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This article comprehensively reviews motor impairments in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to: (1) determine the prevalence of motor problems in children with ASD; (2) understand the nature of motor difficulties in ASD and whether they are consistent with developmental coordination disorder (DCD); and (3) determine if the term DCD was used as a co-occurring diagnosis in children with ASD after publication of the DSM-5 in 2013. The following databases were systematically searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO from 2010 to December 2021. Articles were included if they: (1) were peer-reviewed and published in a scientific journal; (2) included children with ASD who were between 5 and 12 years; (3) used motor or function measures to assess motor abilities in children with ASD. Studies that included children with intellectual disabilities were excluded. Two independent reviewers reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles for inclusion. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed for quality by two independent reviewers using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. The majority of articles (92.5%) indicated that 50–88% of children with ASD had significant motor impairments on standardized motor assessments and/or functional questionnaires. The nature of motor and function problems in ASD were consistent with DCD; however, only three out of 20 papers (15%) that were published from 2014 described the motor problems as DCD. One study reported that 15.1% of children with ASD with motor impairments had a co-occurring diagnosis of DCD, suggesting that DCD is under-recognized in this clinical population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying major depression in children and adolescents is more challenging than in adults. Questionnaires are often used for screening or guiding clinical assessment. Several instruments of different lengths are used as equivalent measures in diagnostic decisions. In this paper, we explore to what extent 18 commonly used depression scales for children and adolescents explore depression clinical symptoms as established by standard DSM-5 diagnosis criteria. We analyzed scale content adequacy by examining the overlap between scale contents and consensus clinical symptoms, the diagnostic time frame for active symptom assessment, and readability for the target age group. The 18 scales encompassed 52 distinct symptoms. These scales included just 50% of clinical symptoms required for diagnosis. The content overlap was low; on average, 29% of symptoms coincide across scales. Half of the scales did not use the standard period for active symptom appraisal, and some did not include a period for assessment. The reading levels on six scales were inappropriate for the scale's target population age group. The substantial heterogeneity in defining the depressive syndrome, the low overlap among scales, different periods of a positive diagnosis, and mismatch of reading competence for detecting may lead to heterogeneity in clinical diagnoses when using different scales. Improving the content of self-report in terms of homogeneity of diagnostic criteria would lead to better diagnostic decisions and patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A guiding question for this special section, sparked by the increasing number of studies on callous -unemotional traits (CU traits) and the DSM-5 Limited Prosocial Emotion (LPE) specifier, is whether CU traits are enough to identify a clinically meaningful subgroup of youth with conduct problems or whether other psychopathic traits contribute. Seven empirical papers and two commentary papers address this question to varying degrees and in different ways with some papers “competing” various models against one another along with other papers investigating distinct correlates of the psychopathy factors. Findings across the papers suggest that there could be benefits to examining the broader construct of psychopathy in addition to examining its underpinning dimensions rather than CU traits alone. Two commentary papers also shed light on the importance of psychopathic traits in children with Conduct Disorder (CD) and provide insights for future work on this topic. It is hoped that the articles and commentary will generate new ideas for research and practice that could have implications for the treatment of those individuals with CD and psychopathic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine Reinforcement Learning (RL) modelling practice in psychiatry, in the context of alcohol use disorders. I argue that the epistemic roles RL currently plays in the development of psychiatric classification and search for explanations of clinically relevant phenomena are best appreciated in terms of Chang's (2004) account of epistemic iteration, and by distinguishing mechanistic and aetiological modes of computational explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the literature, comorbidity rates observed on emotional disorders are linked to how the main diagnostic classification systems have traditionally defined these disorders. This paper aims to analyze the structure of symptoms evaluated with the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-II (IDAS-II) with network analysis. A mixed sample (n = 2021) of 1692 community adults and 329 patients was used. 14.79% (n = 299) of the sample met the diagnostic criteria for at least one DSM-5 mental disorder and 5.29% (n = 107) had diagnostic comorbidity. The sample was randomly divided into two sub-samples: estimation sample (n = 1010) and replication sample (n = 1011). The detection of community structures was carried out on estimation sample using the walktrap algorithm. Four local inference measures were estimated: Strength, one-step Expected Influence, two-step Expected Influence, and node predictability. Exploratory graphic analysis of modularity yielded an optimal solution of two communities on estimation sample: first linked to symptoms of depression and anxiety and second grouping symptoms of bipolar disorder and obsessive – compulsive disorder. Mania, Panic, Claustrophobia, and Low Well-Being Bridge emerged as bridge symptoms, connecting the two substructures. Networks estimated on replication subsamples did not differ significantly in structure. Dysphoria, Traumatic Intrusions and Checking and Ordering were the symptoms with greatest number of connections with rest of the network. Results sheds light on specific links between emotional disorder symptoms and provides useful information for the development of transdiagnostic interventions by identifying the influential symptoms within the internalizing spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DSM-5 added a categorically defined specifier ('with Limited Prosocial Emotions'; LPE) for the diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD). This paper systematically reviews the evidence base for this specifier in children and adolescents who are diagnosed with CD. Computer-assisted searches were executed and identified 181 potentially relevant papers. Eventually, nine papers were included in this review, referring to eight unique samples. All studies constructed an LPE measure by pulling the same items from the same rating scales that were used in the development of the DSM-5 LPE specifier. The prevalence of youth with CD who met criteria for this novel LPE specifier (CD + LPE) ranged from 6.1% to 83.7%. The studies greatly varied in the features used to test the viability of the DSM-5 LPE specifier. The most commonly used features relate to severity of antisocial behavior, low neuroticism (or lack of anxiety and depression), and treatment