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The paper explores how second-generation Turkish-German 'returnees' benefit from their "inbetweenness" in their ancestral homeland and initiate a process of re-inventing themselves as 'transcultural mediators'. A thematic-narrative analysis was undertaken on 43 in-depth interviews with second-generation Turkish-German 'return' migrants to Antalya who had acquired jobs in the tourism sector. The paper unpacks how this tourism hub provides "third spaces" distanced from prominent national and diasporic identities, and the ways in which these liberating spaces encourage the lifestyle-oriented, cosmopolitan second-generation 'returnees' to re-position themselves in their translocal social fields. The findings illustrate how the second generation, who formerly endured "being twice a stranger" in Germany and Turkey, undertake a process of transculturation in Antalya, and utilize their "transcultural capital" (i.e. bilingual skills, bi- multilingualism, translocal habitus) to perform different aspects of their multiple and hybrid identities, gain economic independence and build social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore how institutional actors push or resist equality, diversity and inclusion in light of power relations in their respective country contexts. We conducted interviews with a range of institutional actors, including governmental organizations, employer representatives, unions, professional associations, and civil society organizations working on EDI issues in Germany and Turkey, two countries with very different socioeconomic and political settings. Our findings suggest that EDI fields are structured by country-specific power relations: they appear as competitively dispersed in Germany and politically polarized in Turkey, depending on the social position of the actors and the type of field fragmentation. These field characteristics, in turn, nurture different patterns of actors' strategies such as framing and mobilizing aimed at maintaining or disrupting the institutionalized status quo of EDI. We propose that a critical, power-sensitive institutional work approach to EDI is a useful lens through which to examine extra-organizational country contexts in international HRM research and, in particular, context-sensitive studies of EDI. As a practical implication, EDI and HR managers will be sensitized to the relevance of building coalitions with external stakeholders if they are to advance EDI within their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests if Turkish real exchange rates have a linear unit root or are generated by an Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive Model for the post-1980 period. Using two real exchange rates, one with the United States and the other with Germany, strong evidence of nonlinear stationarity was found for the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based series but no such evidence for the DM CPI-based series. When compared with earlier results in a previous paper where the alternative of the linear unit root test was stationarity with multiple shifts in the deterministic terms, it was found that similar results were obtained U.S. CPI-based series but not for the DM CPI-based series, possibly implying that the multiple shifts approach may be more appropriate for the Turkish series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of a comparative qualitative study of Turks who migrated to Istanbul from elsewhere in the country, and Turks who immigrated to Berlin. The main objective of the study is to describe and explain the segregation process affecting Turks in both cities. As the paper focuses on the process of segregation, the article follows the three basic stages along which the history of Turkish (im)migration to Germany and Istanbul has proceeded: the labour migrant stage, the family reunification stage and the settlement stage. Voices of (im)migrants are presented throughout the paper by reflecting their perceptions, values, experiences and dilemmas. The paper argues that internal differences within immigrant groups deserve more attention in order to better understand why some of them, despite being able to afford it, do not move out of concentration areas for better housing opportunities. In this context, the paper focuses on the internal cultural differentiation of Turkish migrants in Istanbul and Turkish immigrants in Berlin, with particular reference to their highly divergent religious understandings. We argue that conservatism—especially when it takes its roots from Islamism—has played an important role in shaping the residential preferences and choices of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the cyclical interactions between the remittances of Turkish workers in Germany and output in both Turkey and Germany. Our analysis introduces a new data set covering 1962 to 2004, never used before in the research literature and considered to be a more reliable source than the data sets used in other studies. By dividing the original sample into recruitment, family reunification, and naturalization periods, we show that the duration of migrants' stay in the host country affects the direction and strength of the relation between remittances and the host and home countries' business cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the way the predictability of prosodic patterns in a particular language influences the processing of stress information by native speakers of that language. We extend previous findings where speakers of languages with predictable stress had difficulties to process and represent stress information when confronted with a language with distinctive stress and investigate how the co-existence of a predictable stress pattern and exceptions to that regularity within a single language influences prosodic processing. The stress system of Turkish constitutes an instructive test case since it employs predictable stress on the final syllable of a prosodic word (e.g.,mısır“corn”) and some exceptional nonfinal stress (e.g.,mısır“Egypt”). Results from an event-related potential (ERP) study on stress violations in Turkish trisyllabic words showed asymmetrical ERP responses for different stress violations: Stress violations with final stress produced an N400 effect whereas violations with nonfinal stress produced a P300 effect. The