1-0.5 km) and offshore (3-5 kms) locations. Metal concentrations in water and bioaccumulation in sponges were determined by ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry). Enrichment of metal contamination was more in the inshore, when compared to offshore environment. Higher concentrations of metals Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ba, Zn, V, Pb and Cd in inshore waters (3-6.4 times than offshore) may be due to the discharge of monsoonal rains, carrying a discharge of industrial and agricultural wastes and sewage directly into the coast. This is substantiated by a highly significant positive correlation between concentrations of metals in the water and accumulation in sponges. The bioaccumulation of metals in sponge tissue were in order of Fe > Al > Ni > Mn > Cu > Cr > Co > Ba > Zn > V > Cd > Pb in both the inshore and offshore regions. Apparently, the macromolecule composition (sugars, proteins and lipids) was significantly reduced by the accumulation of metals in inshore sponges. The current findings indicated that the frequent monitoring is necessary to assess the eco-health of the marine environment by choosing bio-indicator species like S. fibulata, which provide accurate, reliable measurements of environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the Satellite Symposium of the 13[sup th] International Biophysics Congress in Hyderabad, India. Themes of the symposium; Number of participants; List of works and its researcher.

Metabolic syndrome consists of a group of risk factors characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory conditions. Raw garlic homogenate has been reported to reduce serum lipid levels in animal model; however, no precise studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of raw crushed garlic (Allium sativum L.) on components of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of raw crushed garlic on components of metabolic syndrome. A total of 40 metabolic syndrome patients were randomly selected from the diabetic center of SP Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. They underwent treatment with 100 mg/kg body weight raw crushed garlic 2 times a day with standard diet for 4 weeks; their anthropometric and serum biochemical variables were measured at both the beginning and the end of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20, and Student's paired “t” test was used to compare variables before and after treatment with garlic preparation. Raw crushed garlic significantly reduced components of metabolic syndrome including waist circumference (p <.05), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p <.001), triglycerides (p <.01), fasting blood glucose (p <.0001) and significantly increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p <.0001). There was no significant difference found in body mass index (p >.05) of patients with metabolic syndrome after consumption of raw crushed garlic for 4 weeks. Raw crushed garlic has beneficial effects on components of metabolic syndrome; therefore, it can be used as an accompanying remedy for prevention and treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatotoxicity caused by the overdose of various medications is a leading cause of drug-induced liver injury. Overdose of drugs causes hepatocellular necrosis. Nutraceuticals are reported to prevent drug-induced liver failure. The present article aims to review the protection provided by various medicinal plants against hepatotoxic drugs. Ayurveda is considered a conventional restorative arrangement in India. It is consistently used for ages and is still used today to cure drug-induced hepatotoxicity by focusing on antioxidant stress response pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) antioxidant response element signaling pathway. Nrf-2 is a key transcription factor that entangles Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1, a protein found in the cell cytoplasm. Some antioxidant enzymes, such as gamma glycine cysteine ligase (γ-GCL) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), are expressed in Nrf-2 targeted genes. Their expression, in turn, decreases the stimulation of hepatic macrophages and induces the messenger RNA (mRNA) articulation of proinflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α. This review will cover various medicinal plants from a mechanistic view and how they stimulate and interact with Nrf-2, the master regulator of the antioxidant response to counterbalance oxidative stress. Interestingly, therapeutic plants have become popular in the medical sector due to safer yet effective supplementation for the prevention and treatment of new human diseases. The contemporary study is expected to collect information on a variety of therapeutic traditional herbs that have been studied in the context of drug-induced liver toxicity, as nutraceuticals are the most effective treatments for oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity. They are less genotoxic, have a lower cost, and are readily available. Together, nutraceuticals exert protective effects against drug-induced hepatotoxicity through the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Its mechanism(s) are considered to be associated with the γ-GCL/HO-1 and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. The liver is the most significant vital organ that carries out metabolic activities of the body such as the synthesis of glycogen, the formation of triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as the formation of bile. Acute liver failure is caused by the consumption of certain drugs; drug-induced liver injury is the major condition. The chemopreventive activity of nutraceuticals may be related to oxidative stress reduction and attenuation of biosynthetic processes involved in hepatic injury via amelioration