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Simple Summary: Radioligand therapy plays a crucial role in the management of prostate cancer patients, for whom despite all available treatments, natural progression is almost inevitable. The failure of therapeutic options is likely to refer to the intrinsic tumor heterogeneity and the development of oncologic resistance pathways. To address this resistance, different trials are attempting to study the effectiveness and safety of combined therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current and future applications of radioligand therapy in prostate cancer from its initial application, moving towards future perspectives, and encompassing the main characteristics of ongoing trials related to this topic. In the last decades, the development of PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, targeting the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), changed the management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients thanks to its higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison with conventional imaging both in staging and in recurrence. Alongside molecular imaging, PSMA was studied as a therapeutic agent targeted with various isotopes. In 2021, results from the VISION trial led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and set the basis for a radical change in the future perspectives of PCa treatment and the history of Nuclear Medicine. Despite these promising results, primary resistance in patients treated with single-agent [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 remains a real issue. Emerging trials are investigating the use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with other PCa therapies in order to cover the multiple oncologic resistance pathways and to overcome tumor heterogeneity. In this review, our aim is to retrace the history of PSMA-targeted therapy from the first preclinical studies to its future applications in PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baiyun gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit in northeastern Hubei around the southern margin of the Tongbai-Dabie metallogenic belt. However, its genesis has not been determined. The metallogenic process of the Baiyun gold deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz + feldspar, quartz + native gold + electrum + polymetallic sulfides, and quartz + pyrite + calcite + iron dolomite + illite. In this study, LA-ICP-MS was used for in situ trace element and isotope analyses in the main and late ore stage hydrothermal sulfides to evaluate the genesis and evolution of ore-forming fluids. Gold is positively correlated with Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Te and the Co/Ni ratio is greater than 1. The S isotope values of Py1 and Py2 are −0.23–3.04‰ and 1.27–6.09‰, respectively. As mineralization progressed, S isotope values increased. In situ S isotope values of the two types of galena symbiotic with pyrite in the main metallogenic stage are 2.97–3.47‰. In situ Fe isotopic values of pyrite are −0.05–0.82‰; values in the two stages are similar without significant fractionation. We inferred that the Baiyun gold deposit formed via magmatic mineralization related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate during the Yanshanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fang'an gold deposit in the Wuhe area, Anhui Province, is located in the area adjacent to the Bengbu Uplift and Wuhe Platform Depression in the southeastern part of North China. This study aimed to determine the deposit's mineralization age and the source of its metallogenic materials and mineralization processes through investigations into its geological characteristics, Rb–Sr isotopes, and S–Pb isotopes. The orebodies of the Fang'an gold deposit in the Neoarchean Xigudui Formation primarily exhibit a vein-type structure. The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: (i) the quartz stage (Py1); (ii) the quartz–pyrite stage (Py2); (iii) the polymetallic sulfide stage (Py3); and (iv) the carbonate stage. Of these, the main mineralization stage is also the main period in which gold mineralization occurs. In situ sulfur isotope results of pyrite (Py1 to Py3) in the first three mineralization stages, suggesting a contribution of sulfur from crust–mantle magmatic fluids. The δ34S values for Py2 (average 5.51‰) are higher than Py1 (average 4.45‰) and showed that the magmatic fluids mixed with meteoric waters. The δ34S values for Py3 (average 5.18‰) are lower than Py2 (average 5.51‰), revealing that it related fluid immiscibility. The lead isotopic compositions of sulfides within the ores possessed 206Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 16.759 to 16.93, 207Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 15.311 to 15.402, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 37.158 to 37.548. These lead data were plotted close to the Xigudui Formation, relatively distant from the Mesozoic granites, indicating that the Xigudui Formation was the source of lead for the Late Mesozoic ores of the deposit. Taken together, due to the degassing of mantle-derived magma in the shallow parts of the crust, it can be determined that the sources of ore-forming sulfur and lead were crust–mantle magmatic activities in the Wuhe area. Rb–Sr dating of pyrite from Fang'an gold deposit reveals that the mineralization occurred at 126.89 ± 0.58 Ma. Considering the previous research into the dating of magmatic rocks in the Wuhe area, we propose that the genesis of the Fang'an gold deposit is closely associated with magmatic activities in the area at around 130 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic mechanisms and intramolecular isotope effects of the Be(1S) + HD (v0 = 2, j0 = 0) → BeH/BeD + H/D reaction are studied at the state-to-state level using the time-dependent wave packet method on a high-quality potential energy surface. This reaction can proceed along the indirect pathway that features a barrier and a deep well or the smooth direct pathway. The reaction probabilities, total and state-resolved integral cross sections, and differential cross sections are analyzed in detail. The calculated dynamics results show that both of the products are mainly formed by the dissociation of a collinear HBeD intermediate when the collision energy is slightly larger than the threshold. As the collision energy increases, the BeH + D channel is dominated by the direct abstraction process, whereas the BeD + H channel mainly follows the complex-forming mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC), a potential carbon sink especially in arid and semi-arid environments, contributes to soil development, landscape stability, carbon (C) sequestration, and global C dynamics but due to the lack of SIC scientific reporting in most C sequestration research, its importance is unclear. A detailed overview of primary and secondary carbonate occurrence, formation, and importance is much needed to understand the role of pedogenic (PC)/secondary carbonate (a common biogeochemically derived soil mineral over time) in the SIC. The mechanisms involved in the formation of PC including carbon dioxide (CO2) from microbial respiration and precipitation, silicate mineral weathering, dissolution, and reprecipitation are highlighted. The isotopic composition of carbonates related to biological C3 or C4 carbon fixation pathways and other paleoecologic and/or climactic factors responsible for new soil carbonate formation are discussed in detail. To address the lack of knowledge associated with SIC, this review attempts to highlight the currently known aspects of the literature, and briefly describe the formation and methodologies that can aid in addressing the research gaps surrounding SIC sequestration. The authors also suggest that greater focus needs to be provided on the actual measurement of SIC to develop a more comprehensive SIC inventory to provide sound data for future research direction, and modeling efforts and to predict C terrestrial storage and change efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large Dongtangzi Zn-Pb deposit is located in the southwest of the Fengxian–Taibai (abbreviated as Fengtai) ore cluster in the west Qinling orogen. The origin of the deposit is controversial, positing diverse genesis mechanisms such as sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX), sedimentary-reformed, and epigenetic-hydrothermal types. This study combines systematic ore geology observations with high-precision Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 211 Ma and in situ S-Pb isotopes to constrain the timing and origin of mineralization. In situ S-Pb isotopic studies show that the sulfide ores display a narrow range of δ34S values from 1.1‰ to 10.2‰, with 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.07 to 18.27, 15.64 to 15.66, and 38.22 to 38.76, respectively. On the other hand, pyrites of the sedimentary period and the granite porphyry dike have δ34S values ranging from 15.8 to 21.4‰ and from 2.1 to 4.3‰ (with 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.09 to 18.10, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.59 to 15.61, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 38.17 to 38.24), respectively. The above-mentioned S-Pb isotopic compositions indicate that the metallic materials involved in ore formation originated from a mixture of Triassic magmatic hydrothermal fluid and metamorphic basement. By integrating the regional geology, mineralization ages, and S-Pb isotopic studies, we propose that the Dongtangzi Zn-Pb deposit is the product of epigenetic hydrothermal fluid processes, driven by Late Triassic regional tectono-magmatic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamondiferous kimberlites occur in the Wafangdian area in the eastern part of the North China Craton (NCC). In order to better constrain their magmatic source and emplacement time, we have investigated apatite from two kimberlites, i.e., the #110 dike kimberlite and the #50 root-zone kimberlite by measuring in situ their U–Pb and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions. The crystallization ages of the #110 and #50 apatites are 460.9 ± 16.8 Ma and 455.4 ± 19.3 Ma, respectively. For the #50 apatite, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70453–0.70613 and εNd(t) = −2.74 to −4.52. For the #110 apatite, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70394–0.70478 and εNd(t) = −3.46 to −5.65. Based on the similar distribution patterns of the rare earth elements (REEs) and the similar Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the apatite, it is believed that the #110 and #50 kimberlites have the same source region and the kimberlite magmas in Wafangdian were derived from an enriched mantle source (EMI). The primary magmatic composition has little effect on the emplacement pattern. It is more likely that the geological environment played an important role in controlling the retention and removal of volatile components (H2O and CO2). This led to the different evolutionary paths of the kimberlite magma in the later period, resulting in differences in the major element compositions of the apatite. High Sr concentrations may be associated with hydrothermal (H2O-rich fluid) overprinting events in the later magmatic period; the higher light rare earth element (LREE) concentration of the #50 apatite reflects the involvement of the REE3+ + SiO44− ⇔ Ca2+ + PO43− replacement mechanism. Two emplacement patterns of the #110 dike kimberlite (#110 apatite, low Sr, and high Si) and the #50 root-zone (#50 apatite, high Sr, and low Si) kimberlites were identified via major element analysis of the #110 apatite and #50 apatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the paucity of research on synchronous mafic rocks in the Tarim Basin, the late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic tectonic development of this region is not well defined. The Halaqi region is situated on Tarim's northwest edge, and numerous mafic dikes can be found cross-cutting the Permian strata. The whole-rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb age, and Sr–Nd isotopic signature of these mafic rocks have never been reported before, and this contribution can offer geochronological and petrogenetic investigations that provide fresh insight into the geodynamic development of the area. Major oxide contents in the Halaqi mafic rocks vary, including SiO2 (45.74–50.31 wt.