application of the predictable pattern to words with lexical stress led to lexical costs and the application of exceptional stress to words with default stress to effects reflecting the evaluation of this pattern. Although final stress constitutes no alternative pattern for words with exceptional stress, participants have difficulties to judge this pattern as incorrect. In contrast, exceptional stress patterns are detected easily when applied incorrectly to words that normally receive final stress. These findings demonstrate nicely the co-existence of two phonological processing routines in Turkish speakers. Furthermore, the variability of stress patterns does not affect prosodic processing in general but instead leads to differential effects in stress perception. We conclude that stress predictability does not homogenously result in the so-called “stress deafness” effects in stress processing, but that it rather emerges only for the default stress pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the determinants of the bank savings and fixed assets of Turkish migrants residing in Germany. We find that migrants with firmer roots in Germany are more likely to hold savings and fixed assets in Germany, and those with stronger links to Turkey are more likely to hold savings and fixed assets in Turkey. As expected, income is a positive determinant of savings and fixed assets in both countries. Although age has a positive impact on savings and fixed assets in Turkey, it has a negative impact on savings in Germany. These results shed new light on Turkish migrants' short- and long-term savings in Turkey and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language disorders, and Specific Language Impairment (SLI), have been extensively studied in a number of different, though thus far almost exclusively Indoeuropean, languages. For other languages such as Turkish, Vietnamese, or Arabic, however, findings on the outcome of SLI are rare. In this context, the growing number of migrant children in European countries with a variety of first languages can be seen as a challenge to linguistics and to language assessment: The lack of empirical findings on SLI in these languages brings up the question of how the impairment is manifested in bilingual children with a migrant background. In order for a language disorder to correctly be labelled SLI, it needs to be identified in both languages. This paper presents findings from a study examining the grammatical features of Turkish first language acquisition in Germany, while focusing on Turkish case morphology. For this purpose, it compares the data of three typically-developing children and two children with deviant language development. Moreover, it presents a first interpretation of the outcome of grammatical SLI in bilingual Turkish children and discusses suggestions for diagnostic assessment procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents statistical and qualitative data on the response of Turkish immigrants and their descendants living in Germany to the changes in the German citizenship 'reform' of 1999. My findings suggest that the effects of the new citizenship and naturalisation regulations on Turkish immigrants were mediated by their generational status and the time period in which they arrived or were raised in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 has had an impact on almost every aspect of life throughout the world. The quarantine, limited social life, and fear of contamination have triggered psychological symptoms in societies. The need for mental health services has increased, and online psychological counselling, which provides psychological help with no risk of infection, has become more popular. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 on psychological counselling services and compare the general situation of publications on online psychological counselling before and during the pandemic. For this purpose, 463 publications related to online psychological counselling in the Web of Science (WoS) database were examined. The results were discussed in the context of trends and differences before and during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As two of the major countries that received Syrians during the exodus led by the civil war, Turkey and Germany have responded to this wave of migration with different asylum and migration management schemes. These responses have created a significant disparity between the family constellations of Syrian refugees in these countries and have produced different outcomes at the intersections of familial care arrangements and citizenship statuses. This article foregrounds kinship as a system of relatedness founded on gendered care practices, and the 'kin-contract' as the patriarchal scaffolding of familial entitlements and obligations in the lives of Syrian migrants. Based on ethnographic research in Istanbul and narrative research in Berlin and Leipzig, it compares the effects of the migration and citizenship regimes of Turkey and Germany on the experience and consequences of this 'kin-contract' in refugees' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the asymmetric effect of exchange rate volatilities on Turkey's bilateral trade with Germany over the period between 2002:1 and 2020:2. This study uses the Markov Regime Switching model to analysis the effect of the real exchange rate changes on the bilateral trade volume of Turkey with Germany throughout the periods of expansion and contraction in the trade volume. The results obtained reveal that the changes in real exchange rate have positive impact on the bilateral trade balance in the expansion period, despite there is no statistically significant evidence in the contraction period. This study also concludes the J-curve is valid in Turkey and Germany's bilateral trade relations because of the export-boosting effect of the real exchange rate in the expansion period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a great deal of research has shown the positive effects of mindfulness on mental health, some studies have provided evidence that mindfulness can have negative consequences. However, not much is known about the conditions that can account for such negative effects. We examined the moderating roles of difficulties in emotion regulation and basic psychological need frustration