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This article collected papers published by Chinese archaeologists in Chinese and World core journals (CCJs and WCJs for short) in the past century. Based on bibliometric analysis, the general characteristics and trends of Chinese archaeology were summarized. In a macroscopic perspective, historiography-rooted archaeology focusing on historical periods and central areas of China and preferring traditional archaeological methods (mainly a culture-historical paradigm) will continue to occupy a leading position in China. Simultaneously, interdisciplinary research and internationalisation will likely continue to develop and diversify Chinese archaeology, though the speed is unknown due to the impact of the pandemic. In comparison, more attention needs to be paid to theoretical research and to publishing more results of historical archaeology in WCJs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The precise effect and the quality of different cases used in dermatology problem-based learning (PBL) curricula are yet unclear. Aim: To prospectively compare the impact of real patients, digital, paper PBL (PPBL) and traditional lecture-based learning (LBL) on academic results and student perceptions. Methods: A total of 120 students were randomly allocated into either real-patients PBL (RPBL) group studied via real-patient cases, digital PBL (DPBL) group studied via digital-form cases, PPBL group studied via paper-form cases, or conventional group who received didactic lectures. Academic results were assessed through review of written examination, objective structured clinical examination and student performance scores. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was used to evaluate student perceptions. Results: Compared to those receiving lectures only, all PBL participants had better results for written examination, clinical examination and overall performance. Students in RPBL group exhibited better overall performance than those in the other two PBL groups. Real-patient cases were more effective in helping develop students' self-directed learning skills, improving their confidence in future patient encounters and encouraging them to learn more about the discussed condition, compared to digital and paper cases. Conclusion: Both real patient and digital triggers are helpful in improving students' clinical problem-handling skills. However, real patients provide greater benefits to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the integration of new-generation information and communication technology (ICT) in the manufacturing industry, many advanced manufacturing modes have been proposed. Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) is one example which integrates manufacturing resources and the provision of on-demand services using new technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data and cloud computing. CMfg has experienced rapid development from its initial theory and technology to its application and has attracted considerable attention since its introduction in 2010. Many scholars in China have conducted significant research on CMfg. Therefore, it is significant to review the achievements from Chinese scholars to examine the current progress of CMfg research in China. This paper presents the definitions of CMfg found in the literature and summarizes the developments regarding eight dimensions of CMfg. Several successful implementations of CMfg in China are discussed and compared. Furthermore, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) method is used to analyze the potential impacts of CMfg on the future development of the China manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent suicide has become an increasingly serious social problem in China. Bullying victimization was found to be an influential factor of suicidal tendency, but less attention has been paid to the internal mechanisms of the relationship. This paper examined the relationship between adolescents' bullying victimization and suicidal tendency, and the mediating effects of internalizing problems and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Generalized Structural Equation Model was employed to a sample of 3,575 Chinese secondary school students. Bullying victimization has a direct positive impact on adolescents' suicidal tendency, but also has an indirect impact on suicidal tendency through three paths: the independent mediating role of internalizing problems and NSSI, and the chain mediating role of internalizing problems and NSSI. The results suggested that students who are bullied tend to have a higher risk of suicidal tendency, and internalizing problems and NSSI are usually the prelude to suicidal behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibration contributes large increases in railway passenger discomfort during long-term sitting. Discomfort caused by vibration may differ in different operation conditions. This paper conducted field measurements to investigate the interrelationships between the three. Participants completed a 240-min train journey with their whole-body vibration, subjective comfort ratings and train operating parameters being recorded. A large correlation was observed between the estimated vibration dose value and subjective comfort. The relationship that vibration magnitude significantly increases with increasing the train speed and tunnel density was also found and quantified. A vibration exposure limit of 2.08 m/s1.75 corresponding to the boundary between subjective ratings of comfortable and discomfortable was obtained. Based on the exposure limit and the quantified relationship, a vibration comfort prediction method that can calculate the passenger's maximum tolerance time under a given operation condition was proposed and may help in determining the optimal operating speed and tunnels distribution to alleviate vibration discomfort. Practitioner summary: Similar to the guide to effect of vibration on health in current standard, a vibration exposure limit regarding comfort was provided for reference when assessing long-term vibration comfort. Meanwhile, a prediction method was proposed for determining the best train operating speed and tunnels distribution, thereby alleviating railway passengers' vibration discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour has long held a special significance in Chinese culture, especially for textiles in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, the period when imperial handicrafts reached their production peak. This paper makes the first attempt to compare systematically historical Chinese records of textile dyeing to understand its practice. The paper presents research into the dyes and dyeing methods recorded in four important historical manuscripts of dye recipes from the periods of interest by examining the range and frequency of dyes and dyeing methods using statistical analysis methods. Issues such as the reliability of the historical resources of dyeing, the combination of raw materials, factors affecting the choices of dyes and dyeing methods and advances in dyeing are discussed. The findings of this research significantly promote the knowledge of textile dyeing for historical Chinese textiles research. They also have important implications for the understanding of world textile dyeing history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on an innovative 'big data' method, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the geography of media and entertainment industries (MEIs) in China, by examining the specific activities that are performed by celebrities, the key actors in these industries. Compared to previous research on cultural and creative industries, which primarily rely on more traditional statistical data, our study demonstrates a new approach to systemically investigate the spatial organization of the dynamic production process in MEIs. The outcomes reveal that activities focusing on the different value segments of MEIs display rather diverse geographical patterns. Depending on the availability and combination of specific local assets, different locations perform varying functions in the production networks of MEIs. Therefore, the agglomeration of MEIs only partially overlaps with the existing urban hierarchy. In addition, celebrities catering to different media and entertainment markets also exhibit distinct activity patterns, indicating a close and reciprocal relationship between the popularity of celebrities, the activities they perform, the platforms that are chosen, and the commercial value that can be generated as a result. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex development patterns and consequences of MEIs in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the existing literature, this paper discusses the relationship between economic transition and corruption, and argues that economic transition is one of the main roots of the spread of corruption in transitional China. It divides economic transition into four parts, and examines various channels by which economic transition breeds corruption opportunities. By applying the case statistical analysis method to analyze 594 major corruption cases, it finds the most corruption-prone areas, and provides some empirical evidence on the existence of such channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid economic growth and radical structural transformation pose a challenge to official statisticians as they seek to encompass new economic activities and phenomena. The accuracy of official statistics is liable to come into question. Urban unemployment in China is a good example. This paper estimates the urban unemployment rate using administrative statistics, population census data and a recent sample survey data set, and provides a critique showing in some detail how and why Chinese unemployment statistics are a minefield for the unwary and unemployment is so difficult to measure. Nevertheless, it is found that the urban unemployment rate rose rapidly over the 1990s and exceeded 11% in 1999 and 2000. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the findings for understanding unemployment, for policy, and for the collection of statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid economic growth in the Yangtze River Delta area, the Yangtze River itself is lagging behind as measured by the ratio of container volume to total freight volume. According to the Ministry of Communications' statistics, more than 70% of cargoes generated in the Yangtze Valley are suitable for containerized transport, but, at this time, only a fraction of these cargoes are actually transported in containers on the Yangtze River. This paper investigates, in a structured way, what the bottlenecks for container transport are along the Yangtze. We look at the geography of the river and physical bottlenecks, the development of port capacity, the available container ship fleet and service networks along the Yangtze. As a final element, we estimate, for the first time, container flows along the Yangtze River. The analysis shows that there is no immediate capacity shortage in either ports or the fleet. The analysis also shows that current service networks are inefficient, and could carry up to twice as much cargo with the same amount of ships. In terms of physical barriers, the Nanjing Bridge turns out to be both a physical and an economic barrier. The Three Gorges Dam is not a bottleneck yet, but with the current growth of container traffic, it will be in the next few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uses rolling sample tests to investigate time-varying calendar effects in the Chinese stock market, based on the GARCH (1, 1)-GED model. The Friday effect existed with low volatility at the early stage, but it seems to have disappeared since 1997. The positive Tuesday effect began to appear then. There is a small-firm January effect with high volatility. The turn-of-the month effect has also disappeared in the Chinese stock market since 1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for a unified standard of the reference value of young people's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in China. The reference values of healthy young people's ESR were collected according to the Wintrobe method, and the relationship between the reference value of young people's ESR and altitude was tested in this paper. It was found that the reference value of young people's ESR decreases when the altitude gradually increases, and the relationship is significant. The method of mathematical univariate regression analysis was used to deduce two regression equations: Y(1) = 10.92-0.00183X +/-2.59 and Y(2) = 18.58-0.00319X +/-4.37. If the altitude value of a particular area of China is known, the reference value of young people's ESR can be calculated by means of the regression equations. Furthermore, depending on the altitude, China can be divided into three districts: Qingzang, Central and Eastern districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are considered to be one of the most important influences in the lives of students. Teachers' assessments of students may be a primary source of information on children's mental and behavioral health; however, this topic has received little attention in research. We examined this issue through linking teachers' ratings of students and mental and behavioral outcomes of children affected by HIV. The hypothesis is that teacher ratings will be predictive of specific child mental and behavioral health outcomes. A quantitative cross-sectional design with self-administered paper-and-pencil instruments was used. The sample included 1221 children (aged 6–18, grades 1–11) affected by HIV including 755 orphans who lost one or both parents to AIDS and 466 vulnerable children living with HIV-infected parents in a central province of China. The corresponding teacher sample included 185 participants. Each child completed an assessment inventory of demographic information and mental and behavioral health measures. Teachers completed a questionnaire about children's school performance. SEM analyses revealed a good model fit according to all fit indices: comparative fit index = 0.93, root mean square error of approximation = 0.07, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.04. Structural equation modeling revealed that problem ratings by teachers were positively associated with child loneliness and behavioral problems, social competence ratings by teachers were negatively related to child depression, and personal growth and social interaction ratings by teachers were negatively related to child loneliness, depression, and trauma. The current study represents a unique contribution to the field in that it recognizes that teachers can be a valuable source of information on children's psychological health. Results from this study have implications for health prevention and intervention for children and families suffering from HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a statistical analysis of 91 celebrity-endorsed charities in the People’s Republic of China, this paper challenges the popular assumption that celebrity involvement with not-for-profit organisations attracts extensive media