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The purpose of this article is to synthesize the relevant research literatures in order to conceptualize Black immigrant students' socialization and identity transformation, thereby finding more effective ways to work with this group. Providing Asian immigrant students as a comparison group, this article identifies and analyzes the commonalities and intra- intergroup variations in vulnerabilities, strengths, and resources within youth, family, and immigrant communities. The authors advocate three additive approaches (understanding identity needs, bridging the divisions between Black immigrants and Black Americans, and engaging ethnic communities) that educators may use to help Black immigrant teens in their initial and continuing adaptation to U.S. schools and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people describe the Cuban community in Miami as a prime example of ethnic solidarity; others see it as internally divided. This study argues that the contradiction can be resolved when ethnic solidarity is seen as encompassing various components and when changes in cohesiveness in response to external and internal influences on the ethnic community are taken into account. These influences include the context of reception in the United States and the relationship between established Cubans and more recent immigrants. We need to refine our understanding of what constitutes ethnic solidarity, how it changes over time, and what role it plays, both within the community in general and within the ethnic-enclave economy in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]