responsiveness. Available work altogether showed that CD + LPE youth displayed higher levels of past antisocial behaviour than CD Only youth, but failed to reveal other group differences that corroborate with expectations. Effect sizes typically were in the small to moderate range, suggesting that the practical usefulness of the group differences is limited. Empirical work shows that this specifier should not be used for clinical decision-making when relying on items from measures that have been used in the development of the LPE specifier. Crucially, limitations that hallmark the few studies on the topic hamper any firm conclusion about the usefulness of the specifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A developmental understanding of the expression of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms following trauma in childhood requires identifying continuity and change in not just overall symptoms but in the individual symptoms as well. Such models of change also require understanding multiple dimensions of time. That is, longitudinal change—the passage of time—may have different effects on symptom expression depending on when in time an individual entered the study – such as what age they were when first assessed. This paper addresses these ideas with an overview of the developmental differences in the assessment of PTS from the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5), longitudinal research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and providing synthesis within a symptom network perspective. We then provide an illustration of how individual PTSD symptoms change over time at different ages (elementary versus middle school) with a secondary analysis of data from a previously reported study (n = 191 youth, aged 8–15, assessed at two time points six months apart). The reanalysis of the data suggests both continuity and change in symptoms over time (i.e., some symptoms were more stable than other symptoms) with differences in symptom rates and their longitudinal change as a function of age (i.e., some symptoms more common or more stable in younger versus older or older versus younger). We close with avenues for future research aimed at better understanding symptom cascades over time and at different ages and potential implications for future iterations of assessment/classification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of schizoid personality disorder (SZPD) is a poorly studied area of psychotherapy. Although the construct of a schizoid personality has been defined for the last century, no clinical guidelines or evidence-based practices have been developed specifically for the treatment of SZPD. The cases series presented in this paper aim to explore the effect of an integrative psychotherapy for patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. Two therapies that showed good evidence in supporting people with recurrent symptoms and mechanisms related to schizoid personality were integrated: Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy and Compassion Focused Therapy. The former has been shown to be effective in treating schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychosis and their associated negative symptoms, whereas the latter has been found to promote self-soothing and social safeness against a wide range of symptoms. This proposed integrative form of psychotherapy was tested by recruiting two patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. The intervention showed reliable changes in symptomatology and remission from diagnosis. No adverse events were reported. Future research should confirm these findings regarding the feasibility of the proposed intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a process to define a comprehensive list of exemplars for seven core Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and report on interrater reliability in applying these exemplars to determine ASD case classification. Clinicians completed an iterative process to map specific exemplars from the CDC Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network criteria for ASD surveillance, DSM-5 text, and diagnostic assessments to each of the core DSM-5 ASD criteria. Clinicians applied the diagnostic exemplars to child behavioral descriptions in existing evaluation records to establish initial reliability standards and then for blinded clinician review in one site (phase 1) and for two ADDM Network surveillance years (phase 2). Interrater reliability for each of the DSM-5 diagnostic categories and overall ASD classification was high (defined as very good.60–.79 to excellent ≥.80 Kappa values) across sex, race/ethnicity, and cognitive levels for both phases. Classification of DSM-5 ASD by mapping specific exemplars from evaluation records by a diverse group of clinician raters is feasible and reliable. This framework provides confidence in the consistency of prevalence classifications of ASD and may be further applied to improve consistency of ASD diagnoses in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders introduced the category of 'acute and transient psychotic disorders' (ATPDs) encompassing polymorphic, schizophrenic and predominantly delusional subtypes, and the forthcoming ICD-11 revision has restricted it to polymorphic psychotic disorder, while the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) listed 'brief psychotic disorder' (BPD). To assess the predictive validity and outcome of ATPDs and BPD, relevant papers in English, French and German were searched in PubMed and Web of Science. Where possible meta-analysis of prognostic validators (diagnostic stability, course, outcome and response to treatment) was conducted. Fifty studies published between January 1993 and July 2019 were found. The clinical and functional outcome of ATPDs proved better than in schizophrenia and related disorders, but mortality risk is high, particularly suicide, and treatment trials provide little evidence. Meta-analysis of 25 studies (13,507 cases) revealed that 55% (95% CI 49–62) do not change diagnosis, 25% (95% CI 20–31) converted into schizophrenia and related disorders, and 12% (95% CI 7–16) into affective disorders on average over 6.3 years. Subgroup meta-analysis estimated prospective consistency of polymorphic psychotic disorder (55%; 95% CI 52–58) significantly greater than that of the ATPD subtypes with schizophrenic (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4–2.0) and predominantly delusional (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.5) symptoms. Moreover, the diagnostic stability of BPD (13 studies; 294 cases) was 45% (95% CI 32–50) over a mean 4.2 years. Although these findings indicate that short-lived psychotic disorders have little predictive validity, significant differences among the ATPD subtypes support the revised ICD-11 ATPD category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three IRT diagnostic-classification-modeling (DCM)-based multiple choice (MC) item design principles are stated that improve classroom quiz student diagnostic classification. Using proven-optimal maximum likelihood-based student classification, example items demonstrate that adherence to these item design principles increases attribute (skills and especially misconceptions) correct classification rates (CCRs). Simple formulas compute these needed item CCRs. By use of these psychometrically driven item design principles, hopefully enough attributes can be accurately diagnosed by necessarily short MC-item-based quizzes to be widely instructionally useful. These results should then stimulate increased use of well-designed MC item quizzes that target accurately diagnosing skills/misconceptions, thereby enhancing classroom learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomedical aspiration of psychiatry has fundamentally reoriented clinical practice since the DSM-III in 1980 and reverberated in the public sphere. Over time, lay public understanding of the causes of mental suffering has increasingly endorsed biological conceptions. In this paper, I explore the sources from which a neurobiological model for mental suffering reaches ordinary people, and investigate its rhetorical appeal, personal appropriation, and consequences. Drawing on interviews and other data, I show that these sources—physicians, popular media, and advertising—share common ontological and moral assumptions. These assumptions, in turn, influence how people take up neurobiological explanation to account for their suffering, and how, paradoxically, they join it to their projects of self-determination. I conclude by considering how, from a phenomenological perspective, a neurobiological account fails to enhance self-knowledge or determination but leads to a hermeneutic dead end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we review the impact of DSM-III and its successors on the field of autism—both in terms of clinical work and research. We summarize the events leading up to the inclusion of autism as a "new" official diagnostic category in DSM-III, the subsequent revisions of the DSM, and the impact of the official recognition of autism on research. We discuss the uses of categorical vs. dimensional approaches and the continuing tensions around broad vs. narrow views of autism. We also note some areas of current controversy and directions for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past four decades there have been significant advances in our understanding of autism, yet services for autistic adults continue to lag far behind those for children, and prospects for employment and independent living remain poor. Adult outcomes also vary widely and while cognitive and language abilities are important prognostic indicators, the influence of social, emotional, familial and many other factors remains uncertain. For this special issue marking the 40th anniversary of DSM-III, the present paper describes the changing perspectives of autism in adulthood that have occurred over this period, explores individual and wider environmental factors related to outcome, and suggests ways in which services need to be changed to improve the future for adults living with autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at considering the conceptual status of feeding and eating disorders (FEDs). Now that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has changed the classification and some relevant criteria of FEDs, it is particularly relevant to evaluate their psychiatric framework and their status as mental disorders. I focus my efforts on addressing only one specific question: Do FEDs fit the DSM-5 general definition of mental disorder? In DSM-5 a mental disorder is defined as a syndrome that reflects a dysfunction and is usually associated with significant distress or disability. More importantly, there is an explicit statement saying that all mental disorders listed in the manual must meet the requirements highlighted by the general definition. Thus, I evaluate whether or not FEDs are really meant to reflect a dysfunction and are usually associated with significant distress or disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are psychiatric disorders natural kinds? This question has received a lot of attention within present-day philosophy of psychiatry, where many authors debate the ontology and nature of mental disorders. Similarly, historians of psychiatry, dating back to Foucault, have debated whether psychiatric researchers conceived of mental disorders as natural kinds or not. However, historians of psychiatry have paid little to no attention to the influence of (a) theories within logic, and (b) theories within metaphysics on psychiatric accounts of proper method, and on accounts of the nature and classification of mental disorders. Historically, however, logic and metaphysics have extensively shaped methods and interpretations of classifications in the natural sciences. This paper corrects this lacuna in the history of psychiatry, and demonstrates that theories within logic and metaphysics, articulated by Christian Wolff (1679–1754), have significantly shaped the conception of medical method and (psychiatric) nosology of the influential nosologist Boissier De Sauvages (1706–1767). After treating Sauvages, I discuss the method of the influential nosologist William Cullen (1710–1790), and demonstrate the continuity between the classificatory methods of Sauvages and Cullen. I show that both Sauvages and Cullen were essentialists concerning medical diseases in general and psychiatric disorders in particular, contributing to the history of conceptions of the ontology and nature of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion/spirituality has been increasingly examined in medical research during the past two decades. Despite the increasing number of published studies, a systematic evidence-based review of the available data in the field of psychiatry has not been done during the last 20 years. The literature was searched using PubMed (1990-2010). We examined original research on religion, religiosity, spirituality, and related terms published in the top 25 % of psychiatry and neurology journals according to the ISI journals citation index 2010. Most studies focused on religion or religiosity and only 7 % involved interventions. Among the 43 publications that met these criteria, thirty-one (72.1 %) found a relationship between level of religious/spiritual involvement and less mental disorder (positive), eight (18.6 %) found mixed results (positive and negative), and two (4.7 %) reported more mental disorder (negative). All studies on dementia, suicide, and stress-related disorders found a positive association, as well as 79 and 67 % of the papers on depression and substance abuse, respectively. In contrast, findings from the few studies in schizophrenia were mixed, and in bipolar disorder, indicated no association or a negative one. There is good evidence that religious involvement is correlated with better mental health in the areas of depression, substance abuse, and suicide; some evidence in stress-related disorders and dementia; insufficient evidence in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and no data in many other mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissociative experiences are common in traumatized individuals who can use dissociation as a psychological escape from emotional and physical distress associated with overwhelming traumatic events. Traumatic experiences and the cultural interpretation of trauma-related symptoms often serve to explain the wide range of dissociative phenomenology; in fact, dissociation is a complex and ubiquitous construct present in a variety of mental disorders. The Six-Dimensions Model of National Culture has been used as a tool to compare patients' different cultural background that could have accounted for the different clinical manifestations. This paper reports three clinical cases in which the focus of interest is represented by the dissociative alterations of consciousness, as a response to trauma, specifically related to migration, and their correlation with cultural environment. The study shows as Hofstede's model has been used for the first time as a tool to explain how different cultural background could shape clinical manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, a great deal of attention has been paid worldwide to gender discrimination in social institutions. In this paper, we look at the role of formal and informal laws, values