coverage. Although China is the largest media market in the world, previous studies of celebrity philanthropy have been conducted almost exclusively in a Western context. Such studies argue passionately for and against the role that celebrities can play in attracting attention to humanitarian causes, focusing on the activities of Western celebrities, corporations and consumers as essential or problematic promoters and providers of aid to people in developing countries. We show that – in China, at least – most of this debate is overblown. Rather than arguing in favour of or against celebrity philanthropy, we provide statistical results suggesting that celebrity endorsement has very little impact on press coverage of charities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article notes international serials and electronic resource management news for July 1, 2012. The Association for Library Collections & Technical Services' Continuing Resources Section presented the Ulrich’s Serials Librarianship Award to Valerie Bross. The North American Serials Interest Group's newly elected officers include Joyce Tenney, Shana McDonald, and Chris Brady. The Library of Congress' Bibliographic Framework Initiative General Plan is on its website at http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/pdf/bibframework-10312011.pdf.

This study is the first to examine the role of partner type in sexual practices of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Using cross-sectional self-administered questionnaires (N=692) with MSM in six Chinese cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Xi'an, Dalian and Beijing) in 2008, this paper examines MSM's sexual practices, particularly condom use with different male and female partner types. We categorise sexual partner relationships into five types: partner/spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, acquaintance, stranger and sex worker and hypothesise that the greater the affective distance between the partners, the greater the likelihood of engaging with intimate act and the lesser likelihood condom use. Results show that respondents had more MSM than heterosexual experiences. Relationships tended to be short-term, multiple (more than two) and concurrent (simultaneously two or more) principally with other men and to a lesser degree with women. Findings reveal that affective distance varied with partner types. Respondents performed more intimate acts (e.g., kissing, caressing) with intimate or stable partners (partner/spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend) than casual or unknown partners (acquaintance, stranger, sex worker). Condom use decreased when the affective distance with a partner increased. We conclude that partner type is a key factor of HIV infection among MSM in China; short-term, multiple and concurrent relationships are clear risk factors. Future research should focus on the subjective varied meanings of relationships, the idea of trust and the dynamics with different relationships to understand HIV infection of MSM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a framework for green technology foresight based on the idea of sustainability and takes the Chinese automobile industry as an example for the analysis of its implementation. First, it applies scenario techniques to identify technology requirements, considering six different visions of the future, especially the 'circulation society', the 'environment-friendly society' and the 'equity society'. Delphi techniques are used to complete the green technology foresight with an improved questionnaire and statistical model, compared with the traditional one. It is argued that green technology foresight is the evolution and extension of traditional technology foresight, and the basic idea of foresight-guided efforts to achieve sustainability should be considered not only in China, but also in other countries and in other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in sexual attitudes and behaviors and resurgence of the sex industry in China have increased concerns about HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) epidemics. Little attention has been paid to the significant and growing sex industry in rural China. Promotion of barrier protection in this context is most effective to prevent STIs and pregnancy. The female condom (FC) is a barrier method that gives women more autonomy in its application, and has other advantages, but has been little promoted and tested in high risk contexts in China. The China/US Women's Health Project was designed to promote FC use in addition to male condoms (MC) through outreach intervention conducted in sex work establishments in rural and small urban towns in southern China, using the original prototype FC1. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods to document the pre-intervention context, intervention delivery process, and post-intervention outcomes of FC use. In this paper we compare post-intervention FC users and non-users in the first study sites, two rural towns in a single county in Hainan Province. Examination of cross-sectional six-month and 12-month surveys indicated that, despite relatively high MC use, about one-third of the women in sex work establishments in these rural towns had adopted FC at each post-intervention survey. Compared with non-users, FC users were more likely to be freelance women in boarding houses, more sexually experienced, married with children, more sexually active in the prior month, and more exposed to the intervention. The rural context hampered intervention implementation, particularly the significant limits in health and human resources available to manage prevention of HIV/STIs among women in the sex industry. These challenges highlight the need to better understand the context of the rural sex industry and capacity of local resources for better prevention efforts and the benefits that new prevention technologies like FC can offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to answer two questions: first, what are the causes of the stability of the Chinese business cycle in the twenty-first century? Second, what are the sources of volatility for the Chinese economy in the twenty-first century? Using statistical analysis and constructing a multi-equation structural macro-economic model, we find the answer to the first question depends almost totally on domestic factors, including the stability of domestic demand shock and the automatic stabilization mechanism existing in the credit market. As to the second question, the greatest sources of volatility are foreign and domestic demand shocks, with the former having a greater effect on the volatility of GDP while the latter has a greater effect on the CPI. Another finding is that traditional monetary policy targeting money supply has little effect on the stability of GDP and CPI. One policy suggestion is that a domestic stimulus policy to stabilize aggregate demand is still vital against the background of the global crisis; another is that to get rid of negative impact of globalization upon our economy, we need to rely more on urbanization rather than industrialization and need to re-adjust the economic roles of different regions within China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact that increased exposure to China during the two and a half weeks of the Beijing Olympics had on American attitudes towards China. A large N longitudinal survey revealed a significant increase in negative attitudes towards China from the beginning to the end of August 2008. Statistical analysis revealed no dominant explanation for this change, however. Instead, personality (openness), ideology (social dominance orientation and right wing authoritarianism), and media exposure each had a small impact on changing attitudes. Further research (including a follow-up experiment manipulating the valence of media coverage of China) suggested both the possibility of an 'efficiency effect', whereby China's very success in both hosting and competing in the Olympics generated increased American anxiety about China, and a 'cheating effect', whereby stories about underage Chinese gymnasts and deception (e.g. lip synching while another child actually sang during the Opening Ceremonies) diffused broadly through social networks, uniformly and negatively impacting American attitudes towards China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the relationship between conjunctivitis and air pollutants has been widely concerned, but the conclusions are not very unified. This study aims to explore the short-term effects of ambient ozone (O3) on the conjunctivitis outpatient visits in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. A quasi-Poisson model combined with the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was performed to study the short-term effects of O3 on the risk of outpatient visits for conjunctivitis, after controlling the effects of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. Taking the median concentration of O3 as a reference, the moderate high O3 (75th percentile) showed the largest effect estimates for single and cumulative lag effects at lag 4 (RR 1.013, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.006–1.019) and lag 0–10 (RR 1.075, 95%CI 1.025–1.128), respectively. Our study suggested that the moderate high O3 increased the chances of conjunctivitis outpatient visits and had an evident lag effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making informed financial decisions is crucial to the wellbeing of Chinese migrant workers. Using interview survey data (N = 329), this study examined financial knowledge and behaviors of migrant workers in China. Results showed that participants demonstrated low levels of financial knowledge (51.4%) and beneficial financial behaviors (51.0%). Multivariate results indicated that a modest proportion of the variance in financial behaviors was explained by financial knowledge, attitudes, and socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., marital status and income). Findings underscore the importance of disseminating culturally-relevant educational interventions to financially at-risk, low-paid migrant workers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Inadequate hand-washing among chefs is a major contributor to outbreaks of foodborne illnesses originating in restaurants. Previous studies have found that mental health influences hygiene behaviors among food handlers, who have a high rate of job burnout. However, it is still unclear whether job burnout leads to restaurant kitchen chefs' poor hand washing behaviors (HWBs). In this study, we interviewed 453 restaurant kitchen chefs in Jiangsu Province, China regarding job burnout and HWBs during the summer (July-August) of 2020. The aims were to investigate job burnout (an individual internal motivation factor), identify determinants of job burnout, and examine the association between job burnout and HWBs. Variance analysis, post hoc multiple comparisons, linear regression models, and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the response data. This study revealed that chef age and the scale of the restaurant were significantly and negatively associated with reduced professional efficacy. Combined cuisine and pastry chefs had a more positive perception of their own professional efficacy than the other kitchen chefs, whereas the incidence of exhaustion was significantly higher in pastry chefs than in cuisine chefs and kitchen hands. Reduced professional efficacy was significantly and negatively associated with HWBs for all chefs. To improve the level of hand hygiene among chefs, measures should be taken to enhance chefs' professional efficacy. Furthermore, close attention should be paid to chefs in small-scale restaurants, younger chefs, cuisine chefs, pastry chefs, and kitchen hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airport runway roughness can be characterised by power spectral density (PSD) and two spectrum parameters, namely, the unevenness index and waviness. In order to find suitable spectrum parameters for airport runway roughness, seven runway profiles in China were measured to expand the current database of runway profiles. The statistical distributions of the spectrum parameters for runway roughness then were calculated, and the effects of the spectrum parameters on aircraft vibrations were analysed. The results show that the mode of the unevenness index is 0.13, which is a little lower than that of an A-level road, and the mode of waviness is 2.2, which is higher than the waviness recommended in ISO road classification. Moreover, as the unevenness index and the waviness increase, the aircraft vibrations become more severe. The aircraft vibration responses can be represented as a function of waviness, unevenness index, and speed, with a high correlation. At a constant speed, the relationship between the threshold values of the unevenness index and waviness can be shown as a straight line in a log plot. Finally, taking 200 km/h as the representative speed, threshold curves of the spectrum parameters, which are based on ride comfort levels and statistical analysis are proposed for the the simulation of aircraft vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Public stigma is a form of devaluation by other people's negative reactions to a specific behavior or mental health condition. When dealing with the physical consequences of addiction, substance users experience distress due to negative prejudice against them and their families. Method: In Shanghai, China, a community survey was conducted with four experimental vignettes to examine the general public's experience with mental health issues and their perceptions toward substance users. Respondents were randomly assigned to answer one of these vignettes regarding public stigma toward a male or female vignette subject (VS) with substance addiction. Results: Data from 123 respondents showed no statistical significance in public stigma perception toward a male or female subject either with alcohol or cocaine misuse problems. However, older individuals perceived mental illness more negatively when it is connected to substance addiction. These respondents see public stigma as a matter of "family shame," "hostility," "discrimination," and "labeling" that represent the risks that hinder help-seeking. Conclusion: This study suggests designing culturally sensitive treatment models that could help substance users recognize face-saving factors in their help-seeking process. Community education as a prevention measure should emphasize the importance of treating substance users as an individual, not as a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing and widespread usage of social media enables the investigation of public preference using the web as a device. Public sentiment as expressed in 44,319 massive open online course (MOOCs) related microblogs from January to December 2017 was examined on Sina Weibo (the Chinese equivalent of Twitter) to obtain broad insight into how MOOCs are viewed by the public in the Chinese educational landscape. Despite the unstable upward trend of public interest in MOOCs over the past 12 months, the public opinion on MOOCs was largely positive. Content and sentiment analyses were conducted to facilitate a better understanding of what is communicated on social media. A general model of public opinions of MOOCs in China has been developed based on the findings. Individuals were classified into a threefold typology based on the sources and purposes of how this recent form of distance education was perceived. Based on the seven themes, the public views towards MOOCs were differentiated among 'promoters', 'commenters' and 'experiencers'.Implications of the findings were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are not immune to stressors. