Search

This retrospective study examined progress towards diversity at the intersection of gender and ethnicity amongst senior higher education academics and managers in England and Wales. The study aimed to assess any evidence of competing diversity agendas and the impact of diversity initiatives on female racial minorities. This study investigates the advancement of diversity at the nexus of gender and ethnicity within senior academic and management roles in higher education across England and Wales. Using employment records of senior staff from higher education institutions were used to assess trends in race and gender, it retrospectively examines trends in employment for ethnic minority women and the effectiveness of diversity awards from 2012 to 2019. We also collected data on the receipt of Athena SWAN or Race Equality Charter awards by higher education institutions. Mixed-effects modelling was employed to analyse the correlation between institutions awarded the Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze and variances in the representation of women from racial minorities. Results indicate that the representation of ethnic minority females in senior roles showed a marked increase over the study period. However, disparities were observed, with Black females showing fewer signs of advancement. Institutions that received Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze awards demonstrated increasing gender and racial diversity, with no evidence of competing diversity effects. The study found evidence of progress in advancing gender and ethnic diversity in senior academic and leadership positions in higher education in England and Wales. Despite this, certain racial groups, such as Black females, faced greater challenges in advancement. The positive impact of diversity initiatives was observed, with no evidence of conflicting diversity agendas. Further research is recommended to investigate structural factors affecting ethnic minorities in higher education, and to assess the potential influences of external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic on the diversity agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional approach of mobile crowd estimation involves counting a group of individuals at a specific place, manually, in real-time. It is a laborious exercise that can be physically and mentally demanding. In Hong Kong, a large rally can last more than six hours, making the manual count method susceptible to human errors. While crowd counting using object detection and tracking has been well-established in computer vision, such application has remained relatively small scale within a controlled indoor setting (e.g. counting people at fixed gateways in a mall). No attempt to date has applied the automatic crowd counting method to count hundreds of thousands of people along an open stretch of rally route within the complex urban outdoor landscape. This research proposed an integrated approach that combines the capture-recapture method in statistics and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method in computer vision to count the mobile crowd. The research teams implemented the integrative approach and counted 276,970 people with a 95% confidence interval of 263,663 to 290,276 in the 2019, July 1st Rally in Hong Kong. This work counted the attendance of a large-scale rally as a proof of concept to fill in a gap in the empirical studies. The intellectual merits and research findings shed useful insights to improve mobile population estimation and leverage alternative data sources to support related scientific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Suicide in young adulthood is a vital public health concern. There have been few systematic studies that examined the prevalence and transition of suicidal ideation classes in young adults and the factors associated with the transition. Methods: This two-wave survey recruited 1269 young adults (Mean age = 24.0 years, 70.1% males) in Hong Kong. The participants completed the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale, Chinese Health Questionnaire, and help-seeking behaviors in 2018 and 2019. Latent profile analysis was used to classify the participants into latent classes of suicidal ideation with substantive checking under the 3-step approach. Latent transition analysis with measurement invariance examined the transition among the latent classes from 2018 to 2019 and the associations with help-seeking behaviors and change in psychological distress. Results: Three latent classes of suicidal ideation were identified and over two-thirds of the participants belonged to the Low-risk class with minimal suicidal ideation. The prevalence of the High-risk class dropped from 10.2 to 7.2%, while that of the Moderate-risk class remained stable from 2018 to 2019. Increases in psychological distress predicted higher probabilities to remain at or transit into more risky classes. Engagement in help-seeking behaviors showed differential transitions in suicidal ideation across time. Conclusion: The findings suggest three latent classes of suicidal ideation with distinct profiles among the young adults. Deterioration in psychological distress showed a temporal effect on worsening of suicidal ideation over a 1-year period. Future studies should elucidate the comparative effectiveness of help-seeking behaviors via online and offline channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Suicide rates are generally higher in men than in women. Men's higher suicide mortality is often