of the nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) signaling pathway. Nrf-2 is a key transcription factor that is found in the cell cytoplasm resulting in the expression of various genes such as gamma glycine cysteine ligase and heme oxygenase-1. Nutraceutical-rich phytochemicals possess high antioxidant activity, which helps in the prevention of hepatic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify a preferred and cost-effective drug among Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4Is) for Indian patients with T2DM. We performed a systematic literature search using standard databases for relevant literature. Original studies comparing the efficacy and/or safety of different DPP4Is were included. Two authors independently performed the literature search, screening, and collected relevant data from the selected studies. The costs of all brands of individual DPP4Is were noted and compared for lowest, highest, and average cost. Finally, we summarized the information with respect to Efficacy, safety, suitability, and cost to find the most cost-effective DPP4I. We found 13 eligible studies containing data on 15,720 subjects. These studies showed similar efficacy (or better) and safety with teneligliptin as compared to other DPP4Is. Teneligliptin also showed additional benefits other than the glycemic control. The average cost per tablet of teneligliptin 20 mg was markedly lower as compared to sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and other commonly used DPP4Is. Teneligliptin also outscored other commonly used DPP4Is in India in suitability and seems to have better patient compliance. Teneligliptin 20 mg could be considered as the preferred and most cost-effective agent among commonly used DPP4Is for the effective management of patients with T2DM in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline and alkaline habitats of the Okha coastline, Gujarat, India, were explored for the diversity of actinobacteria. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity, nine haloalkaliphilic actinobacterial strains were characterized and identified. The PCR amplification of 16S rDNA using universal and genus-specific primers corroborated the trends that emerged through cultural and physiological characterization. Streptomyces was the most abundant genus amplified with the Streptomyces-specific primers (StreptB/E, StreptB/F), whereas other actinobacterial strains were amplified by the universal primers U1 and U2. Further molecular diversity was investigated by the gradient PCR-DGGE as a fingerprinting tool that generated group-specific DGGE patterns. Based on the nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis, strains OK-1 and OK-2 were identified as Streptomyces somaliensis. At the same time, OK-3 and OK-7 were detected as Streptomyces sp., while OK-5, OK-6, OK-8, OK-9, and OK-10 belonged to Nocardiopsis alba. Further, the cluster analysis using the UPGMA method generated 3 clusters based on biochemical characterization, sugar utilization, and enzyme production. The dendrogram based on the DGGE band pattern created with Jaccard-distance revealed two major clades with 33.33% similarity. Further, the study of alpha diversity calculation using phenotypic characteristics discloses highly diverse sugar utilization abilities. Moreover, a stress value of 0.1236 was obtained based on the NMDS analysis of the plots using Bary-Curties dissimilarity. Overall, the distinct phenotypic, metabolic, and molecular profiling illustrated the diversity among marine actinobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants produce variety of secondary metabolites in response to stress. The study aimed to evaluate the soil moisture stress on oil content & composition of German chamomile conducted in, 2020 and 2021 at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The treatments were T1 (just before irrigation), T2 (24 h after irrigation), T3 (72 h after irrigation), T4 (120 h after irrigation), and T5 (168 h after irrigation). Results showed that maximum oil content (0.26 & 0.57 ml/100g) was found in fresh and dry flowers, respectively of T2 & oil content decreased as the days to irrigation increased. GC results showed that the percentage of major compounds was lowest (74.02%) while maximum in acute drought conditions i.e. before irrigation (92.12%). Results suggest that soil moisture stress reduces the oil content however, the quality of oil is enhanced due to increased production of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was carried out for three consecutive kharif season of 2018, 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the performance of different levels of chemical phosphatic fertilizers and FYM in combination with PSB inoculant on groundnut growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake in an acidic Red and Laterite soil. Application of higher dose of phosphatic fertilizer along with PSB inoculant yielded better results with respect to groundnut plant height, nodulation, pegs and pods plant−1, weight of mature pods plant−1, kernel and haulm yield, protein and oil content, and nutrient uptake. Treatment combination T7 (60 kg ha−1 of P2O5 + PSB inoculant) was observed as the best treatment combination for deriving maximum growth, yield and nutrients uptake of kharif groundnut crop. Treatment T6 (application of 40 kg ha−1 of P2O5 + PSB inoculant) reported similar results. However, maximum profit ($862), benefit cost ratio (2.7) and net return per unit cost of input was significantly higher in T7 compared to T6. Thus, we recommend application of 60 kg ha−1 of P2O5 with PSB inoculant (T7) for the light textured acid soils of Red and Laterite zone of India for higher production and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and its pools is important for understanding