and attitudes related to traditions and cultural practices, in shaping gender inequalities in education and labour market outcomes. For our empirical investigation, we exploit macro-data for 110 developing countries, and gender discrimination in social institutions is operationalised considering indicators proposed in the Social Institutions and Gender Index. The statistical analysis is carried out through a Structural Equation Model embedded in a Bayesian framework. The proposed approach not only enables to meld together the measurement models for the latent dimensions related to social institutions and gendered development outcomes, but has the further advantages of accommodating the inherent categorical nature of the selected indicators and accounting for the spatial correlation of the analysed social phenomena, for which local proximity usually translates into value similarity. The empirical findings offer an interesting picture of the varying levels of gender-based inequalities and discrimination across the analysed countries and confirm the impact of discriminatory social institutions on gendered development outcomes: a higher level of formal and informal normative discrimination reduces the female participation in education and in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though there is evidence autism identification has been inequitable for populations who are culturally and linguistically minoritized, there is limited research that explains the issue of disproportionality and factors contributing to its occurrence, especially within an educational setting. To explore contributors to racial/ethnic disparities in autism special education eligibility, the current investigation evaluated child and evaluation characteristics as they relate to the absence of autism eligibility. Data were obtained from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network Study and included children with behavioral characteristics consistent with autism and educational evaluation records. Despite documented characteristics consistent with autism, only 72% of the sample received educational services under autism eligibility. To characterize children without autism eligibility, hierarchical logistic regression was used to evaluate factors documented in evaluation records predicting the absence of autism eligibility. Factors influencing autism eligibility included behavioral characteristics documented, evaluation components completed, intellectual ability, and clinical diagnoses present. There was no unique contribution of race/ethnicity in predicting the absence of autism eligibility when accounting for these previous predictors, but many of these predictors differed by racial/ethnic group. Disproportionality in autism may be the manifestation of inequitable evaluation experiences, including experiencing less comprehensive evaluations, and not receiving an autism specific assessment. Though race/ethnicity did not uniquely contribute to the absence of autism eligibility above and beyond those combined factors, it is important to evaluate and reduce inequities experienced within the autism identification process for populations who are culturally and linguistically minoritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) was recently moved to a full category in the DSM-5 (the latest edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). It also appears set for inclusion as a separate disorder in the ICD-11 (the upcoming edition of the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems). This paper argues that PMDD should not be listed in the DSM or the ICD at all, adding to the call to recognise PMDD as a socially constructed disorder. I first present the argument that PMDD pathologises understandable anger/distress and that to do so is potentially dangerous. I then present evidence that PMDD is a culture-bound phenomenon, not a universal one. I also argue that even if (1) medication produces a desired effect, (2) there are biological correlates with premenstrual anger/distress, (3) such anger/distress seems to occur monthly, and (4) women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with affective disorders, none of these factors substantiates that premenstrual anger/distress is caused by a mental disorder. I argue that to assume they do is to ignore the now accepted role that one's environment and psychology play in illness development, as well as arguments concerning the social construction of mental illness. In doing so, I do not claim that there are no women who experience premenstrual distress or that their distress is not a lived experience. My point is that such distress can be recognised and considered significant without being pathologised and that it is unethical to describe premenstrual anger/distress as a mental disorder. Further, if the credibility of women's suffering is subject to doubt without a clinical diagnosis, then the way to address this problem is to change societal attitudes towards women's suffering, not to label women as mentally ill. The paper concludes with some broader implications for women and society of the change in status of PMDD in the DSM-5 as well as a sketch of critical policy suggestions to address these implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides Australian population-level estimates of the prevalence of parental self-reported lifetime mental disorders and past 12 month mental disorders in their children. It leverages unique data from the 2013-2014 Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (Young Minds Matter) (n = 6310). Mental disorders were assessed in 4-17 year-olds using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Primary carer (PC) and secondary carer mental health was based on PC-reported lifetime diagnoses. Over one-third of 4-17 year-olds had a PC with a lifetime diagnosis. The prevalence of all disorders was significantly higher amongst these children than children whose PC reported no diagnoses, and highest when the PC had comorbid and more severe disorders. Assessing mental health needs at a family level is important to identify children who are particularly vulnerable to developing mental disorders, to develop targeted interventions, and to understand the intergenerational transmission of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of a female phenotype profile in autistic spectrum disorder is one of the current hypotheses to explain the diagnostic discrepancy between men and women. In this context, an international literature review was carried out to evidence and describe the characteristics of restricted interests found in girls with autistic spectrum disorder. A documentary search was conducted on PubMed and a systematic literature review was carried out based on the PRISMA methodology. We selected studies with a population of boys and girls diagnosed as autistic according to the DSM-IV or the DSM-5, in which quantitative and descriptive comparisons of restricted interests, according to gender were carried out. Nineteen studies were found to be relevant. Fifteen enabled a refining of the characteristics of restricted interests among females: fewer restricted interests were identified in comparison with boys, and the autistic girls' interests seem to be closer to those of neurotypical girls than to those of autistic boys, which thus led to more complex screening. Age and Intelligence quotient seem to be two factors that trigger variations in restricted interests differently according to gender. Representations among professionals also have an impact on diagnoses among girls. For future research, one of the perspectives could be a comparison between girls with autism and neurotypical girls to limit gender bias. The present results contribute to