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among HCWs during the COVID-19 epidemic and investigate the associations among negative coping, fatigue and PTSS. A total of 507 HCWs from Anhui province enrolled in the study and completed the cross-sectional survey including demographic data, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), 14-item Fatigue Scale (FS-14), and PTSD Checklist-civilian Version (PCL-C). Univariate linear regression, Pearson correlation and Mackinnon's four-step procedure were performed in the statistical analysis. Results indicated that the prevalence of PTSS among HCWs during the pandemic was 24%. Univariate linear regression showed HCWs aged 31–40 years exhibited significantly higher scores of PTSS than those aged 51–60 (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.59 to 9.41). Having at least one child was associated with a higher risk of developing PTSS (β = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.36 to 5.45). Negative coping and fatigue were positively correlated with all three PTSS (all P < 0.001), including re-experiencing, avoidance and hyper-arousal. Fatigue has mediated the association between negative coping and PTSS among HCWs during the pandemic (ab = 0.09, SE = 0.03, bootstrap 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.14). A considerable proportion of HCWs was traumatized during the COVID-19 outbreak. Hence, the institutions should screen out and pay close attention to HCWs who tend to use negative coping (e.g., withdrawal thinking, distraction and blaming others) and arrange work scientifically to avoid overfatigue and PTSS amid the public health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many research articles on medical education have been published in Chinese-language journals, the majority within the past few years. However, there have been no objective studies to look at the quality of these, and their contribution to present day thinking. Aim: This study explored the areas of focus, and the quality, of published research on Chinese undergraduate medical education. Method: We searched three major Chinese databases, including Chinese Biology Medicine in electronic form, Chinese Journals Full-text Database, and Chinese Technological Periodicals Database, to trace the research themes and methodologies of Chinese-language research papers published from January 2000 to December 2008. Results: The annual number of published articles on undergraduate medical education research has increased over time in China, with 70% of the articles in our 9-year study published in the past 4 years; the most popular theme was curriculum and teaching. Non-comparative studies accounted for the majority of the literature (84.6%); and comparative studies were rare. Conclusions: Although an increase in the number of articles on medical education research in China is encouraging, more methodologically rigorous designs are needed to improve research quality. Generic and focused training on research methodology is essential to convert quantity into quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a comparative approach, this article reports content analyses of news articles about a devastating earthquake that occurred in Sichuan province, China, from six Chinese newspapers, indicating that the Chinese media, in reporting the government’s emergency responses, had many similarities with the American media's coverage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Further comparisons, however, suggest that the claim of a ‘watchdog’ media culture during disasters, as measured by the frequency of media accounts of the government’s responsibilities, is still relatively premature in China. Moreover, party-controlled and market-oriented media in China had different focuses in their coverage of natural disasters. The market-oriented media played an important role in making the Sichuan earthquake more transparent and the authorities more responsible. Provincial media in China may be less regulated by the central government and are in a good position to cover sensitive stories outside their own province. But they will not have a long-term impact without an overall government policy of open information and media deregulation. By contrast, fewer variations in story focus were observed in the American media, and the overall difference is relatively limited. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. There were dramatic changes in soybean plantation in China in recent decades. Heilongjiang Province has the greatest acreage of soybean plantation in China. Therefore, it is taken as a representative soybean region in this study for monitoring purposes. A 30-m dataset that mapped the areas of soybean planting in Heilongjiang Province was produced, for the period of 1984 ~ 2020, based on Landsat-5/7/8 images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Maps were made with a random forest classifier and had overall accuracies better than 84%. The areas planted with soybean were calculated at both the provincial and city level and these were compared with the areas obtained from official statistics. At the provincial level, for more than 85% of the time periods, the areas given in the official statistics fell within the confidence intervals of the estimates. At the city level, soybean areas were also in good agreement with the statistical data in most years giving average R2 values as 0.75. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of using phenological features extracted by a double-logistic model and a linear harmonic model with the RF classifier to obtain a long time-series of soybean maps without using samples obtained by field measurements every year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the perspective of person-in-environment by identifying whether social work students in China held a dominant orientation. The study was based on a sample of over 1,000 final-year social work students in Guangdong Province. It was revealed that although respondents prioritised the profession's individual-oriented goals, their practice preferences were indeterminate. Moreover, society-orientation was far from absent because social causes of poverty received most support. Paradoxically, micro practice was the preferred way of dealing with poverty. Ambiguity and discrepancy in the orientations of Chinese social work students not only reflected the evolving and pragmatic nature of social work in China, but also indicated the importance of understanding person-in-environment within an authoritarian context. IMPLICATIONS Chinese social work educators should provide integrative learning with both individual and society orientations. The international community of social work educators needs to be more culturally sensitive in their teaching regarding person-in-environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out the process involved in building a dataset of 'China' Russians who, doubly displaced by first the Bolshevik Revolution and then the Communist takeover of China, arrived in Australia