Search

This paper takes up Ronald Coase's views on the Chicago school, as found in his published and, especially, unpublished writings. Coase's personal and professional papers, recently opened for examination in the University of Chicago's Regenstein Library, reveal that his commentaries on the Chicago Economics Department and the Chicago school began already in the early 1960s, prior to his appointment at Chicago. These and later commentaries at once reveal a measure of kinship and significant differences of viewpoint, particularly as respects economic method. Pulling back the lens a bit further, the paper provides additional evidence for the heterogeneity of views on fundamental questions that existed even among ostensibly cornerstone members of the so-called 'Chicago school'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1935, Walter Paepcke, president of the Chicago packaging company Container Corporation of America (CCA), established an art department under the direction of Egbert Jacobson, whom he tasked with the development of a comprehensive corporate design programme. This article examines how CCA's publicity translated the company's vertically integrated organizational structure into visual form. In addition to promoting the benefits of paperboard packaging, CCA's advertisements and other graphic visualizations also sold 'integration' itself—defined as the combination of separate parts to create new wholes—as both an economic and a visual ideal. By creating a managerial apparatus that combined techniques of vertical and visual integration, Paepcke and Jacobson established an ideological, rather than simply pragmatic, relationship between business and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores a topic that recalls Reyner Banham's celebration of American popular culture and his enthusiastic travels through the United States. From 1931 into the early 1950s, the US market for inexpensive postcards was dominated by the so-called 'linen' postcard, which was developed, designed, printed and marketed by Curt Teich & Co. of Chicago. Based on retouched black-and-white photographs and printed in vivid, often exaggerated colours on textured card stock, these inexpensive postcard represented the landscapes and roadside attractions of an optimistic, even utopian, American scene—an alternate world not always congruent with the reality of the US during decades of economic depression and war. To a historian, the encyclopaedic geographic iconography of Teich's linen cards, and of those printed by competitors, suggests popular middle-class attitudes about nature, wilderness, technology, mobility and the city during a self-conscious 'machine age'. For a collector, on the other hand, these cards, which are certainly authentic survivors of their time, evoke postmodern nostalgia for a lost world portrayed through the inaccurate representations of pasteboard images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Burn Association (ABA) hosted a Burn Care Strategic Quality Summit (SQS) in an ongoing effort to advance the quality of burn care. The goals of the SQS were to discuss and describe characteristics of quality burn care, identify goals for advancing burn care, and develop a roadmap to guide future endeavors while integrating current ABA quality programs. Forty multidisciplinary members attended the two-day event. Prior to the event, they participated in a pre-meeting webinar, reviewed relevant literature, and contemplated statements regarding their vision for improving burn care. At the in-person, professionally facilitated Summit in Chicago, Illinois, in June 2022, participants discussed various elements of quality burn care and shared ideas on future initiatives to advance burn care through small and large group interactive activities. Key outcomes of the SQS included burn-related definitions of quality care, avenues for integration of current ABA quality programs, goals for advancing quality efforts in burn care, and work streams with tasks for a roadmap to guide future burn care quality-related endeavors. Work streams included roadmap development, data strategy, quality program integration, and partners and stakeholders. This paper summarizes the goals and outcomes of the SQS and describes the status of established ABA quality programs as a launching point for futurework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic models of urban inequality acknowledge the importance of politics for resource distribution and service provision. Yet, contemporary studies of spatial inequality rarely measure politics directly. In this paper, we introduce political dynasties as a way of integrating political economy approaches with ecological theory to better understand the political construction of urban spatial inequality. To do so, we examine the case of political dynasties within the Chicago city council. We show that, from 2011 to 2018, blocks in dynastic wards saw fewer homicides, assaults, robberies, and thefts relative to those in non-dynastic wards. We then leverage the 2015 ward redistricting to provide evidence that dynastic effects play some role in producing these outcomes: blocks annexed into dynastic wards experienced a decline in assaults and robberies and an increase in pothole coverings. While dynastic politicians improve outcomes for blocks they annex, they also withdraw power from those they displace; and displaced blocks had relatively higher levels of crime than annexed blocks in 2015. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that dynastic politicians are contributing to spatial inequalities within Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the most violent summer in its history, the City of Chicago enacted a gang loitering ordinance, making it an offence to have `no apparent purpose' on city streets. This paper analyses the testimonies of Chicago residents and aldennen to draw out the lay narratives of insecurity that underwrote the ordinance. These testimonies provide evidence for Ericson `S (2007) model of counter- law: the ordinance was a response to broad insecurity among residents, a perceived failure of existing risk management systems, and a view that liberal legal principles were themselves aggravating residents' insecurity. Yet, while counter-law is generally theorized as undermining conventional legality, this paper draws on legal consciousness research and finds that the polysemic appeal of legality endures the counter-law turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamics of volatility across major global exchanges for corn, wheat and soybeans in the USA, Europe and Asia. We follow a multivariate GARCH approach and account for the potential bias that may arise when considering exchanges with different closing times. The results indicate that agricultural markets are highly interrelated and there are both own- and cross-volatility spillovers and dependence among most of the exchanges. In particular, Chicago plays a major role in terms of spillover effects over other markets. Additionally, the level of interdependence between exchanges has only increased in recent years for some commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a rich body of literature on the role of ethnic religion in immigrant communities, there has been relatively little attention paid to the role and impact of ethnic religion on the second generation. This is due partly to the earlier dominance of the assimilationist paradigm, which, based mostly on the experiences of the "old" turn-of-the-century European immigrant groups, tended to postulate a second-generation rejection of religion and ethnicity. Drawing on an ethnographic study of Korean- American Christians in Chicago, this study seeks to reexamine the role of ethnic religion for the second generation in the context of a contemporary non-white ethnic group. Contrary to earlier views, findings from Korean-American church-goers suggest that when an ethnic group is faced with a strong sense of social rnarginalization believed to arise from its racial status, the ethnic church can play a dominant role in the group's quest for identity and sense of belonging. This paper shows the ways in which the Korean ethnic church, more specifically the evangelical Protestant church, plays a role in the construction, and maintenance of second-generation Korean ethnic identity and boundary. Serving as a primary site. of the cultural reproduction of the second generation, the Korean ethnic church supports the development of the group's defensive and often highly exclusive ethnic identity in two key ways; first, through a general institutional transmission of Korean culture and second, by the way a set of core traditional Korean values are legitimized and sacralized through their identification with conservative Christian morality and worldview. In demonstrating how ethnic religion can remain highly salient for the second generation under certain situational contexts, this study illuminates the need to rethink the previous views regarding ethnic religion and the second generation, as well as the nature of second-generation ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the Society for Cinema Studies Conference held at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois from March 9 to 12, 2000. The event featured 11 parallel panels and workshops, caucus meetings, and a full roster of film screenings. A screening of Dziga Vertov's film "Man with a Movie Camera" was screened at the conference. The event offered practical sessions on the job market and publishing one's book. Other issues addressed by the workshops include teaching in conservative environments, doing archival research and teaching race and ethnicity on television.

