1. Urinary iodine concentration of New Zealand adults improves with mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt but not to predicted levels.
- Author
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Edmonds, Julia, McLean, Rachael, Williams, Sheila, and Skeaff, Sheila
- Subjects
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IODINE deficiency , *ENRICHED foods , *BREAD , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *INTERVIEWING , *IODINE , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *NUTRITION , *NUTRITIONAL assessment , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *NUTRITION policy , *PROBABILITY theory , *PUBLIC health , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *REGRESSION analysis , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICAL sampling , *STATISTICS , *STATISTICAL power analysis , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *BODY mass index , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *NUTRITIONAL status , *CLUSTER sampling , *PREVENTION - Abstract
Purpose: To measure the iodine status and iodine intake of New Zealand adults 18-64 years of age following mandatory fortification of bread with iodine. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of NZ adults living in Dunedin and Wellington during February-November 2012. Three hundred and one men and women aged 18-64 years randomly selected from the New Zealand Electoral Roll completed a 24-h urine collection, a demographic and iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and had height and weight measured. Urine collections were analysed for iodine and reported as median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) µg/L and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) µg/day. The FFQ was used to estimate iodine intake with and without discretionary iodised salt use. Results: The median UIC for all adults was 73 µg/L, indicative of mild iodine deficiency. The mean urinary volume was 2.0 L. As an estimate of iodine intake, the median UIE was 127 µg/day. Estimated iodine intake, using the FFQ which included discretionary iodised salt use, was 132 µg/day. Iodine intakes were associated with UIC ( P = 0.040) and UIE ( P = 0.003), but not with bread iodine intake and iodised salt use. Conclusion: Using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD target for iodine sufficiency (a UIC of >100 µg/L) based on school-aged children with a mean urinary volume of 1.0 L, the iodine status of NZ adults does not reach adequate levels (73 µg/L). A more realistic parameter in a population with a higher urinary volume excretion (2.0 L) is the UIE. A median UIE of 127 µg/day suggests that the iodine status of NZ adults is now likely to be adequate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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