potentially extending knowledge of a female phenotypical profile in autism and show the need to improve the general population's awareness, to improve health professionals' training and possibly to revise the diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a wealth of studies on differences regarding the biobehavioral and social–psychological bases of mental disorders in men and women and repeated calls for increased attention, women-specific issues have so far not been comprehensively addressed in past diagnostic classification systems of mental disorders. There is also increasing evidence that this situation will not change significantly in the upcoming revisions of ICD-11 and DSM-V. This paper explores reasons for this continued failure, highlighting three major barriers: the fragmentation of the field of women's mental health research, lack of emphasis on diagnostic classificatory issues beyond a few selected clinical conditions, and finally, the “current rules of game” used by the current DSM-V Task Forces in the revision process of DSM-V. The paper calls for concerted efforts of researchers, clinicians, and other stakeholders within a more coherent and comprehensive framework aiming at broader coverage of women-specific diagnostic classificatory issues in future diagnostic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tenth revision of the International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10) introduced the category F23 ‘Acute and transient psychotic disorders’ (ATPD) to incorporate clinical concepts such as the French bouffée délirante, cycloid psychosis (Germany), and the Scandinavian reactive and schizophreniform psychoses. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on ATPD and to examine how it has been differentiated from the other categories of F2 group ‘schizophrenia and related disorders’. Papers published between 1993 and 2007 were found through searches in Medline, PsychInfo and Google Scholar. Further references were identified from book chapters and comprehensive reviews of the topic. ATPD is reported as being prevalent in females and as having onset in early-middle adulthood. Although follow-up studies suggest that its outcome is more favourable than other disorders in the F2 group, ATPD tends to recur and half of cases convert mainly into either schizophrenia or affective disorders. No evidence supports the view that the traditional conditions subsumed under ATPD all refer to this diagnostic category. The lack of defining features and poor prognostic validity argue against the separation of ATPD from borderland categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the course of major depressive disorder (MDD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) are needed to inform refinement of screening and interventions for MDD. This paper describes the incidence and persistence rate of MDD in PLWH in Uganda. 1099 ART-naïve PLWH attending HIV clinics in Uganda were followed up for 12 months. MDD was assessed using the DSM IV based Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview with a prevalence for MDD at baseline of 14.0 % (95 % CI 11.7-16.3 %) reported. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of incident and persistent MDD. Cumulative incidence of MDD was 6.1 per 100 person-years (95 % CI 4.6-7.8) with significant independent predictors of study site, higher baseline depression scores and increased stress. Persistence of MDD was 24.6 % (95 % CI 17.9-32.5 %) with independent significant predictors of study site, higher baseline depression scores, and increased weight. Risks of incident and persistent MDD observed in this study were high. Potentially modifiable factors of elevated baseline depressive scores and stress (only for incident MDD) were important predictors of incident and persistent MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) remains to be confirmed in child and adolescent populations. In this paper we report the first factor analytic study of individual OCD items from Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). OCD symptoms were assessed using the CY-BOCS symptom checklist in a sample of 854 patients with OCD (7-18 years of age) recruited from clinics in five countries. Pooled data were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify the optimal factor structure. Various models were tested for age and gender subgroups. Also, the invariance of the solution across age and gender was tested and associations with demographic and clinical factors were explored. A three-factor model provided the best-fit solution. It consisted of the following factors: (1) harm/sexual, (2) symmetry/hoarding, (3) contamination/cleaning. The factor structure was invariant for age and gender across subgroups. Factor one was significantly correlated with anxiety, and factor two with depression and anxiety. Factor three was negatively correlated with tic disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Females had higher scores on factor two than males. The OCD symptom structure in children and adolescents is consistent across age and gender and similar to results from recent child and adolescents although hoarding may not be a separate factor. Our three-factor structure is almost identical to that seen in early studies on adults. Common mental disorders had specific patterns of associations with the different factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the design and cohort characteristics of the Social Spectrum Study: a clinical cohort study that used a two-phase sampling design to identify children at risk for ASD. After screening 1281 children aged 2.5-10 years who had been consecutively referred to one of six mental health services in the Netherlands, children who screened positive for ASD (n = 428) and a random selection of screen negatives (n = 240) were invited to participate in diagnostic assessments and questionnaires regarding the child, family and society. A 1-year follow-up was also conducted. Results from this study may contribute to knowledge of the identification and characterization of children with ASD, family processes, and the impact of ASD on the family and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China Mental Health Survey (CMHS) is the first nationally representative community survey on mental disorders and mental health services in China. One-step diagnoses for mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-3.0 (CIDI-3.0), according to the criteria and definition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). A two-step procedure was applied for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, using psychosis screening section in CIDI-3.0 as a screening instrument and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID) as a diagnostic tool. Dementia was diagnosed by the 10/66 dementia diagnosis package in a two-step design. The main aims of the CMHS were: (1) to investigate the prevalence of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and dementia; (2) to obtain data of service use of individuals with mental disorders in China; and (3) to analyse the social and psychological risk factors or correlates of mental disorders and mental health services. This paper presents a brief review of the background of the CMHS, its aims and measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses the mental health, physical health and the education outcome in youth reaching their adulthood after following the trajectories adolescent-onset (AO), early onset persistent (EOP) and childhood-limited (CL). It talks about the trajectories that lead to conduct problems in individuals. It tells about the youth with conduct problems leading to mental health problems, alcohol use and antisocial behavior.