The article explores the discussions among economic modelers and central banks research staff and decision makers, namely on the adequacy of unconventional monetary policy and fiscal expansionary measures after the subprime crisis and as the COVID recession is developing. First, the article investigates the arguments, models and policy proposals of several mainstream schools of economics that challenged the traditional Chicagoan orthodoxy based on Milton Friedman's views, and developed the Lucas Critique, the New Classical synthesis and Real Business Cycle approach that replaced monetarism as the main rivals to old-time Keynesianism. Second, the transformation of Real Business Cycle models into Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models is mapped, as it extended the ideas of the iniquity of government intervention and unified academic and central bank research. Yet, a battery of criticism was levied against the DSGE models and, as the debate emerged over quantitative easing and other tools of unconventional monetary policy, the need for policy pragmatism shattered the previous consensus. The article then proceeds to discuss how the leading mainstream academic economists reacted to changes in central banks' practices, noticing a visible dissonance within Chicago-school and DSGE economists, as well as major contortions of central bankers in order to justify their new postures. The article concludes with a call for an extensive menu of fiscal, industrial and innovation policies in order to respond to recessions and structural crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several conference papers on medical topics for the world meeting on sexual medicine to be held in Chicago, Illinois on August 26-30, 2012. These papers include determination of the outcome and risk factors for vaginectomy in female-to-male (FTM) transsexuals undergoing sex reassignment surgery, deciphering the side effects and somatic co-morbidity in transgender, and characterization of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) in men.