%), Al2O3 (13.28–14.8 wt.%), FeOT (16.48–19.19 wt.%), MgO (7.58–10.32 wt.%), CaO (7.19–12.39 wt.%), Na2O (2.97–4.50 wt.%), K2O (0.24–0.63 wt.%), TiO2 (1.11–1.29 wt.%), MnO (0.14–0.16 wt.%), and P2O5 (0.13–0.17 wt.%). The mafic rocks are enriched in high-field-strength elements (e.g., Zr and Hf) and large-ion lithophile elements (e.g., Sr, Th, and U) but depleted in Nb, Ta, and P. The total REEs in the rocks are lower (ΣREE = 72.80–86.85 ppm), and HREEs are somewhat depleted in comparison to LREEs, with positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 1.05–1.17) but weak negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 0.91–0.93). Zircon U–Pb ages of 201–247 Ma were obtained from a total of 18 magmatic zircon grains found in the mafic rocks that were studied. These results point to a middle-to-late Triassic emplacement. The mafic dikes exhibit somewhat enriched Nd isotopic compositions (εNd(t) = –1.6~–0.2) and an older Nd model age (TDM = 1.24–1.37 Ga). The Halaqi middle–late Triassic mafic dikes are thought to have originated from the same tectonic background as the Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province, along with similar geochemical and isotopic compositions. This suggests that they are all products of the interaction between asthenospheric and lithospheric mantles in an intraplate extensional environment. Research indicates that the Triassic mafic magmatism in northwest Tarim could be the product of the continuous thermal pulse of the Tarim mantle plume and be a part of the Tarim LIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, a series of stratal continuous and well-preserved siliceous rock and phosphorite assemblages developed in Qingzhen, Guizhou Province, China, facilitating research on the biological evolution, marine chemistry, and palaeoecological environment of this period. Therefore, we investigated the paleontology, trace and rare earth elements, total organic carbon, total sulfur content, and Zn isotopes of the phosphorus-bearing rock series in the Taozichong Formation of the Cambrian period in Qingzhen. Geochemical analysis reveals that the sedimentary rocks in this area were formed in the oxygen-rich seawater environment and were not affected by high-temperature hydrothermal activity. The upwelling ocean current provided abundant rare earth elements and other nutrient elements, as well as conditions for the prosperity of biota in Qingzhen. In addition, the δ66Zn value (−0.21‰–0.41‰ range and 0.17‰ mean) in the Qingzhen phosphorous rock series was much lower than that in seawater, indicating a strong level of biological productivity. The variation trend of δ13C, δ18O, and δ66Zn exhibited four stages and three obvious drift events. The results suggest that climate change during this period led to the intermittent flourishing and extinction of organisms, which triggered the negative drift of δ13C and δ18O in the ocean, resulting in a coordinated response of δ66Zn. The unique ecological environment of the Taozichong Formation in Qingzhen also provides favorable conditions for the population continuation of Ediacaran-type benthic soft-bodied metazoon dominated by discoid fossils, Shaanxilithes, worm fossils, and sponge fossils in the Cambrian strata, as well as participation in the global biological explosion events. The study area provides new insights for rebuilding the global Ediacaran–Cambrian ecosystem during the transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skarn Au deposits exist in the circum-pacific metallogenic belt. Interestingly, the Da'anhe Au deposit is the only independent skarn gold deposit in the Lesser Xing'an Range. To determine the metallogenic mechanism and prospecting potential of the Da'anhe deposit, we performed skarn mineralogy, fluid inclusion (FI) and H-O isotope analyses. The results show the following: (1) The Da'anhe deposit is a calcareous reduced skarn Au deposit that formed between an Early Jurassic gabbroic diorite and the Permian Tumenling Formation marble. Its metallogenic process includes five stages: the early skarn stage (Stage I1), late skarn stage (Stage I2), early quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II1), late quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II2) and quartz-carbonate stage (Stage II3). Gold precipitated in Stage II1 and Stage II2. (2) The initial ore-forming fluid was derived from magmatic water and featured a high temperature and intermediate to high salinity. After boiling and mixing, the fluid eventually changed to a low-temperature and low-salinity reducing fluid dominated by meteoric water. (3) The formation depth of the Au orebodies was 2.27–3.11 km, and the orebodies were later lifted to the surface (<500 m). The potential for finding skarn Au deposits in the study area is limited. (4) The distinctive nature of the ore-related magma (i.e., source, reducing conditions and high water content) was key to the formation of the Da'anhe skarn gold deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the Medical Isotope Production Reactor (MIPR), an aqueous homogeneous reactor utilized for synthesizing medical isotopes like 99Mo. A pivotal aspect of MIPR's functionality involves the fuel solution's complex chemical interactions, particularly during reactor operation. These interactions result in the formation of precipitates, notably water filamentous uranium ore and columnar uranium ore, which can impact reactor performance. The research presented here delves into the reactions between liquid fuel uranyl nitrate and key radiolytic products, employing simulation calculations complemented by experimental validation. This approach facilitates the identification of uranium precipitate types and their formation conditions under operational reactor settings. Additionally, the article explores strategies to mitigate the formation of specific uranium precipitates, thereby contributing to the efficient and stable operation of MIPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bland–Altman approach is one of the most widely used mathematical approaches for method comparison and analytical agreement. This work describes, for the first time, the application of Bland–Altman to study 14N/15N and 1H/2H (D) chromatographic isotope effects of endogenous analytes of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in human plasma, serum and urine samples in GC-MS. The investigated analytes included arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, dimethylamine, nitrite, nitrate and creatinine. There was a close correlation between the percentage difference of the retention times of the isotopologs of the Bland–Altman approach and the area under the curve (AUC) values of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) approach (r = 0.8619, p = 0.0047). The results of the study suggest that the chromatographic isotope effects in GC-MS result from differences in the interaction strengths of H/D isotopes in the derivatives with the hydrophobic stationary phase of the GC column. D atoms attenuate the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the lipophilic GC stationary phase. Differences in isotope effects in plasma or serum and urine in GC-MS are suggested to be due to a kind of matrix effect, and this remains to be investigated in forthcoming studies using Bland–Altman and ROC approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prydz Bay is an important part of the Pan-African high-grade tectonic mobile belt. The focus of this investigation, by applying zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, zircon Lu-Hf isotope systematics, and whole-rock geochemistry, is on Pan-African pegmatites in the Larsemann Hills of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, their association with country rocks, and the formation conditions. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the pegmatites exhibit elevated levels of silica and alkali and possess peraluminous features. These pegmatites originated during the late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian (Pan-African) event, specifically in the D2–D4 stages. The D2 stage occurred between 546 and 562 Ma, followed by D3-stage pegmatites around 534 Ma. The pegmatites from the D2–D3 stages are considered to originate from Paleoproterozoic crustal materials, while there are at least two phases of pegmatites in the D4 stage (~517 Ma and ~521 Ma). The D4-1 pegmatite (~521 Ma) suggested both Paleo–Mesoproterozoic crustal origin, perhaps connected to extension. The D4-2 pegmatite (~517 Ma) originated from the crust layers. In the Larsemann Hills, Pan-African pegmatites formed in a recurring regime of tension. Therefore, the obtained data elucidate that a Pan-African stretching process might have occurred in Prydz Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deeply buried Upper Ediacaran Qigebrak Formation dolostones in the Tarim Basin are promising future hydrocarbon exploration targets in China. However, the origin of these pervasive matrix dolomites is not well understood, which hampers further hydrocarbon exploration. In this study, petrographic, isotopic (C, O, and Sr), rare earth element (REE), and clumped isotope analyses were performed to unravel the mechanisms of early dolomitization. Petrographic investigations indicate that the Qigebrak Formation carbonates were completely replaced by three distinct types of dolomites: (1) dolomicrite (MD-1), (2) fabric-preserving dolomite (MD-2), and (3) fabric-destructive dolomite (MD-3). Despite different crystal textures, these three dolomite types have a narrow range of δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr values similar to those of coeval seawater. Furthermore, their seawater-normalized REE compositions display a seawater-like REE pattern with positive Ce anomalies. These findings suggest that the dolomitization fluids were seawater derived. From the clumped isotope temperature (TΔ47 ≈ 60 °C) and the δ18O water values of the dolomitization fluids, it can be inferred that the main mechanism for the formation of matrix dolomites was seepage-reflux dolomitization by mesosaline to penesaline seawater in the evaporative environment. MD-1 and MD-2 precipitated from mesosaline to penesaline seawater in slightly evaporated settings. MD-3 was likely formed via recrystallization of MD-1 and/or MD-2 at a greater depth. This study provides an insight into early dolomitization processes related to mesosaline to penesaline seawater, which may make the origins of dolomite reservoirs with similar geological backgrounds better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Cretaceous Weideshan granites are associated with large-scale Au and polymetallic Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn mineralization. To investigate the petrogenesis of the Weideshan granite and constrain its tectonic setting during the Early Cretaceous, we conducted a zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic study of the granite. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of three granite samples yielded Early Cretaceous ages of 112.83 ± 0.80, 112.64 ± 0.91, and 111.82 ± 0.78 Ma. The samples had high-K calc-alkaline compositions and were enriched in the light rare earth and large-ion lithophile elements (e.g., K, Rb, Ba, Th, and U) and depleted in high-field-strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ti, and P). The samples had small negative Eu anomalies and initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t) values of 0.70853–0.71029 and –18 to –14, respectively. The zircon εHf(t) values varied between −16 and −12, with corresponding two-stage model ages (tDM2) of 2180–2000 Ma. These characteristics indicated that the Weideshan pluton was formed in a back-arc extensional environment caused by subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate toward the Asian continent during the early Cretaceous. The magma was generated by crust–mantle interaction during lithospheric thinning. The diagenetic age of the Weideshan granites was the same as the formation age of gold and polymetallic ores in the Jiaodong area. The extensive fluid circulation induced by the magma emplacement may be the main source of ore-forming materials for the gold and polymetallic Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clumped isotope paleo-thermometer has become a valuable proxy for the burial history reconstruction of carbonate formations. To maximise the accuracy of these reconstructions, post-depositional alterations, such as recrystallisation and Δ47 isotope exchange reactions, must be understood. In this study, we examine the isotopic behaviour of calcites and early dolomite samples from the same stratigraphic intervals, and thus with similar burial history. This approach provides additional constraints on the kinetics of Δ47 reordering in dolomite during exhumation. Clumped isotope measurements were performed on 19 calcites and 15 early dolomites from the Permian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods from four locations in Oman spanning different burial regimes. The calcite and dolomite samples were collected from the rock matrix, based on the assumption that fine material was more susceptible to recrystallisation. Our results show that calcites and dolomites record different Δ47 values despite being subjected to the same thermal history. The maximum Δ47 temperature recorded in dolomites (181 ± 13 °C) corresponds to the oldest and most deeply buried Permian rock. This value is approximately 35 °C higher than those measured in the co-located and coeval calcite matrix (145 ± 14 °C). This discrepancy suggests that calcite and dolomite have different kinetic parameters. Our data confirm (1) that dolomite Δ47 values are more resistant to alteration during burial and exhumation than Δ47 calcite values, and (2) that dolomite has a higher Δ47 closing temperature than calcite during cooling. The presence of two mineral phases with distinct kinetic parameters in the same stratigraphic unit provides additional constraints on models of burial and uplift. In addition, mineralogical data coupled with Δ47 and burial depths suggest that the progressive development of dolomite cation ordering is driven by temperature elevation, as previously suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal water (GW) resources are highly valued as clean, renewable energy sources. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of water chemistry and isotope data from 25 GW samples was conducted to gain insights into the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of the GW in the northern Jinan region (NJR). Statistical analysis and hydrochemical methods were employed for relevant analysis. The findings reveal that the GW in the NJR exhibits high salinity, with an average total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 9009.00 mg/L. The major ions identified are Na+ and Cl−, with mean concentrations of 2829.73 mg/L and 4425.77 mg/L, respectively, resulting in a hydrochemical type of Cl−Na. The analysis of δ2H and δ18O isotopes indicates that the GW originates from atmospheric precipitation that undergoes deep cycling and interaction with older groundwater. The composition of 3H suggests that the GW in the NJR is a mixture of waters, while radiocarbon dating (14C) suggests that the recharge of the GW may have occurred in the late Pleistocene era. The GW in the NJR is classified as partially equilibrated waters. The temperature range of geothermal reservoirs is 57.13 to 99.74 °C. The hydrochemical components primarily result from water–rock interactions, including silicate weathering, cation exchange, as well as carbonate weathering and the dissolution of halite and gypsum. Moreover, taking into account the hydrogeological conditions, hydrochemistry, and isotope analysis, a conceptual model of the geothermal reservoir in the NJR was developed. The research findings serve as a valuable reference and foundation for the development and utilization of geothermal resources in the Jinan region. These originate from the Taiyi mountains in the south or the Taihang mountains in the west, and experience deep circulation and long runoff times. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development and utilization of regional geothermal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify the uncertainties propagating from the fuel depletion calculation to the criticality calculation in the burnup credit system, this paper evaluates the effects of the nuclide concentration uncertainty on the criticality calculation based on Monte Carlo uncertainty sampling methods, and analyzes the assumption that the measured-to-calculated nuclide concentration ratio obeys a normal distribution with uncorrelation among isotopes in the Monte Carlo uncertainty sampling method by using the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis method and the Latin hypercube sampling method. The results indicated that the Monte Carlo uncertainty sampling method could effectively quantify the uncertainties with a calculation accuracy within 3%, and the criticality uncertainty calculation for the assumption that the measured-to-calculated concentration ratios obey normal distributions was more conservative than that of the samples according to their actual distributions. Thus, the assumption of a normal distribution is reasonable in the sampling process. Moreover, the uncertainty results of the criticality calculation considering the correlations among important isotopes presented a decrease of approximately 5% over those without the isotopic correlations. Therefore, introducing the correlations of significant isotopes could reduce the uncertainty of the criticality calculation for spent-nuclear-fuel storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the global migration crisis, one of the challenges in the effort to identify deceased migrants is establishing their region of origin, which facilitates the search for ante-mortem data to be compared with the post-mortem information. This pilot study explores the potential of using stable isotope analysis to distinguish individuals coming from West Africa and the Horn of Africa. Six individuals (four of known and two of unknown origin) were sampled for the analysis of stable nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes in hair, bone, and dental enamel. The results of the study showed that the stable isotope compositions of the individual from the Horn of Africa differed from the other individuals. The differences found between strontium isotopic composition in enamel and bone, as well as the variations in stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in bone and hair, reflect changes in sources of food and water, in accordance with regionally typical migration journeys. The analysis of multiple stable isotopes delivered promising results, allowing to narrow down the region of origin of deceased migrants and to corroborate the information about the migration journey. In the global migration crisis, one of the challenges in the effort to identify deceased migrants is establishing their region of origin, which facilitates the search for ante mortem data to be compared with the post mortem information. This pilot study explores the potential of using stable isotope analysis to distinguish between individuals coming from West Africa and the Horn of Africa. Six individuals (four of known origin and two of unknown origin) were sampled. δ13CVPDB(keratin), δ15NVPDB(keratin) and δ18OVSMOW(keratin) of hair were analysed using Elemental Analyzers coupled with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). δ18OVSMOW(carbonate) and δ13CVPDB(carbonate) of bone were analysed using GasBench II with IRMS, while 87Sr/86Sr composition was determined in bone and dental enamel using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The stable isotope compositions of the individual from the Horn of Africa differed from the other individuals. The differences found between 87Sr/86Sr of enamel and bone and between δ18O and δ13C in bone and hair reflect changes in sources of food and water in accordance with regionally typical migration journeys. The analysis of multiple stable isotopes delivered promising results, allowing us to narrow down the region of origin of deceased migrants and corroborate the information about the migration journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saima alkaline rock-hosted niobium–tantalum deposit (hereafter referred to as the Saima Deposit) is situated in the Liaodong Peninsula, which constitutes the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton. The rock types of the Saima Deposit include phonolite, nepheline syenite, and aegirine nepheline syenite, which hosts niobium–tantalum ore bodies. In this study, the primary niobium-bearing minerals identified include loparite, betafite, and fersmite. The Saima pluton is characterized as a potassium-rich, low-sodium, and peraluminous