from 1946 to 1954. It has been difficult to build a profile of this group because Australian statistical data did not generally draw a distinction between those Russians who arrived from China and those who arrived from Europe as Displaced Persons. This article details the methods used to identify these arrivals, provides a preliminary discussion of the two main groups who arrived within this period (those who were part of a group who were transported to Tubabao, Philippines by the International Refugee Organisation, and those who came directly from China via individual sponsorship), and makes the case that constructing a dataset can assist in drawing attention to, rather than obscuring, individual lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted an epidemiological study to identify the demographics and pre-operative characteristics of patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in a multi-ethnic Asian population. A retrospective study was performed on 696 patients who registered in our ACL reconstruction registry from January 2013 to August 2016. Important inter-ethnic differences were found. Indian patients were significantly older compared to Malay and Chinese patients. Malay and Indian patients were more likely to be male, overweight, and obese compared to Chinese patients. Soccer was the predominant sport involved, although ethnic predominance in specific sports exists. Novel findings from this study include increased prevalence of concomitant chondral injuries in the Chinese population compared to Malays and Indians, and significantly higher rates of concomitant intra-articular injuries in soccer and basketball compared to netball. Identification of these high-risk subgroups would serve useful in guiding the formulation of prevention strategies within our multi-ethnic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, intimate partner violence (IPV) among men who have sex with men remains poorly investigated. Informed by the ecological model, this study explored multilevel factors associated with perpetration of IPV among men who have sex with men. The participants were recruited from 15 cities in mainland China. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that the prevalence of committing physical, sexual, monitoring, controlling and emotional IPV was 8.6%, 7.1%, 15.2%, 7.6% and 17.1%, respectively. Committing physical IPV showed a positive association with perceived public discrimination and self-stigma towards homosexuality. Committing sexual IPV showed a positive association with involvement with a homosexual support agency and more sex partners. Monitoring IPV was positively associated with higher education and perceived stress, but negatively associated with instrumental and emotional support. Committing controlling IPV showed a positive association with drug use during sex and self-stigma but a negative association with self-esteem, self-efficacy and older age at first homosexual sex. Committing emotional IPV showed a positive association with commercial sex behaviour and perceived stress, but a negative association with resilience. Committing IPV was prevalent in this population. It is necessary to distinguish the various types of IPV in future studies, given their differences in associated factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter wheat is a staple food crop for most of the world's population, and the area and spatial distribution of winter wheat are key elements in estimating crop production and ensuring food security. However, winter wheat planting areas contain substantial spatial heterogeneity with mixed pixels for coarse- and moderate-resolution satellite data, leading to large errors in crop acreage estimation. This study has developed a phenology-based approach using moderate-resolution (1 km per pixel) satellite data to estimate sub-pixel planting fractions of winter wheat. Based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) observations, the unique characteristics of winter wheat with high vegetation index values at the heading stage (May) and low values at the ripening stage (June) were investigated. The differences in vegetation index between heading and ripening stages increased with the planting fraction of winter wheat, and therefore the planting fractions were estimated by comparing the NDVI differences of a given pixel with those of predetermined pure winter wheat and non-winter wheat pixels. This approach was evaluated using aerial images and agricultural statistical data in an intensive agricultural region, Shandong Province in North China. The method explained 85% and 60% of the spatial variation in municipal- and county-level statistical data, respectively. More importantly, the predetermined pure winter wheat and non-winter wheat pixels can be automatically identified using MODIS data according to their NDVI differences, which strengthens the potential to use this method at regional and global scales without any field observations as references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three self-normalized two-sample test statistics are proposed for testing whether or not μ i / σ i v , i = 1, 2, are equal for a given v > 0, where μi and σ i 2 are the common mean and variance of the ith sample for i = 1, 2. They can be applied, but not limited to, the problems of the testing the equality of coefficients of variance when v = 1 and the equality of variance-to-mean ratio when v = 2. The self-normalized two-sample test statistics are distribution free and only dependent on the sample means and sample variances of both samples. It is shown that these test statistics are asymptotically normally distributed under the null hypothesis for each fixed v > 0. Simulation studies support the theoretical results. In addition, we illustrate the applicability of the proposed test by comparing students' grades in seven semesters at a university in China and comparing the heights as well as weights of males to those of females, who have had their annual health examination at a health center in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Passive smoking is a significant public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine the association between passive smoking and women's depression. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and panel data analysis was applied. Data from a total of 10,498 Chinese women were selected for analysis, including 2,919 who were interviewed in 2011, 3,490 in 2013, and 4,089 in 2015. Results: Passive smoking was found to be significantly associated with depression. Compared with those living in nonsmoking households, women who had lived with a smoking husband for over 20 years had significantly more depressive symptoms. In addition, compared with individuals with lower educational levels, and residing in nonsmoking households, those with more education were less likely to develop depression, although exposed to smoking. Conclusions: The results suggest that passive smoking within households is a risk factor for depression among Chinese women. Smoke-free policies should be promoted, to help push forward tobacco control in China. Provision of more educational opportunities for Chinese women should also be promoted, as these will also help to protect them against the negative effects brought on by passive smoking. Abbreviations: CHARLS: China health and retirement longitudinal study; CES-D: center for epidemiological studies depression Scale; SES: socio-economic status [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Coherence can reflect subtle language deficits in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). This