This study explores how racial composition, in-migration and community identity influence the distribution of antiblack and antiwhite hate crimes. Drawing on six years of Chicago Police Department reports, two decades of census data and community survey data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the paper evaluates hypotheses derived from racial threat, macrostructural opportunity and defended community perspectives. Negative binomial models controlling for spatial dependence reveal different patterns for antiblack and antiwhite hate crimes across Chicago communities. Consistent with a defended communities model, antiblack hate crimes are most common in homogenous white communities with strong community identities undergoing recent black in-migration. In contrast, antiwhite hate crimes are most numerous in communities where blacks and whites comprise near equal proportions, supporting macrostructural opportunity perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current models of change in immigrant churches posit that ethnic congregations become more acculturated in response to inter-generational conflicts. As second and third generation church members attempt to meet their own unique social needs, ethnic churches are forced to revise their goals and structures in order to ensure the survival of their organization. Recent studies, however, cast doubt on whether generational changes are the only catalyst of evolution in ethnic churches. This paper develops an alternative explanation by arguing that religious culture can also exert pressure for change. it does so by showing how a strong emphasis on inter-ethnic evangelism lead to the adoption of English-language services in a Ghanaian Pentecostal church in Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Condor: Ornithological Applications is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focuses on an uprising in 1953 over Afro-American Betty Howard's application for an apartment unit at the Trumbull Park Homes in Chicago, Illinois. Racial discrimination; Property description; Freedom of passage through the area by nonresident African Americans; Unamity among whites; Attacks on Afro-Americans; Efforts to restore the status quo.

The article discusses Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle's Tele-Vecindario, a collaborative project that was part of the "Culture in Action" exhibition in Chicago, Illinois. The project involved working with young people in West Town, Chicago to produce videos addressing issues within the community. The project received acclaim for its ability to use art and urbanism to reinforce each other and its contribution to the discourse on the spatial dynamics of contemporary urban streets.

Much research on disruptive innovations has focused on firms that disrupt existing industries. Yet, regulators and lawmakers are instrumental in containing or enabling market disruption, in ways that are less understood. This article examines taxi industries in New York City, Chicago and San Francisco between 2010 and 2014 to better understand the role of regulators and lawmakers in enabling Uber to disrupt these industries. Relying on 142 interviews, ethnographic observations and primary source documents, I show that regulators and lawmakers used two strategies in responding to Uber: blocking and incorporating. Blocking refers to measures that stop a firm from entering the industry. Incorporating refers to adding, subtracting or modifying regulations to align with an innovative firm's practices. I identify three incorporating strategies: horizontal venue shifting, vertical venue shifting and reinterpreting existing regulations. Analyzing these strategies more clearly illuminates regulatory change mechanisms and lawmakers' and regulators' role in enabling disruptive innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The epidemiology and clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the pediatric population is different from the adult population. The purpose of this study is to identify effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on laboratory test utilization in a pediatric hospital. Methods: We performed retrospective analysis on test utilization data from Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, an academic pediatric medical center. Data between two 100-day periods prior to (prepandemic) and during the pandemic (mid-pandemic) were analyzed to evaluate changes in test volume, lab utilization, and test positivity rate. We also evaluated these metrics based on in- vs outpatient testing and performed modeling to determine what variables significantly impact the test positivity rate. Results: During the pandemic period, there was an expected surge in COVID-19 testing, while over 84% of lab tests studied decreased in ordering volume. The average number of tests ordered per patient was not significantly different during the pandemic for any of the laboratories (adjusted P value > 0.05). Thirty-three studied tests showed significant change in positivity rate during the pandemic. Linear modeling revealed test volume and inpatient status as the key variables associated with change in test positivity rate. Conclusions: Excluding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 tests, the COVID-19 pandemic has generally led to decreased test ordering volume and laboratory utilization. However, at this pediatric hospital, the average number of tests performed per patient and test positivity rates were comparable between pre- and mid-pandemic periods. These results suggest that, overall, clinical test utilization at this site remained consistent during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains how and why community organizers in Chicago's Englewood neighborhood have found promise in the opportunities that property law provides for addressing community problems. Drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, it examines the creation of neighborhood institutions for Chicago's first urban agriculture district. These institutions have been informed by memories of slavery and sharecropping, and of the role played by food production and economic cooperation in struggles for African American self-determination. To keep ownership, use, and benefits of urban farmland local, organizers in Englewood founded a community land trust as a way to cultivate a sense of community ownership and control, and as a way to chip away at the alienation that blocks residents from addressing local problems. Prior studies have linked collective efficacy and residents' individual sense of ownership; the experience in Englewood points to how collective efficacy could also be fostered by institutions that demonstrate collective, African-American ownership of community resources. The article discusses why organizers and residents in race-class subjugated communities may find promise in the sense of sovereignty and legal agency afforded by property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoliberal economics has reshaped societies. How did this doctrine ascend? While existing explanations emphasize a variety of factors, one neglected aspect is intellectual rivalry within the US economics profession. Neoliberalism had to attain prestige against the grain of the intelligentsia prior to becoming a force to organize political power. Using qualitative and quantitative evidence, we examine key rivals in US economics from 1960 to 1985: the Chicago School of Economics, neoliberal pioneers and the 'Charles River Group' (Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the mainstream Keynesian stronghold. We identify socialization mechanisms from historical accounts, which suggest forms of social cohesion between elite professors and their students. We measure social cohesion and network structure from salient relations within and between generations, using a new a dataset focused on elite economics professors and their graduate students. What differentiated the Chicago School from Charles River was its fostering of social cohesion and its effective transmission of value orientations across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy depends on patient awareness, provider discussion, and patient willingness to use. We conducted a postvisit survey with patients at 3 HIV clinics in San Francisco, Chicago, and Atlanta in May 2021 to assess for inequities in these early implementation phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Chicago, Illinois-based collective of Black archivists known as the "Blackivists." Topics include the collective's work to prioritize Black cultural heritage preservation and memory work, their collaboration with "Honey Pot Performance," and an interview is presented with several of its members.