We posit the hypothesis that False Positive cases (FP) in machine learning classification models of suicidal behavior are at risk of suicidal behavior and should not be seen as sheer classification error. We trained an XGBoost classification model using survey data from 173,663 Norwegian adolescents and compared the classification groups for several suicide-related mental health indicators, such as depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and non-suicidal self-harm. The results showed that as the classification is made at higher risk thresholds - corresponding to higher specificity levels - the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms of the FP and True Positive cases (TP) become significantly more similar. In addition, psychological distress and non-suicidal self-harm were found to be highly prevalent among the FP group, indicating that they are indeed at risk. These findings demonstrate that FP are a relevant risk group for potential suicide prevention programs and should not be dismissed. Although our findings support the hypothesis, we account for limitations that should be examined in future longitudinal studies. Furthermore, we elaborate on the rationale of the hypothesis, potential implications, and its applicability to other mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compare developmental profiles and core ASD symptom manifestation between male and female toddlers with DSM-5 ASD. Retrospective record review of 500 toddlers (79% male) at time of ASD diagnosis. There were no differences in developmental functioning between males and females. When adjusting for multiple comparisons, sex differences were only noted for sensory seeking behavior occurring at a higher frequency in females. Overall, there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics, developmental functioning, or manifestation of core ASD symptoms between males versus female toddlers at the time of DSM-5 ASD diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intertwined relationship between religion and mental health has been accounted for since the earliest recorded history. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the concept of diseases of the spiritual heart (DOTSH) from the Islamic–Sufi perspective and the medical–psychiatric concept of mental disorder. We examined two essential documents as our primary data sources: (1) Al Ghazali's Ihya Ulumuddin (Revivals of Religion Sciences) Volume III entitled the Quarter of the Destructive and (2) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Version, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). We employed a document analysis of the qualitative method by applying six steps of data analysis. We reviewed the English version of Al Ghazali's book to identified DOTSH. In this stage, we found six DOTSH categories which comprised of 40 DOTSH. Then, we searched the correspondence of DOTSH's categories to the DSM-5-TR criteria for mental disorders. We found that all DOTSH categories correspond to DSM-5-TR diagnostics criteria, diagnostic features or diagnostic associated features. We concluded that spiritual heart diseases not only present as symptoms but also can be regarded as mental disorder preconditions that require preventive intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this rejoinder, I comment on Irmak's 2014 article titled "Schizophrenia or Possession?" published in the Journal of Religion and Health (Irmak, 2014; JORH 53(3):773–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9673-y). After providing a brief overview of the article and two commentaries on it, I examine the role that demonic possession may or may not play in the development and course of schizophrenia. While keeping an open mind to the possibility of evil influences on the course of illness in those with or without psychosis, I emphasize that schizophrenia is a neurobiological illness that requires compassionate care and expert psychobiological treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most adolescents and young adults who experience psychological distress do not seek professional help. This study aims to enhance the understanding of sociodemographic, psychological, and clinical characteristics associated with the underuse of health services by adolescents and young adults with mental disorders. Data from a cross-sectional, epidemiological study with a population-based sample (N = 1180 participants, 14–21 years old) were used. Participants completed a fully standardized, computer-assisted diagnostic interview (DIA-X-5/D-CIDI) administered by trained clinical interviewers to assess lifetime mental disorders according to DSM-5 as well as lifetime health service use for mental health problems, and completed self-report questionnaires to assess various psychological variables (e.g., stigma). Predictors of health service use were examined using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses, data were weighted for age and sex to improve representativeness Of n = 597 participants with any lifetime mental disorder, 32.4% [95% CI 28.4; 36.7] had ever used any health services because of a mental health, psychosomatic, or substance use problem. Even less had received psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatment (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: 12.1% [9.5; 15.2]; other psychotherapy: 10.7% [8.4; 13.7]; medication: 5.4% [3.7; 7.8]). High education was associated with less health service use (low/ middle/ other vs. high education: 53.8% vs. 26.9%; OR = 0.26, p <.001). In the multiple regression model, stigma toward mental disorders was the single psychological variable associated with a reduced likelihood of using health services (OR = 0.69 [0.52; 0.90], p <.01). These findings draw attention to the treatment gap for mental disorders during adolescence and highlight related factors to be addressed in public health contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory differences are highly prevalent in autistic individuals. However, few studies have compared their presentation between autistic males and autistic females. We used psychophysics to assess and compare tactile perceptual sensitivity between autistic and non-autistic boys and girls aged between 8 and 12 years of age. While there were sex-differences of amplitude discrimination, frequency discrimination and order judgement thresholds, these sex-differences were not autism-specific. Mean RTs and detection thresholds were elevated in autism but were comparable between the sexes. Tactile sensitivity measures that are elevated in autism but are otherwise comparable between autistic males and autistic females suggest the possibility that certain sensory features could be used as sex-indifferent markers of autism. Further investigation with larger and more representative samples should be conducted before any stronger conclusions are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early, accurate identification of ADHD would improve outcomes while avoiding unnecessary medication exposure for non-ADHD youths, but is challenging, especially in primary care. The aim of this paper is to test the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) using a nationally representative sample to develop scoring weights for clinical use. The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey ( N = 18,232 youths 5-15 years old) included semi-structured interview DSM-IV diagnoses and parent-rated SDQ scores. Areas under the curve for SDQ subscales were good (0.81) to excellent (0.96) across sex and age groups. Hyperactivity/inattention scale scores of 10+ increased odds of ADHD by 21.3×. For discriminating ADHD from other diagnoses, accuracy was fair (<0.70) to good (0.88); Hyperactivity/inattention