in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological ill-being. Longitudinal data were collected at three points in time during a 6-month period from two adult samples in Turkey and Germany. Self-report measures were used to measure ill-being, mindfulness, emotion regulation difficulties, and need frustration. In the German sample, difficulties in emotion regulation and need frustration were related to ill-being, but there were no significant interactions. In the Turkish sample, need frustration predicted ill-being, and the interaction between mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation also predicted ill-being. Mindfulness was a protective factor among people with no major difficulties in emotion regulation, whereas it was a risk factor among those with emotion regulation difficulties. The findings suggest that the relationship between mindfulness and ill-being may be more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey requested big and influential military advisory missions against the Russian threat both from Germany in 1913 and America in 1947. Although these missions were charged with revitalising an antiquated armed force to fight a modern war as soon as possible, in reality Turkish leaders saw both missions as the first step towards a comprehensive military alliance against the Russians. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the Korean War in 1950 provided chances to induce Germany and America to agree upon Turkish desires for long-term military alliance. The military missions had to transform themselves and assumed duties other than those originally contemplated. In both cases a snowballing process of growth started in a relatively short time. The inflow of thousands of military personnel, most of whom were independent of the mission command and pursued different objectives, resulted in fragmentation and sometimes anarchy. There were many similarities between the experiences of both missions. They both suffered from ignorance, insensitivity, and cultural prejudices due to their poor linguistic and cultural preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the climatic influence on COVID-19 transmission risks in 228 cities globally across three climatic zones. The results, based on the application of a Boosted Regression Tree algorithm method, show that average temperature and average relative humidity explain significant variations in COVID-19 transmission across temperate and subtropical regions, whereas in the tropical region, the average diurnal temperature range and temperature seasonality significantly predict the infection outbreak. The number of positive cases showed a decrease sharply above an average temperature of 10°C in the cities of France, Turkey, the US, the UK, and Germany. Among the tropical countries, COVID-19 in Indian cities is most affected by mean diurnal temperature, and those in Brazil by temperature seasonality. The findings have implications on public health interventions, and contribute to the ongoing scientific and policy discourse on the complex interplay of climatic factors determining the risks of COVID-19 transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aging society characterized by rising numbers of people in need of assistance and care poses tremendous challenges for care services, hospitals, families, and the whole society. Using assisting technologies represents a potential support and relief for aged individuals, people in need of care, and their caregivers. Despite their advantages, existing concerns and barriers regarding these technologies (e.g., data security, privacy) impede the user's acceptance. Beyond that, acceptance and the perception of technology-related benefits and barriers depend on the diversity of the future users: e.g., their cultural background as well as attitudes toward aging and care. Applying an online questionnaire, this article aims at an exemplary comparison of Turkish and German participants' perceptions and acceptance of using lifelogging cameras as technical application. This study investigates how participants of the two countries handle and evaluate the topics aging and care, and to what extent these attitudes are connected with the perception and acceptance of assisting technologies. Findings revealed significant differences between Turkish and German participants' attitudes, their perceptions of benefits and barriers as well as acceptance of lifelogging cameras. The results indicated that assisting technologies have to be tailored specifically to the respective users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced income upon retirement is a vulnerability threat, which increases dependency on public provisions, familial, and/or social (community) support. Many German retirees, in addition to lifestyle motivations, move to low-cost destinations in order to maintain an autonomous and independent life while minimizing the risks of financial worsening. In this article, I discuss the vulnerability patterns of German retirees in the Mediterranean coastal town of Alanya, Turkey, and the role of social networks, with a particular focus on intergenerational family relations. I argue that, despite increased life satisfaction, relocation to a new destination abroad results in new emerging threats. German retirees in Alanya experience difficulties in terms of a lack of intergenerational family support and the double jeopardy of being framed by the legal regulations of two nation states. Based on the findings of the empirical research conducted in Alanya in 2017, I will demonstrate new threats emerged after relocation and how retirees respond to those with new coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The analyses address the following research questions: (1) Do Turkish diabetics in Germany and Turkey differ in terms of quality of life? (2) If yes, can these differences (in part) be explained by social factors (age, gender, education, household size), functional limitations and availability of support? (3) Are social factors, functional limitations and availability of support differently associated with quality of life among Turkish diabetics in Germany and Turkey? Design. For this comparative cross-sectional study, 111 patients with type 2 diabetes were personally interviewed in Istanbul (Turkey) and 294 Turkish patients in Hamburg (Germany). For quality of life measurement