alkaline pluton. Trace element characteristics reveal that the metallization-associated syenite is enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) such as K and Rb but is relatively depleted in high-field strength elements (HFSEs). As indicated by the rare earth element (REE) profile, the Saima pluton exhibits a high total REE content (∑REE), dominance of light REEs (LREEs), and scarcity of heavy REEs (HREEs). The Sr-Nd-Pd isotopic data suggest that aegirine nepheline syenite and nepheline syenite share consistent isotopic signatures, indicating a common origin. The Saima alkaline pluton displays elevated ISr values ranging from 0.70712 to 0.70832 coupled with low εNd(t) values between −12.84 and −11.86 and two-stage model ages (tDM2) from 1967 to 2047 Ma. These findings indicate that the metallogenic materials for the Saima Deposit derive from both an enriched mantle source and some crustal components. The lithium (Li) isotopic fractionation observed during the genesis of the Saima pluton could be attributed to the differential diffusion rates of 6Li and 7Li under non-equilibrium fluid–rock interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nanpanjiang basin hosts the world's second-largest concentration of Carlin-type gold deposits. To decipher the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluid, this study conducted Sm–Nd dating, in-situ trace element, and C-O-Sr isotopic analyses on three types of calcite samples from the giant Lannigou gold deposit in the Nanpanjiang basin, SW China. The type-I calcite, intergrown with Au-bearing arsenian pyrite, has an Sm–Nd isochron age of 213 ± 7 Ma (MSWD = 0.81), indicating that gold mineralization occurred in Late Triassic. The type-II calcite, which coexists with high-maturity bitumens and cut through the main-stage gold orebodies, yields an Sm–Nd age of 188 ± 14 Ma (MSWD = 0.34), representing a post-ore hydrocarbon accumulation event. The type-I and type-II calcite samples have low REE contents (5.28–51.6 ppm) and exhibit MREE-enriched and LREE-/HREE-depleted patterns. Combined with their identical C-O-Sr isotopes, we suggest that hydrothermal fluids responsible for the precipitation of type-I and type-II calcite samples were derived from a mixed metamorphic fluid and meteoric water source. In contrast, the type-III calcite samples, associated with realgar and orpiment, have distinct Mn, Sr, and As contents, REE patterns, and C-O-Sr isotopic composition from the type-I and II calcites, suggestive of different fluid sources. Based on our and previously published data, we propose that the fluid evolution, gold mineralization, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Nanpanjiang basin are closely related to the Indosinian and Yanshanian orogenies in South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) clones contain cells differing in age: recently born, proliferative (PF), intermediate (IF), and resting (RF) fractions. We used deuterium incorporation into newly synthesized DNA in leukemic cells from patients with CLL to refine the "aging" kinetics, characterizing additional fractions differing in surface membrane (sm) CXCR4/CD5 levels, i.e., CXCR4DimCD5Dim double dim fraction (DDF) and CXCR4BrightCD5Bright double bright fraction (DBF); and fractions differing in (sm)IgM and IgD densities. Although DDF was enriched in younger and DBF in older cells, PF and RF remained the youngest and oldest cells, respectively. Similarly, when using smIG to define subsets, cells with high smIgM and smIgD were the youngest, while cells with low smIgM and smIgD were the oldest. The youngest cells bore high levels of smIG and stimulating them via TLR9 and smIG yielded a phenotype that is more consistent with this in vivo observation. Finally, older cells were less sensitive to in vivo inhibition by ibrutinib. These data define additional CLL subpopulations; suggest that smIGs stimulation alone might not be responsible for the observed smIgM phenotype; and suggest that differential sensitivities of distinct fractions to the actions of ibrutinib might account, in part, for therapeutic relapse. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) clones contain subpopulations differing in time since the last cell division ("age"): recently born, proliferative (PF; CXCR4DimCD5Bright), intermediate (IF; CXCR4IntCD5Int), and resting (RF; CXCR4BrightCD5Dim) fractions. Herein, we used deuterium (2H) incorporation into newly synthesized DNA in patients to refine the kinetics of CLL subpopulations by characterizing two additional CXCR4/CD5 fractions, i.e., double dim (DDF; CXCR4DimCD5Dim) and double bright (DBF; CXCR4BrightCD5Bright); and intraclonal fractions differing in surface membrane (sm) IgM and IgD densities. Although DDF was enriched in recently divided cells and DBF in older cells, PF and RF remained the most enriched in youngest and oldest cells, respectively. Similarly, smIgMHigh and smIgDHigh cells were the youngest, and smIgMLow and smIgDLow were the oldest, when using smIG levels as discriminator. Surprisingly, the cells closest to the last stimulatory event bore high levels of smIG, and stimulating via TLR9 and smIG yielded a phenotype more consistent with the in vivo setting. Finally, older cells were less sensitive to in vivo inhibition by ibrutinib. Collectively, these data define additional intraclonal subpopulations with divergent ages and phenotypes and suggest that BCR engagement alone is not responsible for the smIG levels found in vivo, and the differential sensitivity of distinct fractions to ibrutinib might account, in part, for therapeutic relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luxi district presents an exceptional research area for the investigation of the significant role played by magma exsolution fluids in the mineralization process of Au–Cu deposits. A particularly noteworthy occurrence within this region is the Yi'nan Tongjing Au–Cu skarn deposit, situated in the central-southern part of the Luxi district. This deposit primarily occurs in the contact zone between the early Cretaceous Tongjing complex and the Proterozoic to Cambrian sequences. The ore formation process observed in this deposit can be categorized into three distinct stages: (I) thermal metamorphism, (II) prograde alteration, and (III) retrograde alteration. The retrograde alteration stage is further divided into four sub-stages: late skarn (III-1), oxide (III-2), sulfide (III-3), and late quartz-calcite (III-4). It is primarily during the III-3 sub-stage that gold mineralization occurs. Petrographic analysis has identified three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) within garnet, quartz, and calcite grains. These include liquid-rich two-phase aqueous FIs, vapor-rich two-phase aqueous FIs, and halite-bearing multi-phase FIs. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions from stages II, III-3, and III-4 range between 430–457 °C, 341–406 °C, and 166–215 °C (first to third quartiles), respectively. The garnet samples from stage II exhibit hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions (δ18OH2O = 6.8‰ and δD = −73‰) that are indicative of a typical magma source. However, the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of sub-stages III-1, III-2, and III-3 (δ18OH2O = 7.32‰ to 9.74‰; δD = −107‰ to −81.9‰) fall below the magma water box while the hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of III-4 (δ18OH2O = −5.3‰ to −0.9‰ and δD = −103.8‰ to −67‰) tend to move towards the meteoric water line. Furthermore, the ore-forming fluid displays characteristics of a mixture between the crustal and mantle fluids. The Tongjing complex occurred along a weakened fault zone, initiating a process of thermal metamorphism upon contact with the wall rock. This thermal metamorphism resulted in the formation of diverse assemblages, including hornfels, reaction skarns, and skarnoids. Subsequently, the upward movement of ore-forming fluids triggered exsolution which led to the establishment of a high-temperature, medium-salinity NaCl–H2O system with a single phase at depths ranging from 1–3 km. This marked the formation of the prograde alteration stage. Afterward, the ore-forming fluid underwent water–rock interactions and the admixture of meteoric water at a depth of 1–2 km. These processes facilitated phase separation, commonly referred to as boiling, resulting in the transformation of the ore-forming fluid into higher salinity fluids and lower-density gases. This evolutionary transition ultimately induced the precipitation and liberation of gold and copper from the fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dahai Pb-Zn mining area is located in the northwestern Pb-Zn district in northeastern Yunnan Province in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic triangle (SYGT), east of the Xiaojiang fault. Numerous Pb-Zn deposits (spots) occur in clastic rocks in this area. In this study, the Maliping, Laoyingqing, and Jinniuchang Pb-Zn deposits, representative clastic rocks in the Dahai mining area, were selected as research objects. The results of H-O-S-Sr-Pb isotope analyses show that the three deposits mainly formed through the mixing of a basinal brine with a hydrothermal fluid derived from deep within the underlying (deformed) basement, and brines leached organic matter from wall rocks. The δ34S values range from −2.62–30.30‰. The S isotope results show two different sources of reduced S: one in the Laoyingqing deposit derived from the S reduction generated by the pyrolysis of sulfur-bearing organic matter in the carbonaceous slate of the Kunyang Group, and the second in the Maliping and Jinniuchang deposits derived from the S reduction generated by the thermochemical sulfur reduction (TSR) of seawater sulfate in the Lower Cambrian Yuhucun Formation and Sinian Dengying Formation. The Pb isotope results show that the Pb sources of the three deposits are derived from basement rocks (Kunyang Group) with a small portion derived from Devonian–Permian carbonate rocks and Dengying Formation dolomite, both of which have undergone homogenization during mineralization. The Sr content varied from 0.09629 to 0.2523 × 10−6, and the study shows that the main source of Sr is a mixture of ore-forming fluid flowing through basement rocks (Kunyang Group) and through sedimentary cover. However, most of the Sr in the Maliping deposit is derived from marine carbonate, and in the Laoyingqing deposit, it is provided by basement rocks (Kunyang Group). Based on a comparative study of the deposits, the Pb-Zn deposits in the clastic rocks of the Dahai mining area and the SYGT belong to the same metallogenic system and were formed under the same metallogenic geological background. Finally, a unified metallogenic model of the two types of fluid migration and mixed mineralization of the Pb-Zn deposit in clastic rocks of the Dahai mining area is proposed. The metallogenic model provides a basis for the study of the Pb-Zn metallogenic system and guidance for deep and peripheral prospecting in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Daliuhang gold deposit in the Qipengfu (Qixia–Penglai–Fushan) ore concentration area is a