attributed to public-life adversities, such as unemployment. Building on the theory that men's suicide vulnerability is also related to their private-life behaviors, particularly men's low engagement in family carework, this ecological study explored the association between men's family carework, unemployment, and suicide. Methods: Family-carework data for twenty Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries were obtained from the OECD Family Database. Sex-specific age-standardized suicide rates came from the Global Burden of Disease dataset. The association between men's engagement in family carework and suicide rates by sex was estimated, with OECD's unemployment-benefits index and United-Nations' Human Development-Index (HDI) evaluated as controls. The moderation of men's carework on the unemployment-suicide relationship was also assessed. Results: Overall and sex-specific suicide rates were lower in countries where men reported more family carework. In these countries, higher unemployment rates were not associated with higher male suicide rates. In countries where men reported less family carework, higher unemployment was associated with higher male suicide rates, independent of country's HDI. Unemployment benefits were not associated with suicide rates. Men's family carework moderated the association between unemployment and suicide rates. Conclusion: This study's findings that higher levels of men's family carework were associated with lower suicide mortality, especially among men and under high-unemployment conditions, point to the suicide-protective potential of men's family carework. They are consistent with evidence that where gender equality is greater, men's and women's well-being, health, and longevity are greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The risk of death from suicide after self-poisoning has been known to be significantly higher as compared to the general population. Nevertheless, the change in suicide risk before and after self-poisoning is still unclear. Methods: The database of territory-wide medical records collected by the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong was used to identify inpatients who have survived the first-ever self-poisoning but died by suicide between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2010. A self-controlled case series ("SCCS") design controlling for time-invariant patient confounders was used to explore the temporal change in suicide risk after the first self-poisoning episode. Results: During the study period, 227 people in the database died from suicide after surviving one episode of self-poisoning. A significant increase of the risk of suicide in the first 12 months after the first lifetime self-poisoning—Risk Ratio ("RR") 2.88 (95% CI 1.74–4.76)—was detected. The RR gradually returned to baseline levels after the second post-poisoning period. Conclusion: By within-person comparison, the net increase of the suicide risk caused by the first self-poisoning was quantitatively modeled, demonstrating that the first lifetime self-poisoning event itself is a modifiable risk factor of subsequent suicide death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were over 200 million internal migrants in China and their wellbeing is of great concern to the development of China. However, injury-related mortalities of the migrants, especially accidental drownings, were not uncommon, yet rarely studied. This study investigates accidental drownings in Pudong, Shanghai (2004–2017). Accidental drownings of the migrants in the police files were extracted (n = 363). Those of the local permanent residents were used as the comparison group (n = 160). Poisson regressions were used to estimate the rate ratios and the annual percentage change ("APC"). Child migrants aged 0–14 years were much more vulnerable to accidental drownings than their local counterparts (p < 0.001). The migrants had a declining trend of drowning (APC, − 11.2; 95% CI, − 13.0 to − 8.3). However, the local people aged 65 and above had an increasing trend (APC, 8.2; 95% CI, 1.6 to 15.9). In Shanghai, the drowning rates of child migrants were extremely high, whereas the adult migrants' were at the middle-lower level around the world. Supervision from social workers or community services is recommended to reduce the risks of accidental drowning in child migrants. Providing safe swimming places and safety lessons could also be important. Furthermore, installation of safety barriers beside the rivers, creeks, and streams should be prioritized to protect the old people from drowning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the economic approach that dominates poverty research, a subjective approach that asks respondents to evaluate their own poverty status offers an insider's perspective on poverty. However, most studies investigating the factors associated with subjective poverty in high-income societies have failed to disentangle those factors' effects on subjective poverty from their effects on economic poverty, and most were conducted in Europe. Using data from the two-wave (2015–2017) Hong Kong Panel Survey for Poverty Alleviation (N = 840), this study examined the extent to which the effects on subjective poverty of eight socio-demographic factors (e.g. gender, age, residence status, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, housing status, and self-rated health) are mediated through the dynamics of economic poverty using logistic regression and mediation analysis. The results of logistic regression showed educational attainment, housing status, and self-rated health to be significantly associated with subjective poverty. Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of secondary education and living in public or private rental housing on subjective poverty are not mediated through the dynamics of economic poverty and that only 20.40% of self-rated poor health's effect is mediated. Our findings thus suggest that solving economic poverty alone is insufficient to tackle the issue of subjective poverty in Hong Kong. Several policy initiatives, including improving the career prospects of the secondary-educated, enhancing the mobility outcomes of public rental tenants, and reducing the rent-to-income ratio of private rental tenants, could contribute to alleviating subjective poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first attempt to examine poverty transitions and their correlates in Hong Kong, which has a high poverty rate despite being one of the world's wealthiest societies. By classifying the respondents into pre-transfer non-poor, non-transfer poor, post-transfer non-poor and post-transfer poor, factors that were associated with the probability of moving out of (into) poverty due to the receipt (absence) of social welfare transfers were identified. The examination of poverty transitions with consideration for social welfare transfers has important implications on development of effective policies for poverty alleviation. Two types of factors were included: social stratification factors and life-course events. We draw data from the 2015 and 2017 Hong Kong Panel Survey for Poverty Alleviation. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with poverty transitions. The results showed that employment factors (number of employed household members and increased employment ratio) were the only factors that help people move out of poverty. Demographic factors (number of children in the household and increased dependency ratio) increased the risk of falling into post-transfer poor. Immigrants were more likely to transit from post-transfer poor to non-transfer poor. More policy efforts should be devoted to helping the working poor and single parent households, and to reducing stigma against immigrants receiving welfare benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Underreporting of suicide is a worldwide problem. In particular, the national suicide rates published by the Chinese Ministry of Health ("MOH") could be severely underreported. Validity of the assumption of evenly underreported of suicide by place (city/rural), gender, and age in China has been evaluated and some possible adjustments to the underreporting have been suggested. Methods: Mortality rates from the MOH from 2002 to 2016 were extracted. Due to zero undetermined deaths, accidental deaths (weighted by causes of death) were used to evaluate underreported suicides. 53% of drownings, 11% of falls, 11% of poisonings, and 7% of other accidents were assumed as underreported suicides. Negative binomial regressions were used to calculate the rate ratios of the underreported suicides compared to suicides. Negative binomial regressions were also used to calculate the annual percentage changes of different mortality rates. Results: Suicides of rural males could most likely be underreported (49%; 95% CI 39–61%), but suicides of rural females would least likely (30%; 95% CI 24–38%). Suicides of people aged 15–24 years and 75 years and above could more likely to be underreported than other ages. After adding the underreported suicides, declining trends of the national suicide rates had been eased. Conclusions: People who lack social connection could have a high possibility of underreporting suicide. However, when rural females died of unnatural causes, their parents or even the whole village tended to quest for their intents, thus rural females had a lower possibility of underreporting suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very low fertility rates can be found in many high-income Pacific Asian societies, such as Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. Governments in these territories have already taken pronatalist policies but with only modest effects, especially when measured by overall total fertility rate. Mistargeting has been cited as a potential explanation for this impact. To explore this notion in greater depth, we first identify the potential target groups that are most influential in changing the TFR for the five societies, based on a stochastic model and fertility elasticity analyses. Then we examine the targeting of current pronatalist policies, especially financial incentives and marriage policies. The analyses show that marriage rates, especially among women aged 25–29 are the most influential factor in shaping contemporary TFRs. Third and higher order births are insignificant in changing the fertility trajectories for all the five places. Besides, there are also territory-specific patterns. For Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, first births (especially among women aged 30–34) are the second most influential factor; for South Korea, second births (especially among women aged 30–34) actually play a very important role, next only to marriage; for Japan, first- and second births are much less influential while marriage is an overwhelmingly essential factor of fertility. Furthermore, the review of financial incentives in these places reveals the mismatch between the targeting suggested by our analysis and the targeting implied by current policy measures. The