scale scores of 10+ increased odds of ADHD by 4.47×. The SDQ is free, easy to score, and provides clinically meaningful changes in odds of ADHD that can guide clinical decision-making in an evidence-based medicine framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited literature available on the comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and substance use disorder (SUD). This paper reviews existing literature and exemplifies the challenges of treating this population with a case report of an adult male with ASD and DSM-5 alcohol use disorder. This review and case study seeks to illustrate risk factors which predispose individuals with ASD to developing SUD and discuss the obstacles to and modifications of evidence-based treatments for SUD. A review of the therapeutic interventions implemented in the treatment of this young male are described to highlight potential recommendations for the general management of SUD in those with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirroring the evolution of the conceptualization of autism has been changes in the diagnostic process, including the most recent revisions to the DSM-5 and the addition of severity-based diagnostic modifiers assigned on the basis of intensity of needed supports. A review of recent literature indicates that in research stratifying individuals on the basis of autism severity, core ASD symptomology is the primary consideration. This conceptualization is disparate from the conceptualization put forth in DSM-5 in which severity determination is based on level of needed support, which is also impacted by cognitive, language, behavioral, and adaptive functioning. This paper reviews literature in this area and discusses possible instruments that may be useful to inform clinical judgment in determining ASD severity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the discriminative capacity of CBCL/1½-5 (Manual for the ASEBA Preschool-Age Forms & Profiles, University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families, Burlington, ) DSM5 scales attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety and depressive problems for detecting the presence of DSM5 (DSM5 diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, APA, Arlington, ) disorders, ADHD, ODD, Anxiety and Mood disorders, assessed through diagnostic interview, in children aged 3-5. Additionally, we compare the clinical utility of the CBCL/1½-5-DSM5 scales with respect to analogous CBCL/1½-5 syndrome scales. A large community sample of 616 preschool children was longitudinally assessed for the stated age group. Statistical analysis was based on ROC procedures and binary logistic regressions. ADHD and ODD CBCL/1½-5-DSM5 scales achieved good discriminative ability to identify ADHD and ODD interview's diagnoses, at any age. CBCL/1½-5-DSM5 Anxiety scale discriminative capacity was fair for unspecific anxiety disorders in all age groups. CBCL/1½-5-DSM5 depressive problems' scale showed the poorest discriminative capacity for mood disorders (including depressive episode with insufficient symptoms), oscillating into the poor-to-fair range. As a whole, DSM5-oriented scales generally did not provide evidence better for discriminative capacity than syndrome scales in identifying DSM5 diagnoses. CBCL/1½-5 -DSM5 scales discriminate externalizing disorders better than internalizing disorders for ages 3-5. Scores on the ADHD and ODD CBCL/1½-5-DSM5 scales can be used to screen for DSM5 ADHD and ODD disorders in general populations of preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a classical conditioning paradigm typically used to study the underlying neural processes of learning and memory. EBC has a well-defined neural circuitry, is non-invasive, and can be employed in human infants shortly after birth making it an ideal tool to use in both developing and special populations. In addition, abnormalities in the cerebellum, a region of the brain highly involved in EBC, have been implicated in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In the current paper, we review studies that have employed EBC as a biomarker for several neurodevelopmental disorders including fetal alcohol syndrome, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, specific language impairment, and schizophrenia. In addition, we discuss the benefits of using such a tool in individuals with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, account-based player tracking data have been utilized as a potential tool to identify problem gambling online and associated markers of harm. One established marker of harm among problem gamblers is chasing losses, and chasing losses is a key criterion for gambling disorder in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Given the paucity of research with respect to chasing losses among online casino players using account-based data, the present study developed five metrics that may be indicative of chasing behavior: These were (i) within-session chasing, (ii) across-session chasing, (iii) across-days chasing, (iv) regular gambling account depletion, and (v) frequent session depositing. The authors were given access by a European online casino to raw data of all players who had placed at least one bet or wagered at least once during December 2021 (N = 16,771 players from the UK, Spain, and Sweden). Results indicated that frequent session depositing reflected chasing losses better than any of the other four metric operationalizations used. While frequent session depositing appears to be more indicative of chasing losses than the other four metrics, all the metrics provide useful information which can be used to help identify problematic gambling behavior online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have suggested that one in ten persons diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder have extraordinary skills. This condition, often described as savant syndrome, may be associated with high psychosocial distress. The goal of this cases series is to present a novel form of therapy for adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder—level 1 reporting extraordinary skills. Two female late adolescents were treated with an integrative form of psychotherapy (evolutionary systems therapy) that was previously tested on young adults with severe detachment even in presence of extraordinary skills. The primary outcome was a change in psychosocial distress. The secondary outcomes were changes in metacognition and self-soothing. All patients showed reliable changes in primary and secondary outcomes at the end of the 6-month intervention. Changes were maintained at one-month of follow-up. Further research is needed to confirm the feasibility and clinical utility of the proposed treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore underlying factors of Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) and examine how the dimensions of the IAS relate to psychiatric symptoms in Korean adolescents. Exploratory factor analysis with a sample of N = 1,722 consisted of 13-15 year old Korean adolescents identified three distinctive factors of IAS and they were labeled 'time management', 'withdrawal behaviors' and 'neglect work'. Then, multiple regression models were applied to assess the association between each factor and eight psychological problems, which were evaluated by Youth Self Report. The overall IAS was significantly associated with Somatic, Immature, Thought, Attention, Delinquent and Aggressive behaviors. However, three factor scores showed different association patterns and indicated multidimensional aspects of problematic Internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factor analytic studies have been conducted to examine the inter-relationships