The article offers information on the planning for the 2021 meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion in Chicago, Illinois.

Alzheimer' dementia is a large and growing public health problem. Of utmost importance for limiting the impact of the disease on society is the prevention of dementia, that is, delay onset either by years whereby death ensues prior to dementia onset. The Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project are two harmonized cohort studies of aging and dementia that include organ donation at death. Ongoing since 1994 and 1997, respectively, we published on the association of numerous experiential, psychological, and medical risk factors for dementia, many of which are potentially modifiable. Here, selected findings are reviewed based on a presentation at the 2020 National Academy of Neuropsychology given virtually in Chicago in October of 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop an algorithm for detecting teacher cheating that combines information on unexpected test score fluctuations and suspicious patterns of answers for students in a classroom. Using data from the Chicago public schools, we estimate that serious cases of teacher or administrator cheating on standardized tests occur in a minimum of 4–5 percent of elementary school classrooms annually. The observed frequency of cheating appears to respond strongly to relatively minor changes in incentives. Our results highlight the fact that high-powered incentive systems, especially those with bright line rules, may induce unexpected behavioral distortions such as cheating. Statistical analysis, however, may provide a means of detecting illicit acts, despite the best attempts of perpetrators to keep them clandestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the Cinema as "Vernacular Modernism" Conference that was held at the University of Chicago in Illinois on May 18, 2002. The symposium was intended to explore the concept of vernacular modernism with a view towards its heuristic value both for debates within cinema studies and for the interdisciplinary study of cinema in the cultural context of modernity. Three panels and a round-table discussion comprise the symposium. A preliminary screening of Paul Fejo's "Lonesome" was also undertaken.

Investigates the economic and living conditions of Afro-American workers in Chicago, Illinois during the 1920s. Discrimination in hiring and promotion policies; Surplus in labor supply due to the migration of blacks from the South; Residential segregation in the Afro-American neighborhoods of Chicago.