typical gold deposit of medium-low temperature hydrothermal veins. Uncertainties regarding the primary sources of ore-forming fluids, as well as whether host rocks contribute materials to the mineralization of the gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, are still subject to intense debate. Hydrogen–oxygen isotope results show that atmospheric water is involved in ore-forming fluids. According to the results of the helium–argon isotopes of pyrite, it is hypothesized that the initial fluid source was located in the oceanic crust or upper mantle lithosphere above the Early Cretaceous Paleo-Pacific Plate, as it was subducted into the eastern part of the eastern North China Craton. In situ sulfur isotope results show that high δ34S values characterize the pyrite in the main mineralization period. It is inferred that during the thinning and melting process of the lithospheric mantle, the volatile components enriched in pyrite contributed to the release of δ34S. At the same time, when the fluids ascended to the weak zones, such as fissures of ore-endowed peripheral rocks, the δ34S in the peripheral rocks were extracted, and the two processes acted together to cause high δ34S values to occur. Similarly, the lead and strontium isotopic compositions indicate a crust–mantle mixing attribute of the mineralized material source. The zircon U–Pb age of the ore-hosting granodiorite was 130.35 ± 0.55 Ma, and the Rb–Sr isochron age of the pyrite from the main mineralization period was 117.60 ± 0.10 Ma, which represents the timing of felsic magmatism and gold mineralization, respectively, with at least 10 Ma between the magmatism and mineralization. The magma gradually cooled over time after its formation, and when the granodiorite cooled down to 300 ± 50 °C, the temperature and pressure conditions were most conducive to the precipitation of gold. It is inferred that gold-rich initial mantle fluids with volatile components, rising along tectonically weak zones, such as fractures, underwent fluid phase separation in the fractured position of the granite and extracted the gold from the granodiorite, forming gold deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely-distributed altitude effect of stable isotopes in meteoric water, i.e., the negative correlation between stable hydrogen (or oxygen) isotope compositions and altitude, is the theoretical basis of isotope paleoaltimetry in climate proxies. However, as many recent local observations have indicated, the inverse altitude effect (IAE) in meteoric water does exist, and the regime controlling IAE is still unclear on a global scale. Based on a remote sensing product of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), we examined the global frequency of IAE in water vapor isotopes, and the possible influences on isotopes in precipitation and climate proxies. According to the satellite-based δD values in water vapor at 2950 m and 4220 m above sea level, frequent IAEs are observed on a daily scale in North Africa, West and Central Asia, and North America, and IAEs are more likely to occur during the daytime than during the nighttime. We also converted water vapor δD to precipitation δD via equilibrium fractionation and then analyzed the potential presence of IAE in precipitation, which is more associated with climate proxies, and found that the spatial and temporal patterns of water vapor can be transferred to the precipitation. In addition, different thresholds of δD difference were also tested to understand the impact of random errors. The potential uncertainty of the changing isotope and altitude gradient should be considered in paleo-altitude reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) pose significant therapeutic challenges. Despite the advancement of treatment methods, they are still characterised by a poor prognosis. The isotopic abundance of oral cancers reflects their biology. A better understanding of OSCC biology may improve treatment outcomes. In this study, the isotopic compositions of the nitrogen and carbon of OSCC tissue samples were investigated across different oral cancer localisations. The correlations between the isotopic composition and clinical and histological advancement were established. The results suggest that assessment of the isotopic composition might serve as a valuable tool for determining tumour biology and behaviour. The aim of this paper was to characterise the isotopic composition of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) specimens of different areas of the oral cavity. Secondly, we assessed whether there was a correlation between clinical stages of OSCC and isotopic abundance. The IRMS procedure was performed on 124 samples derived from 31 patients with OSCC of 15 N and 13 C to assess the isotopic composition. From each individual, four samples from the tumour, two from the margins, and two samples of healthy oral mucous membranes were derived. The two samples from the tumour and two samples from the margin were additionally subjected to histopathological assessment. Then, statistical analysis was conducted. Tumour infiltration tissues of the lower lip were characterised by higher mean δ13C values compared to samples derived from cancers of the other oral cavity regions (−23.82 ± 1.21 vs. −22.67 ± 1.35); (p = 0.04). The mean percentage of nitrogen content in tumour tissues was statistically higher in patients with the most advanced cancers (11.89 ± 0.03%) versus the group of patients with II and III stage cancers (11.12 ± 0.02%); (p = 0.04). In patients at stage IV, the mean δ13C value in the cancer samples equalled −22.69 ± 1.42 and was lower than that in patients at less severe clinical stages (p = 0.04). Lower lip cancer tissues differed in the isotopic abundance of carbon in comparison with tissues derived from the group of combined samples from other locations. Values of δ13C observed in specimens derived from lower lip cancers were similar to those observed in healthy oral mucous membranes. Cancer tissues obtained from patients in the last stage of OSCC had a different isotopic composition in comparison with those obtained from earlier stages. To confirm these observations, further research on larger groups of patients is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many non-traditional isotopes, such as chlorine, magnesium, calcium, etc., are widely used as groundwater tracers. A new sample processing protocol of purification and concentration for isotopic analysis is presented to overcome many of the major drawbacks of existing methods. Contemporary sample preparation often requires several laborious off-line procedures in a ultra clean laboratory prior to instrumental determination; additionally, interference ions in real samples are difficult to completely remove, especially when the concentration of those ions is equal to that of the target ions. The new protocol includes the following steps: (i) one-step purification using a newly developed isotopic preparative chromatograph (IPC) with a background suppressed mode to obtain extremely pure components that only have target ions and H2O; (ii) enrichment of the collected pure solution from the previous step using a newly developed ultra clean concentrator filled with high purity nitrogen; (iii) transforming the enriched target ion into suitable speciation inside the ultra clean concentrator; (iv) finally, sending the enriched solutions to a multi-collector inductively coupled-plasma mass-spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) or thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS). The present method was validated using certified reference materials and real samples for both chlorine and magnesium; the precision of chlorine ratio value was generally below 0.22‰ and that of Mg was below 0.12‰. This processing protocol provides a potential method for isotope sample preparation and analysis in a small number of geological samples with low concentrations of many other elements or compounds such as nitrate, sulfate, lithium, calcium, strontium, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the composition, formation and evolution of the oldest continental crust is crucial for comprehending the mechanism and timing of crustal growth and differentiation on early Earth. However, the preservation of the ancient continental crust is limited due to extensive reworking by later tectonothermal events. In the Lulong area of eastern Hebei, abundant ca. 3.8–3.4 Ga detrital zircons of the fuchsite quartzite have been previously identified. Nonetheless, the provenance and Hf isotopic compositions of the fuchsite quartzite remain unclear. In this study, we present new detrital zircon ages and Hf isotopic for the fuchsite quartzite in the Lulong area to establish the timing of deposition, the provenance and the regional stratigraphic relationship. Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the fuchsite quartzite was deposited between 3.3–3.1 Ga and most grains were sourced from the 3.8 Ga TTG gneisses and Paleoarchean magmas. Field investigations and regional correlations reveal that the fuchsite quartzite from the Lulong area is equivalent to that of the Caozhuang area. Zircon Hf isotopic data from eastern Hebei Province (Lulong and Caozhuang areas) and Anshan and Xinyang areas indicate that the oldest crustal growth event of North China Craton occurred in the Hadean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irradiation of 176Yb with deuterons offers a promising pathway for the production of the theranostic radionuclide 177Lu. To optimize this process, calculations integrating deuteron transport, isotope production, and decay have been performed. In pure 176Yb, the undesired production of 174g+mLu occurs at higher deuteron energies, corresponding to a distribution slightly shallower than that of 177Lu. Hence, 174g+mLu can be effectively filtered out by employing either a low-energy deuteron beam or stacked foils. The utilization of stacked foils enables the production of 177Lu using a high-energy linear accelerator. Another unwanted isotope, 176mLu, is produced roughly at the same depth as 177Lu, but its concentration can be significantly reduced by selecting an appropriate post-irradiation processing time, owing to its relatively short half-life. The modeling approach extended to the mapping of yields as a function of irradiation time and post-irradiation processing time. An optimized processing time window was identified. The study demonstrates that a high-energy deuteron beam can be employed to produce 177Lu with high specific activity exceeding 3000 GBq/mg. The effect of different purity levels (ranging from 98% to 100%) was also discussed. The impurity levels have a slight impact. The modeling demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining 177Lu with a specific activity > 3000 GBq/mg and radionuclidic purity > 99.5% when using a commercially available 176Yb target of 99.6% purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tuwaishan gold deposit is located at the northeastern end of the Gezhen shear zone in the western part of Hainan Island, South China. It is one of a series of similar gold