and degree of overlap among symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This paper reviewed 36 factor analytic studies that have examined ASD symptoms, using 13 different instruments. Studies were grouped into three categories: Studies with all DSM-IV symptoms, studies with a subset of DSM-IV symptoms, and studies with symptoms that were not specifically based on the DSM-IV. There was consistent support for a common social/communication domain that is distinct from a restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests domain. Implications for symptom conceptualization and diagnosis in ASD are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports an investigation into the nature, patterns and complexity of mental health symptomatology reported for a large (N = 347) population sample of children in foster and kinship care. Cluster analyses were performed on caregiver-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Assessment Checklist for Children (ACC) scores. The derived profile types are characterized more by symptom complexity than specificity, and are delineated more by elevation than shape. The analyses indicate that social and interpersonal relationship difficulties are hallmark features of clinical presentations of children in care; that anxiety is more often observed as a component of felt insecurity than as generalized or trauma-specific anxiety; and that attention-deficit hyperactivity is rarely manifested in isolation from other difficulties. Whereas 35 % of children had clinical difficulties that could plausibly be construed as discrete mental disorders or comorbidity, another 20 % displayed complex attachment- and trauma-related symptomatology that is not adequately conceptualized within DSM or ICD classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed revision of the diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will not fundamentally change the concept of ADHD. This is mainly due to the fact that, DSM-5 will retain the exact DSM-IV wording of all 18 symptoms, but will add new examples that make the criteria more appropriate for children, adolescents and adults. The age of onset will also be changed from 7 to 12 years, the subtyping of the disorder will change, and pervasive developmental disorders will no longer be an exclusion criterion. Although the main concept is unchanged, the suggested changes will most likely increase the prevalence of ADHD, especially in adults and adolescents, but maybe also in children. The added examples will also result in necessary revisions and new validations of rating scales and diagnostic interviews. This review will examine each of the proposed DSM-5 changes and the impact they may have, and in addition, the paper will make an overview of the main characteristics of some of the international and national guidelines for assessment and treatment of ADHD and how these impact the clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conduct disorder (CD) is a frequently occurring psychiatric disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of aggressive and non-aggressive rule breaking antisocial behaviours that lead to considerable burden for the patients themselves, their family and society. This review paper updates diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to CD in the light of the forthcoming DSM-5 definition. The diagnostic criteria for CD will remain unchanged in DSM-5, but the introduction of a specifier of CD with a callous-unemotional (CU) presentation is new. Linked to this, we discuss the pros and cons of various other ways to subtype aggression/CD symptoms. Existing guidelines for CD are, with few exceptions, already of a relatively older date and emphasize that clinical assessment should be systematic and comprehensive and based on a multi-informant approach. Non-medical psychosocial interventions are recommended as the first option for the treatment of CD. There is a role for medication in the treatment of comorbid syndromes and/or in case of insufficient response to psychosocial interventions and severe and dangerous aggressive and violent behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elimination disorders are very common in children: 10 % of 7-year-olds wet at night (nocturnal enuresis), 2-3 % during daytime (diurnal urinary incontinence) and 1-3 % soil (faecal incontinence). In the past decades, many subtypes of elimination disorders have been identified with different symptoms, aetiologies, comorbid disorders and specific treatment options. The aim of the paper is to present a short overview of the proposed DSM-5, the ICCS and the Rome-III classification systems, of assessment and of treatment. The DSM-5 criteria no longer reflect current research data and a revision is needed. Classification systems of the International Children's Incontinence Society (ICCS) for enuresis and urinary incontinence and the ROME-III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders offer new and relevant suggestions for both clinical and research purposes. Assessment of most elimination disorders can be performed in paediatric and child psychiatric primary care settings. The standard assessment consists of a thorough history, frequency/volume charts, specific questionnaires, a full physical examination, sonography and urinalysis. If possible, a child psychiatric assessment is performed. In all other settings, screening with a validated behavioural questionnaire and referral if indicated is recommended. All other investigations are indicated only in complicated cases and if an organic cause is to be ruled out. Treatment is symptom oriented and based on the exact diagnosis of the type of elimination disorder. Counselling is recommended in every case. Most elimination disorders can be treated by specific treatment programmes integrating cognitive-behavioural elements. Nocturnal enuresis is best treated with alarms. Medication can be indicated in nocturnal enuresis (desmopressin), urge incontinence (anticholinergics such as oxybutynin, propiverine, etc.) and faecal incontinence with constipation (polyethylene glycol). Comorbid behavioural and emotional disorders require additional treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children and youths' self-report of mental health problems is considered essential but complicated. Objective: This study examines the psychometric properties of the Dominic Interactive, a computerized DSM-IV based self-report questionnaire and explores informant correspondence. Methods: The Dominic Interactive was administered to 214 Dutch children, 6-11 year old, 122 attended special education schools and 92 children attended public schools. Within 2 weeks 155 children were reassessed. Parents of 211 children completed a paper version of the Dominic Interactive. Results: The findings showed moderate to good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, although stability increased with age. Factor structure concerning generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder displayed ambiguous results. Comparing special education with public school children revealed that both parents and children in special education reported significantly more problems on almost all scales. The results on informant correspondence revealed that discrepancies in reports were not consistent across individual pairs; they were due to a few extreme cases. Eliminating these cases increased the agreement in reports. Conclusions: Although more research is needed to determine the value of the Dominic Interactive, the Dominic Interactive has the potential to contribute with its unique features to the existing self-report instruments for screening and assessing child mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]