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model has been implemented in over 3,000 communities across the USA. Research to date has shown beneficial results in terms of officers' knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, stigma, and force preferences. This study aimed to broaden the lens on the implementation context of CIT to examine whether factors in the environment and response process affect how calls are resolved. This study focused on several factors—CIT response, call location, and upstream decisions to pre-identify calls as mental health-related—that may impact call outcomes. Our findings suggest that CIT response, dispatch coding, and the places where calls originate play a role in shaping outcomes. More research is needed to unpack the effects of this wider CIT implementation environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model that predicts the total end-of-day volume and updates the prediction as new intraday information is observed and proposed. This model is a time-varying coefficients model which is estimated using the framework of functional data. Semiparametric constraints such as monotonicity of the time-varying coefficients can be imposed in the estimation. Results that allow us to derive confidence bands under a variety of scenarios including functions that lie at the boundary of the constrained set are given. In the empirical application we consider the end-of-day volume prediction of major Forex futures traded on the Chicago mercantile Exchange and show the benefits of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugees resettled through the United States Refugee Admissions Program are expected to become economically self-sufficient by 90 days post arrival. To meet this expectation, refugee resettlement agencies attempt to place refugees in employment as rapidly as possible. Consequently, refugees are placed into pre-identified jobs—termed survival jobs—at partner employers in the secondary labour market largely irrespective of career background. This study examines the long-term employment and socio-economic outcomes of refugees given the agency approach and resulting initial job placement. To do so, I use individual employment records from a refugee resettlement agency in Chicago, semi-structured interviews with refugees and autoethnography conducted over an eight-year period (2008–16). I find that the initial employment placements made by the refugee resettlement agency in the immediate period post-arrival have long-term implications for economic integration. Refugees in general, but in particular those who arrive with less relevant human capital, remain in employment at agency partners five years after arrival. These positions offer limited opportunities for upward economic mobility, leaving many refugees at or near the Federal Poverty Line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV-related anal cancer. Although a safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent HPV infection, HPV vaccine uptake among young MSM remains low.Purpose: This pilot randomized controlled trial tested the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a text messaging-based HPV vaccination intervention for young sexual minority men.Methods: In 2018, unvaccinated sexual minority men aged 18-25 years were recruited from Chicago to participate in a 9 month sexual health program called txt2protect. Participants (N = 150) were randomized to the intervention or control condition. Intervention condition messages focused primarily on HPV vaccination, with only a brief mention of other sexual health practices (e.g., condom use and HIV testing), while control condition messages focused on a variety of sexual health practices with only a brief mention of HPV vaccination. Participants received daily text messages for the first 3 weeks and monthly text messages for the remaining ~8 months of the trial. Participants completed surveys at baseline and 3 week and 9 month follow-ups.Results: Participants reported high satisfaction with the intervention. Although trial retention was high (with over 88% completing the 9 month survey), the study fell short of meeting its recruitment goal. HPV vaccine series initiation was significantly higher among intervention participants (19.4%) compared to control participants (6.6%), odds ratio = 3.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.17, 10.08.Conclusions: Findings suggest that txt2protect is an acceptable and potentially promising intervention for increasing HPV vaccine initiation among young sexual minority men.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02994108. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examines the notion of home as it relates to place making, belonging, and community building. Using a phenomenological method of inquiry, data were gathered through in-depth qualitative interviews with 15 Somali Americans and subjected to transcendental phenomenological analyses. Three major themes were found: (1) the meaning of community: being Somali and Muslim; (2) "We help each other. We are connected"; and (3) "Home is where your root is." The study findings highlight how Somali participants drew on their faith and culture as foundational to community building and drew on acts of mutual giving and receiving to bind them together even as subjective feelings of "home" could be place based or could transcend geography. Although sometimes disrupted by bias and discrimination, Somalis persevered in defining themselves and pursuing a sense of belonging both within their own community and in the city at large. This study offers an expansive and dynamic view of the meaning of place making, community building, and belonging (home) in the lives of displaced refugees. Both research and practice can benefit from special attention given to the "natural" formation of refugee communities and their role in enhancing adjustment to life in a new land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the Bulls riot of 1992, which started as a celebration of a basketball victory but turned into a night of looting and rioting in Chicago's black ghettos, local and national newspapers asked: was it just a celebration? Was it an expression of pent-up anger and frustration? Had Korean and Arab merchants been targeted? The sociological literature on riots contains a great deal of analysis of city level data, but few micro level studies that analyze who are the victims and perpetrators of the violence and destruction associated with riots. I argue in this paper that the Bulls riot of 1992 was political as well as celebratory, responding in part to massive welfare cuts in Illinois and to the televised drama of the Los Angeles riot of 1992. A store by store analysis of ghetto merchants reveals that despite the political undertones, the extensive nature of the riot, and a history of organized boycotts against Korean stores, there was no targeting of merchants based on race or ethnicity. Some implications for the political and racial nature of riots are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his essay, titled, "The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the City Environment," sociologist Robert Park and his colleagues at the University of Chicago, Illinois, developed several suggestions into an unprecedented program of empirical research on urban life and social problems. The theme for the 1995 annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP), "The Problems and Prospects of Urban Society," is addressed to concerns that motivated the work of Park and his colleagues. A number of sessions at this meeting of SSSP highlight continuities in the urban crises that Park envisioned as research problems. Many of the papers being presented reflect the methodological and theoretical heritage of the Chicago tradition. Much of the excitement and collective energy of the academic community at Chicago was generated by a strong sense of mission, the mission of building a science of sociology. The excitement that pervades students' accounts of their research during the era reflects a conviction that they were making a contribution to this mission, that their work was loaded with scientific value.

