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Using data on primary school children and their teachers, we show that teachers who hold prejudicial attitudes towards an ethnic group create socially and spatially segregated classrooms. Leveraging a natural experiment where newly arrived refugee children are randomly assigned to teachers within schools, we find that teachers' ethnic prejudice, measured by an implicit association test, significantly lowers the prevalence of interethnic social links, increases homophilic ties among host children, and puts refugee children at a higher risk of peer violence. Our results highlight the role of teachers in achieving integrated schools in a world of increasing ethnic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from the National Hockey League (NHL) to consider the potential gains to firms from employing culturally diverse work teams. It finds that the presence of foreign workers does increase firm-level performance: NHL teams that employed a higher proportion of European players performed better. However, the results also indicate that teams perform better when their European players come from the same country rather than being spread across many European countries. When teams have players from a wide array of European countries, integration costs associated with language and cultural differences may start to override any gains from diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stewart also sees a concerted effort by Republican elites, especially Donald Trump, to discredit election administration by claiming that malevolent bureaucracies ("the deep state") stole the 2020 election from Trump. By the 2010s, assessments of every nonpolitical institution except banks were more polarized-with Republicans especially likely to trust police, religion, business, and Wall Street, and Democrats more trusting than Republicans of tv news, press, labor, television, and public schools. Where once political partisans had the same level of trust in most nonpolitical institutions except for business and labor, Democrats are now more likely than Republicans to trust higher education, journalism and tv news, public schools, medicine, and science. In the 1970s, only business and labor showed significant polarization, with Republicans trusting business more than Democrats, and Democrats trusting labor more than Republicans. [Extracted from the article]

The relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and economic growth is complex. Empirical research working with cross-country data finds a negative, or statistically insignificant, relationship. However, analysis at the city level finds a positive effect of diversity on wages and productivity. Generally there is a trade-off between the economic benefits of diversity and the costs of heterogeneity. Using cells of fixed size, we find that the relationship between diversity and growth is positive for small geographical areas. In the case of Africa, we argue that the explanation is the increase in trade at the boundaries between ethnic groups due to ethnic specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs about the 23rd International Society for Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) conference will be held in Bangalore, India, December 4–8, 2022. It mentions that the 23rd ISMIR conference has welcomed contributions related to any aspect of music information research including foundations and theories for music processing, analysis, algorithms, evaluation, and applications.

This paper analyzes the influence of political systems and rights in patterns of agricultural protection across commodities, countries and over time. Four political systems and a qualitative index of political rights account for differences in political institutions. The analysis incorporates the effects of development of constraints on tax collection feasibility, and of comparative advantages and terms of trade. Pluralistic systems are associated with higher agricultural protection levels, although in a nonlinear fashion. Access to pluralism appears to be important, although further democratization partly dissipates protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-1991 episodes of I TNG i and the subsequent series of the I Star Trek i saga refer to Cold War memory but were not the products of a society experiencing a the Cold War and therefore are not included in this analysis. Moreover, it comments on I Star Trek i 's negotiation of the wider nexus of power and ideology that determined the Cold War: the self-image of the United States; attitudes toward a powerful adversary; deterrence and the dilemmas of the use of force; and the impact of the search for détente (1960s), the renewed Cold War (early 1980s), and the end of the Cold War (1987-1991). The 1979 motion picture, showing Kirk's arrival at the ship, devotes several minutes to presenting the symbolic vessel as a beloved place of return - not only for Kirk but also for the viewer.[50] The I TNG i writers' guides expressly noted that "a major character in I Star Trek i has always been the Starship I Enterprise i and its mission."[51] It is no coincidence that the I Star Trek i vessel bears a name that meant a great deal to U.S. society of the late 1960s. Culture, including popular culture and science fiction, has already become the subject of Cold War studies.[1] This article discusses perceptions of the Cold War in the first two I Star Trek i series: I The Original Series i ( I TOS i ), which ran from 1966 until 1969, and I The Next Generation i ( I TNG i ), from 1987 until 1991. [Extracted from the article]

While the United States historically has been a polyglot nation characterized by great linguistic diversity, it has also been a zone of language extinction in which immigrant tongues fade and are replaced by monolingual English within a few generations. In 1910, 10 million people reported a mother tongue other than English, notably German, Italian, Yiddish, and Polish. The subsequent end of mass immigration from Europe led to a waning of language diversity and the most linguistically homogenous era in American history. But the revival of immigration after 1970 propelled the United States back toward its historical norm. By 2010, 60 million people (a fifth of the population) spoke a non-English language, especially Spanish. In this essay, we assess the effect of new waves of immigration on language diversity in the United States, map its evolution demographically and geographically, and consider what linguistic patterns are likely to persist and prevail in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next quarter century, North American and Western European societies will face a pro-found transformation of their working-age populations as a result of immigration, combined with the aging of native majorities. These changes will intensify the challenges of integrating the children of low-status immigrants. Abundant evidence reveals that most educational systems, including that in the United States, are failing to meet these challenges; and sociological theories underscore these systems' role in reproducing inequality. However, the history of assimilation in the United States shows that native-/ immigrant-origin inequalities need not be enduring. An examination of variations across time and space suggests educational policy changes and innovations that can ameliorate inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]