study aimed at investigating whether global and local coherence in Cantonese-speaking adults with CVA and TBI differ from non-brain-injured (NBI) speakers. Factors contributing to the coherence ratings and impacts of elicitation tasks on coherence were examined. Method: Two clinical groups with fluent aphasia (7 CVA and 11 TBI) and 18 controls matched in age and education, who were Cantonese speakers living in China participated. Language samples of single and sequential picture description and storytelling were elicited, and subsequently analysed on global and local coherence, content sequence, and informativeness. Result: TBI speakers had impaired global and local coherence, while CVA speakers had poor global coherence. Sequence of main events produced by the three groups correlated significantly with global coherence. Attention and visuospatial skills were also significantly related to global coherence in both clinical groups. Finally, impaired language integrity was associated with problems of local coherence. Conclusion: The results were consistent with previous studies. Linguistic deficits of coherence in discourse in the two clinical groups and possible impacts of elicitation tasks on the cognitive demands and coherence ratings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speechreading contributes significantly to effective communication, and persons with hearing impairment (HI) may need to rely more on speechreading. However, whether they may benefit from training/practice to improve their speechreading performance remains unclear. In this study, we examine the effect of speech training on speechreading performance of children with HI in China, and how such effect, if any, may be influenced by age. Fifty-nine HI children with speech training experiences, and fifty-eight HI children without speech training experiences completed tasks measuring their ability to speechread Chinese at the linguistic levels of words, phrases, and sentences. The children ranged from 7 to 14 years old, and were divided into four age groups by two-year age intervals. Both accuracy rate and response time data were collected. Results revealed three findings: (1) HI children with speech training experiences speechread more accurately but more slowly than those without speech training experiences; (2) while speechreading performance generally improved with age, age didn't alter the relative performance between the two groups; and (3) speechreading performance was best for phrases, and worst for sentences. These findings suggest that HI children benefit from speech training to improve their speechreading performance, and their speechreading performance is influenced by age, linguistic level, and the specific measure used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Population aging is a social and economic concern for China. It is essential to understand types of social support networks available to elderly people living in China. Objectives: The aim of this research was to identify network types among Chinese older adults and to examine the differential relationship of the network types, health outcomes and health-related behaviors. Methods: Secondary analysis of data compiled by the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (n = 9749) was extracted. Network types were derived through latent class analysis with Mplus 6.12 software. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, multiple logistic regression and path analysis. Results: Four types of social networks were identified, these included private (16%), non-couple-focused (15%), couple-focused (47%) and diverse (22%). Compared with elders belonging to other networks, elders in diverse network possessed the healthiest status and the highest health-related behaviors score. Health-related behaviors played a role in mediating social network types to health outcomes was identified. Findings were aligned to the conceptual model pathway proposed by Berkman (2000). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that types of social networks for elders are significantly correlated to health-related behaviors and health outcomes. Detail and understanding of the correlations are useful to inform healthcare practice and policy and to assist the development of appropriate interpersonal interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mandarin resultative verb compound (RVC; e.g., tui dao "push fall" and pa shang "climb ascend") encodes complex events composed of an initiating action and resulting activity or state. This study investigated when Mandarin-speaking children acquired this language-specific device. Specifically, we focused on children's production of RVCs with two infixes, -bu- "not able" and -de- "be able." Because the infixes intervene between the two verbs of RVC (e.g., tui -bu- dao "push -not able- fall" and tui -de- dao "push -be able- fall"), being able to produce RVC infixation indicates that children have a morphological separation between the action and the result verbs. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 is a corpus analysis. We examined the use of plain RVCs versus RVCs with infixes in parent input and children's spontaneous speech using a cross-sectional corpus and a longitudinal corpus. RVCs with infixes were found to be very rare in both parent input and child production. Study 2 is an experimental elicitation task targeting RVC infixation. Children between 3;0 and 5;0 performed exceptionally well, producing target responses when primed with structurally related probes in discourse-appropriate contexts. There was no difference in children's performance related to age or the type of infix (i.e., -bu- vs -de-). Children's early competence with RVC infixation, which is infrequent in input, runs counter to the usage-based approach that emphasizes item-based learning. Rather, by age three, Mandarin-speaking children have developed a representation of the RVC as two distinct morphemes for encoding complex event structure. This representation facilitates acquisition of the infixes with very little input data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to explore the predictors and patterns of home health care among older adults in Shanghai, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Yangpu and Pudong Districts of Shanghai from August to September of 2015. A total of 982 eligible seniors were chosen for interviews based on a stratified random sample. Four home health care patterns were identified through an exploratory factor analysis: daily living care, skilled nursing care, chronic care, and episodic care. Findings suggest that need factors have more influence on home health care use than predisposing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude of the HIV and syphilis epidemic among Chinese men ages 50 and older is unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterise and compare the prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections; linkage to care among those infected with HIV; and the geographic distribution of the two epidemics among elderly men who have sex with men (MSM) and non-MSM in Shanghai, China. This cross-sectional study involved 12,910 men ages 50 and above who participated in the HIV voluntary and counselling testing programme each year from 2008 to 2014. HIV prevalence among MSM in our sample ranged between 4.9% and 15.4%, while syphilis frequency among non-MSM decreased from 26.0% to 18.7%. Further, in 2014, MSM participants had a higher HIV prevalence than non-MSM (4.9% vs 1.8%), whereas syphilis was higher in older non-MSM compared to MSM (18.7% vs 12.4%). Among those infected with HIV, 121/211 (53.75%) of participants were linked to HIV treatment, where the linkage rate was comparable to that in Kunming [Zhao, S., Zhao, G., Zhang, W., liao, B., Chu C., Wang J., & Li, L. (2015). Compare the difference of efficiency between voluntary counseling testing and provider-initiated testing counseling for identifying HIV/AIDS in Kunming. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD, 21(7), 623-625]. The high burden of HIV and syphilis among men ages 50 and older in Shanghai, China highlights the need to target older Chinese men, both MSM and non-MSM, with prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence has been regarded as an essential component for understanding individuals' behaviour in online environments. Drawing upon self-determination theory (SDT), this study examines the impact of presence in online shopping markets. The conceptual model is examined with data collected from TaoBao. The findings indicate that telepresence is positively associated with consumers' autonomy and stickiness, while social presence is positively associated with consumers' relatedness and stickiness. Furthermore, stickiness mediates both the relationship between autonomy and purchase intention, and the relationship between relatedness and purchase intention. Having introduced a new perspective of SDT, this study explains how presence significantly influences consumers' psychological need satisfaction, attitude and behaviour, and confirms the critical role of presence in online shopping markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitude among mothers of newborns regarding infant hearing loss (HL) in Changsha, Hunan province, China.Design: A questionnaire including 18 items was given to mothers.Study sample: A total of 115 mothers participated in the study.Results: Seven risk factors for hearing loss were identified correctly by above 60% of respondents and the top three were prolonged noise (88.7%), high fever (82.6%) and ear discharge (82.6%). Poor knowledge was demonstrated on risk factors jaundice (20.0%), measles (22.6%), convulsion (33.0%) and traditional Chinese medicine (39.1%). Maternal knowledge scores in identification and intervention (2.68 ± 0.31) was slightly higher than the score in risk factors (2.47 ± 0.34). Ninety-nine per cent of the mothers expressed the willingness to test baby’s hearing soon after birth and concern about hearing.Conclusions: Mothers were concerned about baby’s hearing and the attitude was positive. However, the correct recognition rate towards some risk factors for HL was low. Action needs to be taken to raise awareness about ear and hearing care, prevent HL caused by preventable causes and prompt early identification, early diagnosis and intervention of HL. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To observe the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) gene and sport performance and to analyse genotype associations of the associated SNPs with sport performance and relative maximal oxygen uptake (...O2max). Participants were selected from 685 Chinese Han male college students. The completion times of a 1000-m run and a 50-m run were used to reflect sport performance, respectively. Nineteen tagSNPs were genotyped with Polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction. Relative ...O2max was directly determined with a cardiopulmonary function analyser. A significant association was found between rs2256292 and 1000-m run performance, but no significant association was found between any tagSNPs and 50-m run performance. The genotype associations of rs2256292 with 1000-m run performance and with relative ...O2max were both significant under the recessive model (CC vs. CG + GG). No tagSNP in NNMT is significantly associated with 50-m run performance but rs2256292 is significantly associated with 1000-m run performance. The genotype associations of rs2256292 with sport performance are significant under recessive model, and a higher relative ...O2max may be the physiological reason for minor homozygote CC carriers being of the better 1000-m runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether and how real-time feedback of dynamic foot pressure index (DFPI) could be used to correct toe-walking gait in spastic diplegic children with dynamic equinus. Methods: Thirteen spastic diplegic children with dynamic equinus were asked to wear a monitoring device to record their ambulation during daily gait, conventional training gait, and feedback training gait. Parameters based on their DFPI and stride duration were compared among the three test conditions. Results: The results with feedback training were significantly better for all DFPI parameters in comparison to patients' daily gait and showed significant improvements in DFPI for toe-walking gait and percentage of normal gait in comparison to conventional training methods. Moreover, stride duration under two training gaits was longer than patient's daily gait, but there was no significant difference between the two training gaits. Conclusions: Although the stride duration for the two training gaits was similar, gait training with realtime feedback of DFPI did produce noticeably superior results by increasing heel-loading impulse of toewalking gait and percentage of normal gait in comparison to convention training methods. However, its effectiveness was still impacted by the motion limitations of diplegic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the production of fricatives by prelingually deafened Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). Method: Fourteen cochlear implant (CI) children (2.9–8.3 years old) and 60 age-matched normal-hearing (NH) children were recorded producing a list of 13 Mandarin words with four fricatives, /f, s, ɕ, ʂ/, occurring at the syllable-initial position evoked with a picture-naming task. Two phonetically-trained native Mandarin speakers transcribed the fricative productions. Acoustic analysis was conducted to examine acoustic measures including duration, normalised amplitude, spectral peak location and four spectral moments. Result: The CI children showed much lower accuracy rates and more diverse error patterns on all four fricatives than their NH peers. Among these four fricatives, both CI and NH children showed the highest rate of mispronunciation of /s/. The acoustic results showed that the speech of the CI children differed from the NH children in spectral peak location, normalised amplitude, spectral mean and spectral skewness. In addition, the fricatives produced by the CI children showed less distinctive patterns of acoustic measures relative to the NH children. Conclusion: In general, these results indicate that the CI children have not established distinct categories for the Mandarin fricatives in terms of the place of articulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reports the validation of the Chinese versions of the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS), the short form of Stigma of Suicide Scale (SOSS), and the short form of Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) among 57 Chinese and English bilinguals and 224 Chinese university students. All the translated scales showed high correlations with the original versions. The translated SIDAS and refined SOSS demonstrated robust factor structures, good internal consistency, and convergent validity. Chinese students with self-reported depression symptoms tended to have higher glorification of suicide and lower suicide literacy. These brief scales fill an important gap in evaluating suicide outcomes in Chinese-speaking societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]