Investigates the process of the development of illegal drug distribution in Chicago, Illinois between 1890 and 1940. Legislation sought to control the legal distribution of drugs; Problems emerging from the distribution of cocaine; How drug sellers conducted their business.

Evaluates the inequality of wealth and income among professional employees in the Chicago, Illinois area between 1870 to 1920. Extent of inter and intraoccupational inequality and stratification; Income comparison of elite and practitioners; Concept of occupational stratification.

The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, in Chicago, is well-known for the excellence of its collection of historical scientific instruments. The foundation of the collection was accomplished by the purchase en bloc of over 500 instruments from Anton W. M. Mensing and was timed to coincide with the opening of the Adler Planetarium in 1930. The purchase of the Mensing collection appears to have been motivated by the desire to enhance the cultural credibility of the new institution, thereby avoiding the accusation of merely presenting 'canned astronomy' shows to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the sixty-fifth annual conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) held in Chicago, Illinois from May 13-16, 2010. Topics discussed include assessing opinion data in war zones, cell phones in national studies, and the effects of religion on attitudes and beliefs.

Self-published zines have been celebrated by some feminist communication scholars for offering an emancipatory outlet for women and queer people. But under the logics of late capitalism, zines cannot reach truly transgressive potentials. This study situates zinester politics within a framework of communicative capitalism: the current era of command individuality and "woke" representational politics. I also historicize zines' proliferation through punk, do-it-yourself (DIY), and White, feminist communities. Using critical discourse analysis as my analytical approach, I illustrate the interpellation of capitalist ideology in online questionnaires completed by 11 queer, White, feminist zinesters from Chicago. By harnessing a DIY production model, respondents said they resisted mass-mediated expectations of normative sexuality and gender identity, but zinesters also reflect and reify the systems they attempt to transcend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between rising violent crime and elevated blood pressure (BP). METHODS We analyzed 217,816 BP measurements from 17,783 adults during a temporal surge in violent crime in Chicago (2014–2016). Serial observations were abstracted from the electronic health record at an academic medical center and paired to the City of Chicago Police Data Portal. The violent crime rate (VCR) was calculated as the number of violent crimes per 1,000 population per year for each census tract. Longitudinal multilevel regression models were implemented to assess elevated BP (systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg) as a function of the VCR, adjusting for patient characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, and time effects. Secondary dependent measures included elevated heart rate, obesity, missed outpatient appointments, all-cause hospital admissions, and cardiovascular hospital admissions. RESULTS At baseline, the median VCR was 41.3 (interquartile range: 15.2–66.8), with a maximum rise in VCR of 59.1 over the 3-year surge period. A 20-unit rise in the VCR was associated with 3% higher adjusted odds of having elevated BP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.06), 8% higher adjusted odds of missing an outpatient appointment (95% CI: 1.03–1.13), and 6% higher adjusted odds of having a cardiovascular-related hospital admission (95% CI: 1.01–1.12); associations were not significant for elevated heart rate and obesity. CONCLUSION Rising violent crime was associated with increased BP during a temporal crime surge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Distributed lag models (DLMs) have been widely used in environmental epidemiology to quantify the lagged effects of air pollution on a health outcome of interest such as mortality and morbidity. Most previous DLM approaches consider only one pollutant at a time. We propose a distributed lag interaction model to characterize the joint lagged effect of two pollutants. One natural way to model the interaction surface is by assuming that the underlying basis functions are tensor products of the basis functions that generate the main effect distributed lag functions. We extend Tukey's 1 degree‐of‐freedom interaction structure to the two‐dimensional DLM context. We also consider shrinkage versions of the two to allow departure from the specified Tukey interaction structure and achieve bias—variance trade‐off. We derive the marginal lag effects of one pollutant when the other pollutant is fixed at certain quantiles. In a simulation study, we show that the shrinkage methods have better average performance in terms of mean‐squared error across various scenarios. We illustrate the methods proposed by using the 'National morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study' data to model the joint effects of particulate matter and ozone on mortality count in Chicago, Illinois, from 1987 to 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence in the United States are established. Given our understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in sleep characteristics and demonstrated associations between sleep characteristics and hypertension, we tested whether sleep characteristics mediated racial disparities in hypertension. METHODS Analyses were performed in the Chicago Area Sleep Study, a population-based cohort study of 154 Blacks, 128 Whites, 103 Hispanics, and 109 Asians without obstructive sleep apnea. Participants underwent 7 days of wrist actigraphy monitoring. Algorithms were used to determine sleep duration and sleep maintenance (the percent of sleep in the sleep period). Hypertension was determined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg or the use of antihypertensive medications. We estimated sample prevalence ratios for hypertension before and after adjustment for sleep characteristics and also conducted mediation analysis. RESULTS The sample prevalence of hypertension was highest in Blacks (36%), followed by Hispanics (14%), Asians (8%), and Whites (5%). The sample prevalence ratio for hypertension for Blacks vs. Whites was 5.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.36, 13.23) after adjusting for age, sex, and education. Adjustment for sleep duration had no influence on the effect estimate, but adjustment for sleep maintenance attenuated the sample prevalence ratio to 4.55 (95% CI: 1.91, 11.14). Sleep maintenance mediated 11.4% of the difference in hypertension prevalence between Blacks and Whites in this sample. CONCLUSIONS Sleep maintenance mediated a small but significant portion of the disparity in hypertension between Blacks and Whites. Future research should investigate the mechanisms underlying these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of research documents the importance of early experiences for later academic, social, and economic success. Exposure to an unsafe neighborhood is no exception. Living in a violent neighborhood can influence the stress levels, protective behaviors, and community interactions of both parents and children in ways that generate cumulative educational disadvantage. Using nine years (2002–2011) of detailed crime data from the Chicago Police Department and longitudinal administrative data from the Chicago Public Schools, I estimate the influence of early exposure to neighborhood violence on growth in standardized test scores over time. Student fixed effects are included to remove any bias due to constant differences between students. The results show that children from more violent neighborhoods fall farther behind their peers from safer neighborhoods as they progress through school. These effects are comparable in size to the independent association with socioeconomic disadvantage and an annual measure of more recent neighborhood violence exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented concerning consumer culture and public space for Chicago, Illinois, women during the turn of the 20th century. It examines the social implications of public access to drinking establishments for women and conspicuous consumption of alcohol by women, and the creation of an expanded consumer society. The article also discusses how entrepreneurs catered to women drinkers, women's health and the use of patent medicine, and the significance of temperance activists Carrie Nation and minister Frederick E. Hopkins.

Information about topics discussed at the 83rd annual meeting of the Cooper Ornthological Society held in conjunction with the American Ornithologists' Union in Chicago, Illinois on August 14-17, 2013 is presented. The recognition of Henry M. Stretby of the University of California, Berkeley with the 2013 Young Professional Award is highlighted. The election of Michael A. Patten, Katie Dugger and Mercedes Foster to the Honorary Membership of the Society is emphasized.

