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This paper reconstructs levels of cinemagoing in Britain over the two decades preceding the first accepted estimates of the national audience, which were produced in 1934. It uses the receipts from the tax on entertainments, levied by British governments starting in 1916, to examine the impact of broader developments, from war to major economic downturns, and radical changes within the industry itself with the introduction of sound technology. A significant discontinuity is identified in the emergence of the talking picture, which worked to broaden and deepen support for the cinema, confirming it as the dominant mass entertainment form of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Turkish fairs, panayır , were important as markets for goods and animals. In addition, they provided entertainments. These entertainments, which included carnival rides and stalls, changed from the early decades of the Republic to the 1970s. Early entertainments largely focused on sports, such as traditional oil wrestling and horse racing. From the 1950s on, entertainments such as rides and games of skill and chance featured more prominently. There were also significant continuities. Musical entertainments remained important. The musical entertainments, generally featuring scantily clad dancing girls, and the games of skill both appealed to notions of masculinity, and were part of the gendered nature of the entertainments. The changes over time were due to a combination of changes in transportation infrastructure and borrowings from American carnival culture. Romany groups in Turkey have remained central to panayır entertainments into the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]