C budgeting and ecosystems services of any land use. The present study was conducted to quantify SOC stock and its pools of different oxidizability (very labile, labile, less labile and non-labile C), microbial biomass C and mineralizable C at different depths (0–0.15, 0.15–0.30 and 0.30–0.50 m) of selected 26 rice growing Inceptisols located in the subtropical Manipur valley, India. Results of this study showed that organic C stock in 0–0.50 m depth of the rice growing Inceptisols varied from 55.7 to 133.5 Mg ha−1 and there was a decrease in SOC stock along depth. The rice growing Inceptisols under subtropical climate of northeast India are characterized by cooler climatic conditions and soil acidity, which are favorable for SOC accumulation. The study also showed that more than two-third (72.0%) of SOC is present in active pools with rapid turnover. Therefore, much of the SOC in these soils is very susceptible to changes in management practices such as increased tillage intensity, inappropriate cropping without legume and inadequate fertilization and in weather conditions such as increased temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human migration in response to past climate change has been recorded globally. The pastoralist Todas are believed to have colonised the higher elevations (>2000 m asl) of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India, after ∼2000 cal. yr BP. During the late Quaternary, climate-induced vegetation shifts in tropical montane forest-grassland mosaic of the Nilgiris have been well-documented using stable carbon isotopes and pollen, but there have been no corresponding investigations of human activity. We used several proxies to infer the human ecology of this region. Radiocarbon-dated (∼22,000 cal. yr BP to the present) peat from Sandynallah (2200 m asl) was used to reconstruct fire history, animal abundance, and human presence since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). While macro-charcoal records fires at the LGM, macro- and micro-charcoal indicate intense fire at ∼3500 cal. yr BP, coprophilous fungal spores indicate abundant herbivorous mammals, n-alkane signatures point to arid grassland vegetation, and steroid biomarkers show human faecal remains for the first time. We infer that a pastoralist people, most likely the Todas, migrated to the montane Nilgiris along with their buffaloes in response to prolonged or abrupt climate change in peninsular India ∼3500 cal yr BP or ~1500 years prior to what historical accounts assume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clausena excavata Burm. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae. It is well known for its ethnomedicinal uses and therapeutic activities. This plant has been used in different traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases worldwide. In the present study, the chemical composition of essential oil and phytochemical contents of methanol extract of C. excavata leaf were performed. Further, the therapeutic activities of essential oil and methanol extract of C. excavata leaf were evaluated. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Myristicin (33.92%), terpinolene (21.29%), and sabinene (13.65%) were found to be the major compounds in leaf essential oil. Similarly, the phytochemical composition of the methanol extract of C. excavata leaf was analyzed using standard procedures. The phenolic content (165.23 mg GAE/g DW) was found to be the major phytoconstituents followed by alkaloids (89.30 mg/g DW) in leaf methanol extract. Furthermore, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extract were evaluated. C. excavata essential oil showed more antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 15.92 μg/mL; ABTS IC50 41.85 μg/mL; FRAP IC50 39.9 μg/mL) compared to leaf methanol extract. Similarly, essential oil exhibited higher antidiabetic activity (in terms of α-amylase inhibitory capacity) (IC50 97.50 μg/mL) compared to methanol extract and lower antidiabetic activity in comparison to the standard (IC50 71.9 μg/mL). The anticancer activity of essential oil was found to be more effective against the PC-3 cell line (IC50 39.1 μg/mL) while leaf methanol extract was more effective against OVCAR-3 (IC50 47.5 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC50 48.1 μg/mL), and h-1299 (IC50 45.9 μg/mL). C. excavata essential oil exhibited lower antimicrobial activity compared to leaf methanol extract. In summary, this study on the characterization of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of C. excavata leaf essential oil could be helpful in exploiting its therapeutic potential sustainably as well as the discovery of new lead molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a significant public health problem. Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for anemia is often ignored. To study the tobacco smoking-associated risk for IDA. This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Dehradun, India from January 2019 to December 2020. One hundred ten patients having IDA (serum ferritin < 15 mcg/l) and an equal number of controls were randomly selected and assessed regarding their tobacco smoking status and type, quantity, and duration of tobacco used. Seventy-six (69.1%) patients with IDA were tobacco smokers and were predominantly males (51cases, 67.1%) and beedi smokers (52 cases, 68.4%). The odds ratios (ORs) for the association of smoking tobacco (cigarette and beedi collectively), cigarette, and beedi with IDA were 7.60 (p < 0.0001), 2.79 (p = 0.01), and 5.68 (p < 0.0001), respectively. OR for developing IDA was more among light smokers (OR = 7.72, p < 0.0001) and increased with duration of smoking (p < 0.0001). IDA was not significantly associated with confounding risk factors like malnutrition (OR = 1.00, p = 1.00), low socioeconomic status (OR = 0.64, p = 0.21), dietary habits (OR = 1.43, p = 0.45), and place of residence (OR = 0.93, p = 0.88). Tobacco smoking has a strong association with IDA. Both beedi smoking and cigarette smoking have a significant association with IDA. The risk of IDA is more among light smokers and is duration-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The Kadaknath, an Indian fowl, is popular for its taste and health benefits. However, there is scarcity of information on its histology, haematology and biochemistry. 