In patients with chronic indeterminate Chagas disease, conventional manometry has shown that 25-48% had esophageal motor disorders. Recently, esophageal high-resolution manometry ( HRM) has revolutionized the assessment of esophageal motor function. In this study, we performed esophageal HRM in a group of subjects with incidentally positive serological findings for Trypanosoma cruzi. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated subjects who had positive serological tests for Chagas disease detected during a screening evaluation for blood donation. All subjects underwent symptomatic evaluation and esophageal HRM with a 36 solid-state catheter. Esophageal abnormalities were classified using the Chicago classification. Forty-two healthy subjects (38 males) aged 18-61 years (mean age, 40.7 years) were included. When specific symptoms questionnaire was applied, 14 (33%) subjects had esophageal symptoms. Esophageal high-resolution manometry revealed that 28 (66%) of the subjects had an esophageal motility disorder according to the Chicago classification. Most common findings were hypocontractile disorders in 18 subjects (43%) and esophagogastric junction ( EGJ) outflow obstruction in 6 (15%). Esophageal high-resolution manometry reveals that up to two thirds of the subjects with an incidental diagnosis of Chagas disease have esophageal abnormalities. This technology increases the detection and allows a more complete assessment of esophageal motor function in subjects infected with T. cruzi even in the early stages of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new strategy of criminal prosecution, called “community prosecution,” emerged in the past two decades. The strategy breaks with the traditional approach to prosecution in which a prosecutor works in an office adjacent to a criminal court, processes a large volume of cases, and measures success with conviction rates and sentence lengths. In community prosecution, a prosecutor works directly in a neighborhood, develops relationships with local groups, aligns enforcement priorities with residents' public safety concerns, and seeks solutions to prevent crime. This article presents the first estimates of community prosecution's impact on crime. Over a fifteen-year period, Chicago's top prosecutor twice applied the community prosecution strategy in some (but not all) neighborhoods, and this sequence of two “off/on” policy episodes permits plausible identification of the strategy's impact. Differences-in-differences estimates show that community prosecution reduced certain categories of crime, such as aggravated assault, but had no effect on other categories, such as larceny. The diversity of practices under the rubric of community prosecution makes generalization difficult, but the estimates from Chicago show that the strategy has the potential to produce cost-justified reductions in crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent analysis of air samples from Chicago and Lake Michigan areas observed a ubiquitous airborne polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener, 3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11). Our analysis of serum samples also revealed the existence of hydroxylated metabolites of PCB11 in human blood. Because PCBs and PCB metabolites have been suggested to induce oxidative stress, this study sought to determine whether environmental exposure to PCB11 and its 4-hydroxyl metabolite could induce alterations in steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytotoxicity in immortalized human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). This study also examines if antioxidants could protect the cells from PCB11-induced cytotoxicity. Exponentially growing RWPE-1 cells were exposed to PCB11 and its metabolite, 3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4-OH-PCB11), as well as an airborne PCB mixture resembling the Chicago ambient air congener profile, every day for 5 days. Results showed that 4-OH-PCB11 could significantly induce cell growth suppression and decrease the viability and plating efficiency of RWPE-1 cells. 4-OH-PCB11 also significantly increased steady-state levels of intracellular superoxide, O2•−, as well as hydroperoxides. Finally, treatment with the combination of polyethylene glycol–conjugated CuZn superoxide dismutase and catalase added 1h after 4-OH-PCB11 exposures, significantly protected RWPE-1 cells from PCB toxicity. The results strongly support the hypothesis that exposure to a hydroxylated metabolite of PCB11 can inhibit cell proliferation and cause cytotoxicity by increasing steady-state levels of ROS. Furthermore, antioxidant treatments following PCBs exposure could significantly mitigate the PCB-induced cytotoxicity in exponentially growing human prostate epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The theory of government failure was developed as a reaction against Pigovian welfare economics and the Cambridge approach to economic policy analysis generally, which ostensibly lacked a theory of governmental behaviour. We argue that the Cambridge tradition—as reflected in the writings of Henry Sidgwick, Alfred Marshall and A.C. Pigou—evidences a clear sense of the potential limitations and inefficiencies of the political process that were later developed, albeit in a more systematic fashion, in the government failure literature and at the same time bring out the ways in which the Cambridge and contemporary government failure approaches diverge, in spite of their strong similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Coyotes (Canis latrans) occur across North America in many types of ecosystems, including urban areas, yet certain aspects of coyote behavior remain obscure. Previous observational studies have provided evidence that coyotes are socially monogamous; however, the degree to which coyotes exhibit genetic monogamy has not previously been determined. We used radiotelemetry and genetic techniques to determine the mating system of an urban coyote population. We obtained samples from 236 coyotes captured during 2000-2006 in the Greater Chicago Metropolitan Area of Illinois. Individuals were genotyped using 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Among 18 litters comprising 96 offspring, we found no evidence of polygamy, and detected a single instance of a double litter (pups from different parents sharing the same den). The 2 mated pairs that contributed to the double litter had not interbred. However, the relatedness values shared between 1 mated pair and the pups that were not their offspring suggested that they were closely related, possibly as cousins or grandparents! grandoffspring. Across all radiocollared mated pairs, mean home range overlap for the male and female was 80.1% (SD = 13.4). Among 7 mated pairs, 3 of which were radiotracked over multiple years, there was no evidence of mate abandonment and multiyear monogamy was maintained. Despite the high food resources available and high population density, urban coyotes display no variability in their monogamous mating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]