mistargeting, piecemeal measures and the low level of financial support may be partly responsible for the ineffectiveness of the governmental action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate into the determinants of poverty in Hong Kong. Previous research on poverty, which usually adopted a logistic regression model to examine individuals' probabilities of being poor, could not adequately reveal the heterogeneity in experiences among people across the poverty spectrum, therefore has limited policy effort to address diverse needs of individuals struggling with poverty. In the present study, this concern is addressed by using a quantile regression model to examine the differential effects of the determinants of poverty across the poverty spectrum. Data were drawn from the Hong Kong Panel Survey for Poverty Alleviation (n = 1668). Logistic regression indicated that being elderly, being female, not having a partner, from a single-parent household, not being employed, living in public rental housing, have lower educational attainment, and have poor self-rated health, increased the probability of being poor. Informational support was a protective factor of poverty, while several negative life events, such as having family member(s) with disabilities/chronic diseases and having financial burden, were risk factors of poverty. Quantile regression analysis was adopted to further examine the extent to which determinants of poverty unfold across poverty spectrum, which was captured by five groups of "extremely poor", "deeply poor", "at the poverty line", "near poverty" and "marginally poor". Quantile regression indicated that people living across the poverty spectrum were similarly affected by not having a partner, living in single-parent households and not working. However, extremely poor and deeply poor were more adversely affected by old age than those near poverty and marginally poor. It is also discovered that public rental housing buffered the poverty risks more in those who lived in deep poverty than those who were near poverty and marginally poor. University education protected the near poverty and marginally poor to a larger extent than those who were extremely poor and deeply poor. Information support also buffered the poverty risks, and people living across the poverty spectrum were equally benefited from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In global forensic practice, some suicides were misclassified as undetermined deaths, leading to suicide underreporting. In this study, we aimed to explore the influence of undetermined deaths on suicides in Shanghai, China.Methods: The police records on suicide verdicts and undetermined deaths in Pudong, Shanghai, from 2004 to 2016 were used. In this study, undetermined deaths have been classified into three levels of suicide possibilities namely, probable, possible, and highly unlikely. Probable suicides were presumed as misclassified suicides. Poisson regression was used to calculate the rate ratio ("RR") of probable suicides compared to suicide verdicts. Poisson regression was also used to calculate the annual percentage change ("APC") of the original suicide rates (crude suicide rates based on the suicide verdicts) and adjusted suicide rates (crude suicide rates based on the suicide verdicts and probable suicides).Results: Among the 1,318 underdetermine deaths, 560 (42.5%) were classified as probable suicides. The overall RR was 0.23 (95% CI 0.21-0.26): 0.15 (0.13-0.17) for the locals' RR and 0.22 (0.19-0.26) for the migrants' RR. The APCs of the original and adjusted suicide rates were - 2.0 (- 3.1 to - 0.9) and - 2.9 (- 3.8 to - 2.0), respectively, for the overall population.Conclusions: The number of suicides could be 23% higher than the reported cases. Suicides were more likely to be underreported in migrants than in the locals. Thus, it is important to improve suicide monitoring and the surveillance systems in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding whether poorer areas have poorer access to health and social services. Using three indicators of service availability and accessibility, we investigated how the spatial accessibility of 28 types of services varied across quintiles of small-area poverty rates in Hong Kong. The results show that the patterns differed by the indicator used and the type of services examined. The service-to-population ratio tended to yield a “pro-rich pattern”, i.e. higher service availability in less poor neighborhoods, but the road-network distance indicator tended to yield a “pro-poor pattern”, i.e. a shorter distance by road to the nearest service in poorer neighborhoods; in contrast, the two-step floating catchment area index yielded patterns that were less consistent across different types of services. Consistency in the associations across the three accessibility indicators was found only for a few types of services, e.g. a “pro-poor pattern” for self-study rooms and a “pro-rich pattern” for swimming pools and tennis courts. As the three spatial accessibility indicators tended to generate different results, future research should include careful consideration of the choice of indicators and the context in which these indicators are utilized. Our analysis also indicates that the spatial distribution of services in Hong Kong does not always support the “deprivation amplification theory,” i.e. poorer areas are more deprived of resources; in Hong Kong, poorer areas had better, not poorer, access to certain services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Some