2. Histology was conducted on various organs, including brain, heart, intestine, liver, kidney and the lung. For haematology investigation Mispa Count Plus was used (AGAPPE Diagnostic, India). 3. Biochemical analysis involved determination of blood sugar, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum bilirubin, SGPT, serum protein and the alkaline phosphatase. The organs contained significant amounts of proteins characterised by strong amide (amide I-β-sheet) bands within mid and NIR region. 4. Hydrated fatty acids were not found in mid IR region, although NIR revealed traces substantiated by strong – OH bending within 10 680/cm -10 400/cm. 5. This work reported the usefulness of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) in understanding nutritive benefits of Kadaknath chickens and can assist avian practitioners in the detection of infections or pathological conditions. This work sheds a light on histology & biochemical features of an Indian black fowl Kadaknath. The studied organs demonstrated significant amount of proteins characterised by strong amide (amide I-β-sheet) bands within mid and NIR region. NIR revealed traces of hydrated fatty acid substantiated by strong – OH bending within 10 680 cm-1–10400 cm-1. This work assist avian practitioners to detect any associated infection or pathological condition of the fowl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the most prevalent cause of death in India. Pro-protein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) gene has been found to be associated with lipid levels and a biomarker for susceptibility of CVD. To study the association of PCSK9 SNPs rs505151 & rs562556 and their haplotypes with CVDs in the Indian population. The present study comprised of 102 angiographically proven CVD patients & 100 healthy subjects. To study polymorphism, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used. Biochemical parameters were analysed by enzymatic methods or automated analysers. Haplotype analysis was done using SHEsis software. The dominant genetic model with an odds ratio (confidence interval) of 4.71 (2.59 − 8.5), (p value =.0001), shows the risk of CVDs. However, rs562556 (I474V) variant was not found to be associated with clinical parameters and risk of CVDs (p value >.05). Out of four haplotypes, H3 (G-A) was found to be associated with the CVDs (OR- 3.137, p value =.0001). This study concludes that G allele of rs505151 SNP (PCSK9) and the H3 (G-A) haplotype of rs505151 & rs562556 were found to be risk factors for CVDs in the Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have increased at an alarming rate, recently. In India, stubble burning and air pollution due to the burning of agricultural and forest residues have also increased over the past decade causing environmental and health hazards. This work evaluates the anti-biofilm property of the aqueous phase obtained from pyrolysis of wheat straw (WS AQ) and pine cone (PC AQ) against an MRSA isolate. The WS AQ and PC AQ compositions were determined by GC-MS analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 8% (v v−1) and 5% (v v−1) for WS AQ and PC AQ, respectively. The eradication of biofilms was performed on hospital contact surfaces namely, stainless steel and polypropylene and found to be 51% and 52% for WS AQ and PC AQ, respectively. Compounds identified from the aqueous phase of WS and PC docked against AgrA protein showed good binding scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus plants have a secure and important place in human health. Citrus is not only significant for its delicious fruits but also because of certain medicinal and pharmacological properties. The presence of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, limonoids, alkaloids, phenolics and coumarins has dramatically increased its efficacy in treating bacterial and fungal infections. Emergence of new and improved extraction techniques has helped researchers to isolate novel phytochemicals from citrus species, and there is a greater attention. Numerous studies throughout the world have focused to isolate novel metabolites from citrus plants. There is a rich biodiversity of citrus species in the Indian subcontinent based on climatic condition which supported the growth and maintenance of diverse varieties. Analysis of metabolomic and medicinal properties of local citrus plant will aid in understanding their importance in pharmacological industry. The present review is focused on the medicinal and secondary metabolite profile of citrus plants from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the taxonomic resolution of fossil pollen identification and establishing the kinship and similarity among phylogenetically related plant groups are inevitable for advancing the Quaternary palaeoecological, palaeoclimatological and palaeoenvironmental research. We, in the present study, examined and determined the pollen morphological characteristics of nine plant taxa belonging to seven families from central India by a combined light microscopic (LM) and confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) study. The prime object was to observe, document and describe, as well as illustrate the prevalent variation in pollen shape, size, aperture number and diameter, diameter of the polar axis and equatorial distance, as well as exine thickness and pattern (i.e. pollen wall architecture) of the studied plant taxa. Pollen identification key was developed to demonstrate variations in pollen features and delimit taxa for correct identification. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggests exine and aperture number as dominant characters, as well as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), applied to the pollen morphological characters of nine plant taxa to understand the variability among the taxa, and to cluster them, respectively, suggest three clusters. The cophenetic correlation coefficient also substantiates the three group of clustering. The present study has significance in taxonomy and systematics, as well as in phylogeny and evolution. In addition, the preservation potential of different pollen grains has been ascertained, based on the pollen wall architecture. The study, moreover, will improve the precise fossil pollen identification, which is critical for advancing Quaternary palaeoecology in India and also in similar tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current mixed-method study uses Food Frequency Questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls (n = 41) to assess the food/nutrient intake; and qualitative interviews to identify local perceptions of food among 41 early postpartum women in Belgaum, India. The results show that total energy, protein, and most micronutrient intake were significantly lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowance of India (p <.05 individually); ninety percent of mothers restricted the consumption of some specific fruits, vegetables, and other foods during postpartum due to their perceptions of foods, folk medicines, and health beliefs. Culturally sensitive programs relevant to postpartum diet practices for women should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sundarbans mangrove is a transitional zone between terrestrial land and sea, a unique location in our global geography. This study identifies the richness and population dynamics of bacterial populations along different seasons in the rooted and unrooted regions of soil sediments in Sundarbans, West Bengal. Throughout the year, bacterial populations were higher in the rooted sediment zone, than the unrooted area. The rooted zone contains more silt and clay but the unrooted zone harbours more silty, sandy soil. Salinity is lower in the unrooted zone. The heterotrophic bacterial populations were higher than other types of bacteria in both regions irrespective of seasonal variation. The results revealed that the most varied seasons were the monsoon season in the rooted and unrooted sediment region. The changes identified in this study were most likely due to variances in the microhabitat associated with mangrove root, physicochemical parameters and seasonal fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) supply and harvest timing through 'reaping and re-growth' method are critical determinants of yield and quality in hydroponically grown leafy vegetables. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was chosen as a test crop for evaluating the effect of nitrogen applications and harvesting times. In India, farmers often apply N without guidance and improperly harvest leafy vegetables. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum N supply and harvesting time for yield and quality enhancement of hydroponically grown lettuce. We studied the effect of different levels of N (4, 6, 8 and 10 mmolL−1) and two harvest timings on the growth attributes and quality of lettuce. The higher N levels (10 and 8 mmolL−1) showed pronounced positive effects on growth, yield, and quality of lettuce. However, the dry matter yield and ascorbic acid content decreased with the increase in N levels. For a continuous supply of fresh cut leaves of lettuce and to optimize leaf nitrate content, the plants has to be harvested by adapting cut and come again method during winter season. The average growth rate, showed significant positive response to N. The present study demonstrates that optimum levels of N (10 mmolL−1) and harvest through cutting (after 45 days of harvesting) significantly increase the leaf yield and quality of the lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypericum gaitii (Hypericaceae) is an endemic and endangered perennial shrub having ethnobotanical and medicinal importance. In the present study, the variation in the yield and chemical composition of essential oil (EO) isolated from aerial parts of plants belonging to seven wild populations of H. gaitii from Eastern India was investigated for the first time. The essential oil yield obtained through hydrodistillation varied in the range of 0.20 and 0.45% (vol/wt) on fresh weight basis. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis led to the identification of 83 chemical constituents accounting for 79.04%–99.7% of the total oil. The essential oils were rich in α-pinene (0.09%–58.55%), allo-aromadendrene (0.32%–24.54%), δ-cadinene (0.09%–22.17%), n-nonane (5.04%–16.23%), β-caryophyllene (0.08%–14.00%) and α-selinene (0.18%–20.64%). Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped the essential oils of H. gaitii populations into three different chemotypes: chemotype I (α-pinene), chemotype II (allo-aromadendrene) and chemotype III (δ-cadinene). The result demonstrated that geographical origin of populations and environmental factors greatly influence the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of H. gaitii. The chemical polymorphism detected in the studied populations would facilitate selection of genotypes with specific compounds or desired essential oil properties suitable for specific industrial applications and for conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]