deposits hosted in the Mesoproterozoic basement rocks and structurally controlled by the Gezhen shear zone. The hydrothermal ore-forming period can be divided into quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite stage, quartz-pyrite-base metal sulfides stage and quartz-carbonate stage. Eleven gold-bearing quartz vein samples yield δDV-SMOW and δ18OV-SMOW values of −75.9‰ to −54.4‰ and +8.1‰ to +13.7‰, respectively, and the corresponding δ18Owater values range from +3.1‰ to +8.7‰. In addition, the pyrite separates from 14 ore samples yield δ34S values of +4.5‰ to +7.9‰. The H-O-S isotopic data, along with fluid properties of the Tuwaishan and other gold deposits along the Gezhen shear zone, suggest that the ore-forming fluid and materials are of metamorphic rather than magmatic origin. Hence, we propose that the Tuwaishan gold deposit is best classified as orogenic gold deposit that resulted from regional metamorphism. Considering that the Mesoproterozoic basement rocks have experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism prior to the gold mineralization, the metamorphic devolatilization of the Ordovician-Silurian rocks at depth would provide a realistic source of fluid, gold and sulfur for the Tuwaishan and other gold deposits of the Gezhen gold belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yong'an-Meixian Late Paleozoic Hercynian depression, located in western Fujian-eastern Guangdong, is an important metallogenic belt in China. The Yushui copper-polymetallic massive sulfide deposit from the middle part of the depression, with extremely high copper grades, has attracted considerable attention and research interest from geologists for years. In most previous research, the ore-forming material source and metallogenic process were inferred from indirect evidence (i.e., using H-O-C-S isotopic systematics as geochemical tracers). In this paper, the ore-forming process of the Yushui deposit has been studied directly by using nontraditional stable (Fe–Cu) isotopes for the first time, providing new evidence for the genesis of this deposit. The results show that there is a relatively negative Fe-Cu isotopic composition in the Yushui deposit, with δ56Fe values ranging from −0.519 to −1.063‰ and δ65Cu values ranging from −1.539 to −1.609‰, respectively. The fractionation of Fe isotopes is primarily attributed to hydrothermal leaching of the basement strata by ore-forming fluids, along with rapid precipitation of sulfides during the ore-forming process. On the other hand, the fractionation of Cu isotopes is probably controlled by the relatively low temperature of ore formation, sulfide precipitation and the involvement of organic matter in mineralization. Combining our findings with previous studies, the ore-forming materials of the Yushui deposit are likely derived from the basement ore-bearing strata (pre-Devonian strata) through leaching by hydrothermal fluids. Moreover, some of the ore bodies might have been locally overprinted by late-stage hydrothermal reworking and alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raindrop evaporation is an important sub-cloud process that modifies rainfall amount and rainwater isotope values. Earlier studies have shown that various general circulation models (GCMs) do not incorporate this process properly during the simulation of water isotope ratios (oxygen and hydrogen). Our recent study has demonstrated that an inadequate estimation of this process for the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) results in significant biases (model-observed values) in the simulation of various GCMs on a monthly scale. However, a quantitative estimation was lacking. The magnitude of raindrop evaporation depends upon ambient humidity and temperature, which vary considerably during the ISM. Consequently, the isotope biases would also vary over various time scales. The present study aims to investigate the magnitude of the monthly scale variation in raindrop evaporation in the simulations and its causal connection with the corresponding variation in isotope biases. Towards this, we compare an 11-year-long (1997–2007) dataset of rain isotope ratios (both oxygen and hydrogen) from an Indian station, Kozhikode (Kerala), obtained under the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with the corresponding outputs of two isotope-enabled nudged GCMs—ISOGSM and LMDZ4. The raindrop evaporation fractions are estimated for 44 ISM months (June–September) of the study period using the Stewart (1975) formalism. Using a simple condensation–accretion model based on equilibrium fractionation from vapour, obtained from two adopted vapour isotope profiles, we estimate the liquid water isotope ratios at the cloud base. Considering this water as the initial rain, the raindrop evaporation fractions are estimated using the observed oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of Kozhikode surface rain samples. The estimated fractions show strong positive correlations with the isotope biases (R2 = 0.60 and 0.66). This suggests that lower estimates of raindrop evaporation could be responsible for the rain isotope biases in these two GCMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates atmospheric δ 13 CH 4 trends, as produced by a global atmospheric transport model using CH 4 inversions from CarbonTracker-Europe CH 4 for 2000–2020, and compares them to observations. The CH 4 inversions include the grouping of the emissions both by δ 13 CH 4 isotopic signatures and process type to investigate the effect, and to estimate the CH 4 magnitudes and model CH 4 and δ 13 CH 4 trends. In addition to inversion results, simulations of the global atmospheric transport model were performed with modified emissions. The estimated global CH 4 trends for oil and gas were found to increase more than coal compared to the priors from 2000–2006 to 2007–2020. Estimated trends for coal emissions at 30 ∘ N–60 ∘ N are less than 50% of those from priors. Estimated global CH 4 rice emissions trends are opposite to priors, with the largest contribution from the EQ to 60 ∘ N. The results of this study indicate that optimizing wetland emissions separately produces better agreement with the observed δ 13 CH 4 trend than optimizing all biogenic emissions simultaneously. This study recommends optimizing separately biogenic emissions with similar isotopic signature to wetland emissions. In addition, this study suggests that fossil-based emissions were overestimated by 9% after 2012 and biogenic emissions are underestimated by 8% in the inversion using EDGAR v6.0 as priors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure marine chemical sediments are archives of geochemical proxies for the composition of seawater and may provide information about the ancient hydrosphere–atmosphere system. The early stage of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) was characterized by the subaqueous eruption of mafic igneous rocks around the J. altudaensis zone of the Capitanian Stage that has been proposed to have contributed to the Guadalupian mass extinction. However, detailed mechanisms and the impact of the eruption on the Guadalupian marine environment have yet to be assessed. Here, to examine the Guadalupian marine environment, we studied major and trace element concentrations, particularly rare earth element and yttrium data, along with high-precision Sr-Nd isotope ratios, of three types of Mn ores (i.e., clastic, massive, and oolitic) and siliceous limestones from the Zunyi Mn deposit in South China formed following the early-stage eruption of the ELIP. Our results indicate that the clastic Mn ores contain notable detrital mafic aluminosilicates. In contrast, the massive and oolitic Mn ores and siliceous limestones preserved the pristine geochemical signatures of the Middle–Late Permian seawater characterized by distinctly low (87Sr/86Sr)i and high εNd(t) values. These data indicate a strong impact of the early-stage submarine eruptions of the ELIP on the marine environment in South China and worldwide, likely through intensive seawater–rock interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemical studies of rare earth elements (REEs) as well as major and trace elements were conducted on the beach placer sands from the Kanyakumari coastal region, a well-known high background natural radiation area (HBNRA). For the first time, uranium isotope ratios (234U/238U and 235U/238U) were determined in the study area to investigate the provenance and leaching of U from the beach sands. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for the measurement of REEs and trace elements whereas thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) was used for the measurement of U isotope ratios. ∑REEs were found to be in the range of 778.93 to 15,007. 54 µg/g, whereas ∑Light REEs were in the range of 770.58 to 14,860.80 µg/g and ∑Heavy REEs varied from 8.35 to 146.74 µg/g. The enrichment factor showed the LREEs Th and U were extremely enriched in the Kanyakumari beach placer sands. The 235U/238U isotope ratios were similar to the natural terrestrial ratio value. The 234U/238U activity ratio varied from 0.995 to 1.071, and showed the prevailing secular equilibrium among them. The δ238U results could, to some extent, explain the U fractionation and source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submarine hydrothermal sulfides from the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) were sampled from three hydrothermal fields, and the Fe-Cu-Zn isotopic compositions were analyzed in this study. The Fe isotopes ranged from −0.011‰ to −1.333‰. We believe the processes controlling the Fe isotope variability in the hydrothermal systems include the sulfide precipitation process, the initial isotopic composition of the hydrothermal fluid, and the temperature during precipitation. Among these factors, the sulfide precipitation process is the dominant one. The Cu isotope compositions of the sulfides varied from −0.364‰ to 0.892‰, indicating that the hydrothermal fluid preferentially leached 65Cu in the early stages and that hydrothermal reworking led to decreases in the Cu isotopes in the later stages. In addition, because mass fractionation occurred during sulfide precipitation, the Zn isotope variations ranged from −0.060‰ to 0.422‰. Combined with the S isotopic compositions, these results also implied that different Fe-Cu-Zn isotopic fractionation mechanisms prevailed for the different sample types. Based on these results, we are sure that the metallic elements, including Fe, Cu, and Zn, were derived from the mantle in the SWIR hydrothermal field, and the Fe-Cu isotope results indicated that these metallic elements were provided by fluid leaching processes. Using the isotopic fractionation and sulfide results, we calculated that the Fe-Cu-Zn isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal fluid in this field were δ56Fe(fluid): −0.8~0.0‰; δ65Cu(fluid): 0.3~1.3‰; and δ66Zn(fluid): 0~0.48‰. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large biomolecules often have multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In the cases where these interact, it requires special tools to disentangle the patterns. Such a tool could be deuterium isotope effects on chemical shifts. The use of theoretical calculations is an indispensable tool in such studies. The present paper illustrates how DFT calculations of chemical shifts and deuterium isotope effects on chemical shifts in combination with measurements of these effects can establish the complex intramolecular hydrogen bond patterns of rifampicin as an example) The structures were calculated using DFT theoretical calculations, performed with the Gaussian 16 software. The geometries were optimized using the B3LYP functional and the Pople basis set 6-31G(d) and the solvent (DMSO) was taken into account in the PCM approach. Besides the 6-31G(d) basis set, the 6-31 G(d,p) and the 6-3111G(d,p) basis sets were also tested. The nuclear shieldings were calculated using the GIAO approach. Deuteriation was simulated by shortening the X-H bond lengths by 0.01 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, due to the globalization of food trade and certified agro-food products, the authenticity and traceability of food have received increasing attention. As a result, opportunities for fraudulent practices arise, highlighting the need to protect consumers from economic and health damages. In this regard, specific analytical techniques have been optimized and implemented to support the integrity of the food chain, such as those targeting different isotopes and their ratios. This review article explores the scientific progress of the last decade in the study of the isotopic identity card of food of animal origin, provides the reader with an overview of its application, and focuses on whether the combination of isotopes with other markers increases confidence and robustness in food authenticity testing. To this purpose, a total of 135 studies analyzing fish and seafood, meat, eggs, milk, and dairy products, and aiming to examine the relation between isotopic ratios and the geographical provenance, feeding regime, production method, and seasonality were reviewed. Current trends and major research achievements in the field were discussed and commented on in detail, pointing out advantages and drawbacks typically associated with this analytical approach and arguing future improvements and changes that need to be made to recognize it as a standard and validated method for fraud mitigation and safety control in the sector of food of animal origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial process in the terrestrial water cycle, and understanding its stable isotopic evolution is essential for comprehending hydrological processes. The Craig–Gordon (C-G) model is widely used to describe isotopic fractionation during pure evaporation. However, in natural environments, ET involves both transpiration (T) and evaporation (E), and the traditional C-G model does not account for the effect of transpiration on isotopic fractionation. To address this gap, we propose the evapotranspiration-unified C-G (ET-UCG) model, which extends the C-G model by incorporating transpiration's effect on water isotopes. We verified the validity of the ET-UCG model by comparing its simulation results with the traditional C-G model's discrete results for a special scenario that simulated the isotopic evolution of residual water after daily transpiration consumption. Further, we simulated two different ET process scenarios using the ET-UCG model to investigate transpiration's effect on the residual water's isotopic composition. Our numerical experiments show that transpiration indirectly affects the degree of water isotope fractionation by reducing the true evaporation ratio, even though it does not directly produce isotope fractionation. Therefore, the isotopic composition of residual water estimated by the ET-UCG model is consistently lighter than that estimated using the traditional C-G model in the simulation of ET. Despite different T/ET conditions, the isotopic evolution process follows the same evaporation line. These results highlight the importance of considering transpiration effects when using the C-G model and provide valuable insights into ET processes with potential applications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maliping large-scale Pb-Zn deposit is located in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic triangle area (SYGT), where the Pb-Zn ore body is hosted in the interlayer fracture zone at the interface between siliceous cataclastic dolomite and clastic rocks in the Lower Cambrian Yuhucun Formation and is tectonically driven. Unlike other Pb-Zn deposits hosted in the Sinian and Carboniferous carbonate rocks in the area, the metallogenic mechanism and deep and peripheral ore prospecting prediction research require further exploration. In this study, representative samples of a typical orebody profile were systematically collected, and microthermometry of fluid inclusions and H-O isotopes and metal sulfide trace element analyses were performed. The main findings were as follows: (1) The fluid inclusion study showed that the ore-forming fluids have vapor-rich phase reduction characteristics of medium-low temperature, salinity, and density. (2) H-O isotopic studies showed that the ore-forming fluids are derived from the mixing of deep-source fluids flowing through the deep fold basement (Kunyang Group) and organic containing basin brine. (3) Rare earth element (REE) characteristics indicate that the ore-forming materials were primarily derived from the folded basement (Kunyang Group). (4) The trace element study showed that sphalerite is relatively enriched in Cu, Cd, Ga, and Ge, while depleted in Fe, Mn, Sn, and Co, similar to the typical Huize-type (HZT) Pb-Zn deposit in the area. Therefore, it is suitable to explore the deposit using a large-scale "four step style" ore prospecting method for ore prospecting and prediction. Moreover, the results provide a reference for the study of Pb-Zn metallogenic systems and new ideas for the deep and peripheral prospecting of Pb-Zn deposits in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xinghongpu Formation is very important for understanding the Devonian tectonic evolution of the South Qinling orogenic belt. Geochemical, detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic studies were carried out on the Late Devonian metasedimentary rocks of the Xinghongpu Formation to constrain the depositional age, the provenance, and the tectonic setting. The detrital zircon U-Pb dating results revealed that the depositional age of the Xinghongpu Formation of the Late Devonian was not earlier than 363.2 Ma. The whole-rock geochemistry suggested that (1) this suite of metasedimentary rocks was mainly derived from quartzose sediments of mature continental provenance, with a small contribution from mafic and intermediate igneous provenance, and (2) the metasedimentary sandstone of the Xinghongpu Formation from the Late Devonian was deposited in an active continental margin to continental arc setting. The detailed detrital zircon U-Pb dating showed that the age spectra of detrital zircon could be divided into four groups: (1) 416–480 Ma, accounting for about 23%; (2) 740–850 Ma, accounting for about 19%; (3) 889–1017 Ma, accounting for about 19%; and (4) 1072–1146 Ma, accounting for about 12%. It also contained a group of Early Proterozoic zircons. The age and Hf isotope of the detrital zircons suggested that the clastic sediment deposited in the Xinghongpu Formation mainly came from the South Qinling Orogenic Belt and the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. The detrital zircon Lu-Hf isotopes indicated that most zircons were the products of the ancient crustal remelting, and the mantle-derived magmatic sources contributed to the provenance. The Xinghongpu Fm. formed in an oceanic basin in a continental margin environment with arc systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a focus on the Cu isotope geochemistry of chalcopyrite, this paper analyzed the Cu isotope geochemistry of the Qibaoshan crypto-explosive breccia-type Cu–Au polymetallic ore district in Wulian, Shandong Province, North China Craton (NCC). Combined with the results of the in situ sulfur isotope analysis of sulfides, a certain reference and evidence for the study of the genetic mechanism of the epithermal-porphyry Cu polymetallic metallogenic system were provided. The results of the in situ isotope analysis show that the δ34S values of the main sulfides in the Qibaoshan Cu–Au polymetallic ore district range from −6.81‰ to +3.82‰ and are likely to be attributed to the mixing of the derived mantle with the surrounding sedimentary rock assimilation. The ore-forming mechanism may be related to the progressive cooling and transition of the earliest hydrothermal fluids that were dominated by H2S under relatively reducing conditions, followed by a gradual transition from oxidation to reduction. The Cu isotopic composition of the sulfides in ores (δ65Cu = +0.169‰–+0.357‰) decreases with depth, which is likely caused by the upward transport of heavier Cu isotopes. The upper part of the crypto-explosive breccia pipe in the Qibaoshan area may be relatively more gaseous, resulting in the enrichment of δ65Cu. As the gas phase decreases and the liquid phase increases with depth, the δ65Cu value gradually decreases. This indicates the transition from a low-temperature phyllic alteration to a high-temperature K-feldspar alteration. Large, concealed pluton intrusions or orebodies may be present at a depth of the Qibaoshan area. The heavy δ65Cu characteristic is a potential indicator for tracing the fluid activity of the porphyry system and searching for Cu mines. The results provide a reference for the study of the genetic mechanisms of the epithermal-porphyry Cu polymetallic metallogenic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medium-sized Songjianghe Au deposit is located in the southeastern part of the Jiapigou-Haigou gold belt (JHGB) in central eastern Jilin Province, NE China. The gold mineralization is primarily characterized by disseminated-style ores and hosted in the low-/medium-grade metamorphic rocks of the Seluohe Group. The ore bodies are governed by NNW-striking brittle-ductile structures and spatially correlated with silicic and sericitic alterations. Four alteration/mineralization stages have been distinguished: (I) Quartz-pyrrhotite-pyrite, (II) quartz-polymetallic sulfides, (III) quartz-pyrite, and (IV) quartz-calcite. The fluid inclusion (FI) assemblage in quartz from Stage I comprises C1-type, C2-type, C3-type, and VL-type FIs, with total homogenization temperatures (Th-total) of 292.8 to 405.6 °C and salinities of 2.8 to 9.3 wt% NaCl eqv. Quartz from Stage II (main ore stage) developed C2-, C3-, and VL-type FIs, with a Th-total of 278.5 to 338.9 °C and salinities of 2.8 to 8.1 wt% NaCl eqv. Stage III is characterized by coexisting C3- and VL-type FIs in quartz, with a Th-total of 215.9 to 307.3 °C and salinities of 2.4 to 7.2 wt% NaCl eqv. Only VL-type FIs are observed in Stage IV, with a Th-total of 189.5 to 240.4 °C and salinities of 3.7 to 5.7 wt% NaCl eqv. The Laser Raman