East/Southeast Asian countries have experienced a rapid increase in suicide by charcoal burning over the past decade. Media reporting and Internet use were thought to contribute to the epidemic. We investigated the association between method-specific suicide incidence and both Internet search volume and newspaper reporting in Taiwan.Method: Weekly data for suicide, suicide-related Google search volume, and the number of articles reporting suicide in four major newspapers in Taiwan during 2008-2011 were obtained. Poisson autoregressive regression models were used to examine the associations between these variables.Results: In the fully adjusted models, every 10 % increase in Google searches was associated with a 4.3 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1-7.6 %] increase in charcoal-burning suicide incidence in the same week, and a 3.8 % (95 % CI 0.4-7.2 %) increase in the following week. A one-article increase in the United Daily was associated with a 3.6 % (95 % CI 1.5-5.8 %) increase in charcoal-burning suicide in the same week. By contrast, non-charcoal-burning suicide was not associated with Google search volume, but was associated with the Apple Daily's reporting in the preceding week.Conclusions: We found that increased Internet searches for charcoal-burning suicide appeared to be associated with a subsequent increase in suicide by this method. The prevention of suicide using emerging methods may include monitoring and regulating online information that provides details of these methods as well as encouraging Internet service providers to provide help-seeking information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decade, there has been wide public discussion about the effects of population and immigration policies. There is some consensus that an older population imposes economic costs but uncontrolled population growth imposes congestion and environmental burdens. While many realize that policies which restrict population tend to exacerbate aging, the inevitable trade-off is not widely acknowledged. Fewer still appreciate that there is a sustainable age distribution that is largely imposed on us by nature that cannot be defeated in the long term. In this paper, we look at the ‘aging issue’ for Australia by looking at the total population and age distribution as a joint outcome. For ease of interpretation, the age distribution is converted into a required retirement age (RRA) to maintain dependency ratios at 2010 levels. We examine the effects of alternative policy scenarios on total population and RRAs, benchmarked against a hypothetical population in zero population growth equilibrium. We account for differing demographic groups of immigrants and emigrants as well as trends in mortality. Policy scenarios can be well summarized by plotting the trajectory of the two outcomes, total population and RRA, with the equilibrium values as axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent suicidal ideation has found to predict suicidal behaviors and psychopathology in adulthood. Previous studies focused solely on the medical and environmental risk factors, which were insufficient to give a holistic picture of adolescent suicidality. To assess the role of affective and cognitive attributes in the identification and prevention of adolescent suicidal ideation. A community sample of 511 participants (age 15–19 years) were asked to indicate their suicidality in the 12 months and in their lifetime. Generalized estimating equation regression models were used to examine the effect of psychosocial and socio-environmental correlates in relation to adolescent suicidal ideation. The data show that perceived responsibilities for family was the only protective factor, while a coping mechanism by behavioral disengagement, severity of depressive symptoms, a history of deliberate self-harm, chronic physical illness or pain, media reporting of suicide news, and low household income were the risk factors for adolescent suicidal ideation. The results suggest that a multilayer effort for preventing adolescent suicide is needed by providing support for children in deprived families; enhancing life skills in the teens; strengthening family relationship; improving mental and health services; and promoting responsible media reporting on suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender ratios of suicide rates differ greatly across countries. Victoria has a high male:female ratio in suicide that is typical in English-speaking and European countries, while in Hong Kong the low ratio is similar to other SouthEast Asian countries. This study investigates the effect of gender in the psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations to examine how psychiatric history may modulate the effect of gender in these two different communities. Review of coronial documentation of all suicide cases in 2000 in Hong Kong and Victoria, Australia. Log-linear model was used to test the gender-psychiatric history-location interaction. Gender difference in suicide was narrower in victims with psychiatric history than those without in both communities, albeit gender remained to have an effect even among those with a psychiatric history in Victoria. The impact of cultural- and gender-specific factors is most apparent in suicide cases with no prior psychiatric history in Victoria: the male:female ratio was as high as 8:1 in this group of victims. Log-linear model results show that the gender-psychiatric history-location interaction was statistically significant. The gender differentials in