we have used the Turkish version of the WHOQOL-Bref-26. Sociodemographics included age, sex, education and household-size. Health related functional limitations were assessed on the basis of an index of (instrumental) activities of daily living including the availability of help. Statistical analyses were conducted on group comparisons with Chi-square- andT-tests as well as linear regressions. Results. There are no significant differences between Turkish diabetics in Germany and Turkey in the physical and the psychological dimensions of the WHOQOL-Bref. However, in the WHOQOL-domains ‘social QoL’ and ‘environmental QoL’ Turkish diabetics living in Hamburg have a significantly better quality of life than their counterparts in Istanbul. These differences cannot be explained by individual sociodemographic factors, functional limitations and availability of support. Furthermore, we found much stronger positive associations between education and quality of life in Istanbul than in Hamburg. Conclusion. Beyond strong similarities between the two samples in sociodemographics, physical and mental health the social and environmental quality of life was significantly assessed better by the Turkish diabetics living in Hamburg. This is most likely an effect of public investment in social security, infrastructure and health care which is also influencing the decision as to where to spend life in retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The fading credibility of Turkey's European Union (EU) membership perspective has undermined the conditionality strategy of the EU. However, outside of the formal setting of the accession talks, twinning projects are considered as a tool to keep Europeanization processes on track. Based on the principle of partnership, these projects aim to induce domestic change via social learning. However, this case study of a twinning project concerning the training of the Turkish National Police reveals interaction characterized by strategic rather than social learning. This was due to the dominance of personal/organizational interests and the negative effects of Turkey's uncertain accession prospects. This suggests that, in the absence of a credible membership perspective, the aim of using twinning as a tool for fostering change via persuasion and socialization may be overambitious. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute one of the fastest-growing categories of disease in Germany, including among people with a background of migration. Although a growing number of epidemiological studies attempt to explain the course of migrants’ health, the extent to which cultural factors affect individual patients’ perception of and strategies for prevention of CVD (as a primary deterrent) remains clearly understudied. This pilot study describes the results of a qualitative research project based on content analysis that explores Turkish migrants’ understanding and perception of health and disease prevention and the degree to which they take advantage of health-related social services as they pertain to CVD. An important objective of the study was to explore the relationship between interviewees’ cultural background and their perceptions of health and prevention. Findings are first that despite an awareness of healthy living and disease prevention, formal healthcare is avoided unless acute illness/pain is experienced, and second that cultural factors are complex when it comes to perceptions and acceptance of disease prevention strategies. Avenues for much needed further qualitative research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Concerns over a possible brain drain and a failed integration policy have been raised by the emigration of qualified persons of Turkish origin. However, there is little reliable data available regarding the profile and the motivations for this in the Germany-trained workforce. In order to explore the relative importance of different migration motivations, an online survey (n = 128) and interviews with selected respondents were conducted. The main finding is that family-related reasons are the most important factor in emigration to Turkey. In contrast, a negative career outlook and/or experience of discrimination in Germany, highlighted in public discourse, played only a secondary or even tertiary role. Instead, motivations for emigration of persons with and without a migration background are often similar, reflecting the increased mobility in a globalised world – a factor confirmed by the fact that a significant number of respondents expressed an intention to return to Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fatih Akın's Auf der anderen Seite ( The Edge of Heaven/Yaşamın Kıyısında, 2007) tells the intersecting stories of three sets of characters who move between Germany and Turkey. Filmed when Turkey's application for membership of the European Union was under consideration, The Edge of Heaven contests essentialist constructions of cultural identity. Akın presents a counter-hegemonic narrative that acknowledges the particularity of Turkey and Turkish culture without losing sight of its affinities with European Germany. This essay examines how Akın's filmic treatment of cultural affinities, differences, and hybridity with colour, sound, and the mise en scène subverts Germany's authoritative position at the centre of European culture and re-evaluates Turkey's designation as peripheral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported the specific findings of a larger comparative study concerning Turkish and German mathematics teachers' values. The main focus was on the teaching experience of the mathematics teachers. Interactions related to nationality were also of interest. The research methodology employed in this study was a descriptive study. The teachers involved in the study were 27 German and 33 Turkish mathematics teachers. A five-point Likert-type questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics for analysis. Effect size coefficients were also calculated. The results showed that: (a) the teaching experience between the countries has a significant effect on the values and (b) both Turkish and German math teachers' level of experience does not have a significant impact on their values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplomatic correspondence during the period 1878–83 offers a unique insight into the tension between humanitarian and geostrategic considerations in German and British foreign policy in the aftermath of the Congress of Berlin. During this period, Germany followed the lead of Britain in adhering to an Eastern policy that favoured the introduction of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that would alleviate the position of the Armenian minority. The more strident Gladstonian stance towards the Ottoman Empire initiated in the early 1880s, however, led to the perception that the intransigence of British liberals on the Armenian issue was in fact a means by which Britain sought to recalibrate its position in Anatolia, even at the expense of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the concomitant threat of a general European war. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article studies the multiple connections between contemporary structures of German and Turkish citizenship, and German-Turkish migrants' own practices of citizenship transcending national borders. Hence, the citizenship structures of the two countries and the ways in which they shape and are shaped by the migrants' civic activism shall be exposed in a dialogical way. It will be argued that German-Turks constitute a transnational space, making it imperative that the existing institutions of citizenship in both countries respond to their globalized and transnationalized experiences. Addressing the literature on transnational space, citizenship studies, diaspora studies and cultural studies, and referring to a survey conducted among German-Turks, this work will briefly refer to the production of transnational space by immigrants of Turkish origin and their descendants in Germany and the use they make of the means of globalization, which provide them with a set of diversified habitats of meaning away from their country of origin. Subsequently, it will claim that the traditional framework of national citizenship has been superseded as transmigrants have become mobile between their countries of origin and of settlement in a way that may require dual citizenship as well as dual loyalty, allegiance and orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article we research the main discourses in Germany and Turkey on Turkish accession to the European Union. As we argue, these discourses may easily affect the current accession negotiations, through statements made by national political leaders. We identify three distinct discourses in Germany (multiculturalism, European consolidation and cultural incompatibility) and three in Turkey (Euro-optimism, pacta sunt servanda and Turkish pride and independence). Most of the discourses we found, in both Germany and Turkey, are incompatible with Turkish accession and will make Turkish accession a tough call. Even if further enlargement has significant economic benefits, emotional arguments appear to play an important role in setting the pace of European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the transnational Alevi Muslim community in Berlin, Vienna, and Istanbul suggests that the Muslim identities and political agendas that seek recognition in Europe are largely made in Europe and hence are indigenous to Europe. Thus it is the political, legal, and social context of the post-Cold War European Union and the unique conditions of individual European countries that shape the way Muslim communities define themselves in that sociopolitical geography. These new identities that come into being at the core of Europe transform the debates and definitions of Islam in the Muslim-majority peripheries of Europe rather than vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent "headscarf affair" has created a divisive national crisis in several European countries. Like Turkey, France and Germany have introduced legislation prohibiting "conspicuous" religious symbols in government institutions. The article argues that interpretations of 'Muslim' female head covering as a sign of oppression ignore their resemblance to European symbols of ideal womanhood. The question of the 'ethnicity' of the symbol is thus elusive, and the assertion of categorical difference can be challenged on the level of citizenship law. Recent amendments to German citizenship law based on jus sanguinis have eased immigrants' adoption of citizenship, diminishing the contrast with the French jus soli. Thus, in Germany there has been a shift from the emphasis on the transmission of substance toward display of cultural competence through other forms of embodiment. In both Germany and France, in key social locations of state reproduction, national belonging and loyalty to the state must be demonstrated through linguistic competence and modes of bodily performance that mainly focus on women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines country-of-origin (COO) effect in purchase intentions as a result chocolate of tasting. The application of experimental method, which is not widely recognized in COO literature, constitutes the major importance of this study. An experiment of 2 conditions (COO known/unknown) is conducted with 60 MBA/PhD students. Data is collected after tasting procedure in terms of participant's purchasing preferences as A/B/C/D in the first and Turkish/German/Holland/Switzerland made in the second experimental condition. Findings indicate that intention to purchase proportions substantially changes, both favorably and unfavorably, when COO was revealed. The findings of the study provide some implications to foreign companies searching growth opportunities in Turkish food industry market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the identity dimensions of French and German attitudes towards European Union (EU)-Turkey relations. Over the years, identity-based arguments opposing Turkey's accession to the EU have been strongest in France and Germany compared to other major members. In both France and Germany, the Union for a Popular Movement and the Christian Democratic parties, respectively, have positioned themselves against Turkish EU membership, claiming it will be a privileged partnership since Turkey is not a European country. In various surveys conducted, many EU members showed their lack of affection for Turkey in terms of the EU Enlargement. The 3 basic elements that constitute a European identity include geography, history and religion.