spectroscopic results demonstrated minor CH4 in the C-type FIs from Stages I and II. The results suggest that ore fluids may have evolved from a medium-high temperature, low-salinity immiscible CO2-NaCl-H2O ± CH4 system to a low temperature, low-salinity homogeneous NaCl-H2O system. Fluid immiscibility caused by the rapid drop in pressure may have been the main trigger for gold-polymetallic sulfide precipitation. The Songjianghe Au deposit may have been formed under 352–448 °C and 850–1380 bar pressure, based on the isochore intersection for Stage II fluid inclusions. The H-O isotopic compositions (Stage I: δ18Ofluid = 5.6 to 5.8‰, δD = −96.2 to −95.7‰; Stage II: δ18Ofluid = 3.7 to 4.2‰, δD = −98.7 to −89.8‰; Stage III: δ18Ofluid = 1.2 to 1.4‰, δD = −103.5 to −101.2‰) indicate that the hydrothermal fluids are dominated by magmatic water in the early stages (Stages I and II) and mixed with meteoric water since Stage III. The pyrite S-Pb isotope data (δ34S: −2.91 to 3.40‰; 206Pb/204Pb: 16.3270 to 16.4874; 207Pb/204Pb: 15.2258 to 15.3489; 208Pb/204Pb: 36.6088 to 36.7174), combined with Pb isotopic compositions of the intrusive rocks and wall rocks (the Seluohe Group) in the ore district, indicate that the ore-forming materials at Songjianghe are predominantly from a magmatic source and may have been affected by the contamination of the Seluohe Group. In accordance with the features of ore geology, ore-forming fluids and metals, and geodynamic setting, the Songjianghe Au deposit belongs to a mesothermal magmatic hydrothermal vein gold deposit, which formed in the intermittent stage of Paleo-Pacific plate subduction during the Late Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents data on the geological position, geochemical features, main mineral composition (micas, feldspars), and melt and fluid inclusions in quartz from Aba high-silica leucocratic granitoids in the western part of the Talitsa batholith, Russian Altai. According to these new geochemical data, the granitoids are classified as S-type, meaning they are formed via the partial melting of metasedimentary source rocks. Geological data and oxygen isotope composition analysis indicate that major-phase granitoid magma evolution took place at the level of intrusion formation, whereas the parent melt of late-phase leucogranite evolved in a deeper chamber. The geochemical features (HFSE and REE, and REE spectra) of the granitoids indicate significantly higher differentiation in the late leucocratic phase. The presence of coexisting syngenetic melt and fluid inclusions shows that leucogranite magma was already saturated with volatiles in the early crystallization stages. Based on the new data presented in this work, the Aba rock formation is associated with the volatile saturation of magmatic melts, the exsolution of a fluid phase, and magma degassing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleoproterozoic Khondalite Belt, located in the northwestern segment of North China Craton (NCC), is characterized by widespread high-temperature/ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulite/gneiss and large-scale magmatic activity. The tectonic evolution is still controversial. Here, we report new geochronological, elemental, and Hf-O-Sr-Nd isotopic data for a Paleoproterozoic layered complex in the Jining terrane to constrain the tectonic evolution of the Khondalite Belt. In situ zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Sanchakou gabbros were emplaced between ~1.94 Ga and ~1.82 Ga, which might be the heat source of UHT metamorphism. The elemental and Hf-O-Sr-Nd isotopic analysis shows that the formation of Sanchakou gabbros is consistent with the assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) process. The magma originates from the 10%~20% partial melting of the spinel + garnet lherzolite mantle. The Sanchakou gabbros are magmatic crystallization products mixed with crustal wallrocks in the magma chamber. We have established a tectonic evolution model involving asthenosphere upwelling after the amalgamation of the Ordos and Yinshan Blocks at ~1.95 Ga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents isotopic compositions and their vertical profile of meteoric and surface water samples collected in the Southern Himalaya since 2015, with elevations extending all the way up to Mt. Everest's summit. The data covering a wide altitudinal ranges and rich water types are presented for the first time. The series of in situ samples up to 8848 m asl lead to the following discoveries: (1) the dominance of rainy-season precipitation to surface-water composition in the Southern Himalaya, (2) the high correlation and high similarity between meteoric and surface-snow isotopes, thus implying the representation of surface-snow isotopes to high-elevation climatology, (3) a significant altitude effect in river and ground water, with the higher altitudinal lapse rate in ground water δ18O highlighting strong local impacts on the vertical profile of surface-water isotopes, (4) different transitions suggested by the vertical profiles of δ18O variation in snow and ice in the Southern Himalaya, with the transition in snow δ18O at a vertical zone between 6030 and 6280 m asl, and that in ice at 5775 m asl, and (5) complex circulation processes on top of the Himalaya, featuring the interaction of large-scale circulation with local mountain valley circulation, katabatic wind, and sublimation in the extremely cold and high environment. They, thus, confirm the correlation between isotopes and altitudes in regions influenced by complex circulation patterns to clarify the altitude effect, and suggest the application of isotopic study/isotopic chemistry in geological study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to obtain the source of mixed gas emission from the working face and the law of gas emission from each coal seam for the targeted implementation of gas control measures. Based on the principle that the hydrocarbon isotope values of gas in different coal seams have significant variability, a hydrocarbon isotope method for identifying the source of gas emission is proposed. Taking Pingmei No. 6 Coal Mine as the study area, the distribution characteristics of each value were obtained by testing the values of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the gas of mined coal seams and adjacent coal seams; by testing the hydrocarbon isotope value of CH4 in the mixed gas of coal seam, the proportion of gas emission in each coal seam is determined and the law of gas emission in each coal seam is studied. The results show that the variation law of the proportion of gas emission in each coal seam can be divided into three stages: the dominant stage of gas emission in the mining layer (stage I), the stage of gas emission in the long-distance adjacent coal seam (stage II), and the dynamic equilibrium stage of gas emission in each coal seam (stage III). In the process of working face mining, the amount of gas emission in the mining layer remains in a small fluctuation state, and the proportion of gas emission decreases rapidly in stage I and stage II, and remains stable in stage III; the amount of gas emission and the proportion of gas emission in adjacent coal seams increase rapidly in stage I and stage II, and remain stable in stage III; the mixed gas emission of the working face increases rapidly in stage I and stage II, and remains stable in stage III. The calculation formula of the gas emission rate of the adjacent coal seam is established; during the development of the height of the mining fractured zone, the gas emission rate of the adjacent coal seam increases exponentially, and the gas emission ratio and gas emission amount of the adjacent coal seam increase; after the height of mining fracture zone tends to be stable, the gas emission rate, the proportion of gas emission, and the amount of gas emission remain of adjacent coal seams remain in a small fluctuation state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located at the intersection of the Tethys and Pacific Rim metallogenic belts, the Laojunshan polymetallic metallogenic province in SE Yunnan Province hosts many large-scale W–Sn and Sn–Zn polymetallic deposits. The newly discovered Caiyuanzi medium-sized Pb–Zn deposit is located in the northern part of this province and has eight sulfide ore bodies. All the ore bodies occur in the siliceous rocks of the Lower Devonian Pojiao Formation (D1p). The ore bodies are conformable with stratigraphy and controlled by a lithologic horizon. The sulfide ores have banded or laminated structures. The ore minerals are mainly pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. In this study, in situ sulfur and lead isotopes were used to constrain the origin of the Caiyuanzi Pb–Zn deposit. The results show that the in situ δ34S values of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite range from 0.1‰ to 6.0‰, with an average of 4.7‰. This δ34S signature reflects the mixing between magmatic-derived and reduced seawater sulfate sulfur. The in situ Pb isotopes characteristics of pyrite, galena, and sphalerite suggest that the sulfur and lead of ore minerals come from the upper crust. Integrating the data obtained from the studies including regional geology, ore geology, and S–Pb isotope geochemistry, we proposed that the Caiyuanzi Pb–Zn deposit is a hydrothermal deposit formed by sedimentary exhalative and magmatic hydrothermal superimposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs in the dolomites of the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the Sichuan Basin are currently important oil and gas exploration objects in China. However, the questions concerning the sources of the dolomitized fluids and the control factors of the Qixia hydrothermal dolomites remain unclear. In this study, the original hydrothermal dolomites (the replacement dolomites (RDs) and saddle dolomites (SDs)) from the Qixia Formation in the southwestern Sichuan Basin (the PR1 well and Baoxing section) were mainly examined using novel in situ carbonate U-Pb dating with clumped isotopes (∆47). Our results show that the U-Pb ages of the latest SDs from the PR1 well (located in the middle zone of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) and distanced from the Orogenic Belt of Longmenshan) are 257.9–251.0 Ma, coincident with the period of main activity of the ELIP. Combined with the previous U-Pb dating, we propose that the high-temperature T∆47 (82.2–108.4 °C and 127.5–205.9 °C) recorded for SDs from the PR1 well and Baoxing section may have responded to ELIP activity and Longmenshan orogeny activity, respectively. In addition, in the entire southwestern Sichuan Basin, the RDs and SDs yield similar δ13C and δ18O values, indicating that the dolomites were formed by hydrothermal fluids of similar sources, with marine hydrothermal fluids being a highly possible source. Finally, this study proposes a new hydrothermal dolomite genesis model for the Qixia Formation, emphasizing that the formation of hydrothermal dolomites mainly depends on the proximity to tectonic thermal events in space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]