suicide rates in these two communities are mainly driven by gender’s effect in the population with no psychiatric history. Severe clinical conditions can override some, but not all, of gender’s effects in Victoria. Suicide prevention effort should target gender-specific factors to prevent suicides in men without history of psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a continuous-time removal model for estimating the population size for a population in which a sub-population size ratio is known. The maximum likelihood estimate and the optimal martingale estimate of the population size are obtained; these are shown to be equivalent. A comparison between the proposed estimator and the maximum likelihood estimate which ignores the information on the known size ratio is made, using a simulation study. The asymptotic variances of these two estimators are also obtained, and a comparison between them is made. The sensitivity of mis-specification of the known size ratio is examined. We also apply the corresponding discrete-time model to the proposed continuous-time setting, and study the efficiency of the corresponding discrete-time type estimator relative to the proposed estimator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China accounts for more than 30% of the world's suicides and displays a unique pattern of suicide rates. Prior research had established the link between macrosocial changes and suicide. Comprehensive surveillance system of suicide in this rapidly developing country is much needed. This paper examined the trends of national-, region-, gender-, and age-specific suicide rates, and male to female ratios in suicide in China for the period of 1991-2000, which was a time that rapid economic and social changes took place.Methods: A regression model was used to detect any variations in national-, region-, gender-, and age-specific suicide rates and gender ratios reported by the most recent mortality statistics from China's Ministry of Health.Results: National, urban, and rural suicide rates for both men and women decreased significantly for the period of 1991-2000; age-specific suicide rates, however, showed that there were different patterns of changes in suicide rates in rural and urban areas. Although elderly suicide rates showed the most significant decrease in urban areas, younger women showed the largest decrease in rural areas; male to female gender ratio in suicide increased significantly in the urban areas, but no significant change was found in rural areas.Conclusions: Possible explanations that may account for the downward trends in suicide rates and increase in male to female gender ratio in urban area were provided. Longer historical studies are needed to reveal the relationship between macrosocial changes and the pattern of suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose two new classes of asymptotically distribution-free Renyi-type tests for testing the equality of two risks in a competing risk model with possible censoring. This work extends the work of Aly, Kochar and McKeague [1994, Journal of American Statistical Association, 89, 994-999] and many of the existing tests for this problem belong to these newly proposed classes. The asymptotic properties of the proposed tests are investigated. Simulation studies are done to compare the performance with existing tests. A competing risks data set is analyzed to demonstrate the usefulness of the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicidality among individuals between 10 and 35 years of age may be poised to exert massive burdens on society through decreased economic productivity and increased incidence of chronic physical conditions in the individuals' later years, thereby necessitating early prevention of suicide. While research suggests that the pathway to suicidality may begin from episodes of psychological distress, such pathway may involve complex interplays between intermediary psychiatric symptoms and external stimuli that are not easily delineated through conventional means. This study applies the network approach to psychopathology to elucidate this complexity. Comorbidity between psychological distress and suicidality in 1968 community-dwelling individuals is analyzed with regularized partial correlation networks to identify their bridge symptoms and links. Temporal relationships between symptoms are analyzed through temporal symptom network formed from 453 individuals who completed subsequent follow-up surveys. Network analysis shows that feelings of hopelessness and the presence of suicidal ideation are the strongest bridge symptoms in the comorbidity symptom network, and form the only prominent link that bridges psychological distress and suicidality. Effects of sleep troubles, anxiety, and poor social relationships on suicidal ideation appear to be mediated by hopelessness. The same observations hold among individuals with and without diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, as well as young people (10-24 year-olds) and young adults (25-35 year-olds). The edge between hopelessness and suicidal ideation remains the strongest bridge link after controlling for effects of symptoms from the previous time point. Findings here provide an evidence base for both professional training in caregiving professions as well as gatekeeper training in community members to emphasize more on how to effectively recognize hopelessness, and instill hope, in young people and young adults for various types of distress., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2023.)