On the basis of return migration of Christians to Mardin (Turkey) and the location of migrants in Essen's (Germany) nomination for the European Capital of Culture, this article focuses on the interface between urban restructuration, cultural diversity and migrant incorporation in the context of neo-liberal globalization. Despite the growing literature on the new role of culture in urban economics, scant attention has been given to the place of immigrants/returnees in urban dynamics and in the repositioning struggle between cities within and across border. This article aims to bring together the field of (transnational) migration and studies on culture in scalar politics. It argues that the structural changes taking place in the cities of migrants' departure and settlement shape the nature of migrant incorporation and transnationalism, the narratives about migrants' place in urban development, and the venues of translating cultural diversity into a competitive advantage in scalar politics. On the basis of the role migrants/returnees play in the involvement of supranational actors like the EU in Mardin and Essen in the prospects of urban development, this article draws attention to the impact of supranational actors in shaping territorial inequalities, as well as the local trajectories of urban politics. Finally, it raises questions about special European dynamics in changing imaginaries and topographies of cultural diversity in Europe, which go beyond conventional schemes of multiculturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the life and works of political figure Alexander Israel Helphand. Role of Helphand in the political and intellectual life of Russia, Germany, and Turkey; Influence of Helphand on the making of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1947 in Russia; Life of Helphand in Germany and Russia.

The article discusses the intelligence war in Turkey between the German Intelligence Service and the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) during World War II. Turkey was strategically importance as it is located in a commanding position across the maritime route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Since the invasion of Turkey by Germany became more likely in the last months of 1940 the Special Operations Executive (SOE) was among the British secret organizations which planned or carried out crucial subversive work against the Axis in Turkey. In this intelligence war between Germany and Britain in Turkey, the Goeland Shipping Co. found itself at the centre of the secret work when war was declared in 1939.

Ethnic separatism often has consequences for countries other than traditional homelands. The Kurdish separatist movement presents a prime example of the diffusion of contention as hunger strikes, protest marches, and terrorist bombings in Germany indicate there is a mobilized Kurdish separatist movement outside of Turkey. Germany is now faced with dilemmas concerning internal policy towards its Kurdish residents as well as tenuous external relations with Turkey. This study examines the diffusion of Kurdish separatist contention to Germany, coordinated by the Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (Workers' Party of Kurdistan) or PKK. To examine these relationships, the study presents a transnational mobilization model and 1) traces the origin of Kurdish discontent in Turkey and the spilling of Kurdish activism into Germany through migration, diffusion, and activism; 2) examines the efforts of the PKK to mobilize the Kurdish population in Germany; and 3) the consequences of such activism for Germany, Turkey and the Kurdish activists in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the Turkish-German relations leading up to World War II. Economic relations between Turkey and Germany; Repercussions of the 1936 Montreux Straits Convention in Switzerland; Consequences of dependency; Reaction of Germany to Turkish-British joint declaration.

Presents a biographical sketch of Armin Theophil Wegner, a German pacifist and humanist who was eyewitness to the appalling extermination in 1915 of the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire. Courageous efforts to rescue the cause of the Armenians from oblivion; Political affiliations and activities; Reputation as a writer; Arrest by the Gestapo in 1933.