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The investigation of coarse sediment transport in wide mountain streams is very challenging because of limitations that affect the adoption of direct and indirect field monitoring techniques. Such river type represents then a stream typology for which quantitative knowledge of coarse sediment mobility, dynamics and fluxes is poor. This study uses tracer particles and a virtual velocity approach to gain insights about sediment mobility and coarse bed material transport in a wide mountain stream. Monitoring at the study area was conducted by tagging two types of tracer clasts, installing scour chains, and collecting data on water levels, transport processes, particle travel distances, and active layers over a period of 19 months and five transporting floods in the Tegnas Torrent (the Dolomites, Italy). Bed sediment was mobilized during a limited number of hydrological events (i.e. 6 to 9 per year), taking place in 50 to 400 h and inducing a total coarse sediment flux of about 1200 to 1400 m3 yr−1. The mobilization of coarse particles forming the streambed begins in response to a dimensionless shear stress (τ* c = 0.018) that is lower than thresholds commonly reported in the literature for mountain rivers and the estimated unit bed material transport was remarkably higher compared with those obtained in other mountain streams or gravel-bed rivers. The high mobility of streambed material can be related to the availability of fresh and unstructured sediment transported and deposited in the active channel by a high-magnitude event that occurred a few months before monitoring was conducted in this work, suggesting that sediment fluxes in a stream recently affected by a large flood could be considerably higher than those normally expected in a specific context. Finally, despite the existence of some application constraints, the experiment generated satisfactory results as regards the applicability of the virtual velocity approach in investigations of this stream type. This new quantitative knowledge of sediment fluxes and dynamics is also crucial for management of wide mountain streams. • Quantification of coarse sediment fluxes in wide mountain streams is very challenging. • The virtual velocity approach provides new knowledge of sediment fluxes and dynamics. • High bed material mobility was observed in the Tegnas Torrent after the Vaia storm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sediment dynamics of a small watershed in the Northern Apennines was assessed. • The watershed is affected by rill-interrill and calanchi erosion. • A morphometrical characterisation of the basin was performed using a DEM. • A suspended sediments were assessed using a laser diffraction technique. • SSC and SMD were related to the available rainfall data. The volumes and dynamics of suspended sediments drained from a watershed are often unknown, especially in small creeks and tributaries where continuous discharge measurements are seldom available. The objective of this study was to assess in a qualitative and quantitative way the sediment dynamics of a small ungauged watershed in the Northern Apennines, Italy. We analysed and correlated the sediment volume concentration and grain-size distribution of the suspended sediments with the precipitation pattern. The study area is a small ungauged watershed (0.15 km2) that is dominated by intensive soil erosion processes and related landforms. The basin is oriented East-West with the south-facing slopes characterized by badland erosion processes. The north-facing slopes are cultivated and dominated by rill-interrill erosion phenomena. An morphometrical characterization of the basin was performed using a high-resolution DTM with a 1 × 1 m resolution. Subsequently, the physical characteristics of the topsoil were investigated based on grain size laboratory analysis. A detailed NDVI analysis of the vegetation was performed using Sentinel-2A images. Finally, we assessed the suspended sediments at the outlet of the basin using a laser diffraction technique. The Suspended Sediment Volume Concentration (SSC) and the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the eroded sediments, provide insights into the morphogenetic processes and the sediment transport dynamics of the basin. The measurements were conducted in autumn 2018 after an intense precipitation period and in spring 2019 after a dry phase. The results show a direct relationship between precipitation and SSC with a delay of about 2 h after the most intense precipitation events. Moreover, we reveal that the SMD values are inversely related to the precipitation due to turbidity effects. The SSC and SMD measurements allow for a detailed assessment of the dynamics between precipitation and suspended sediment load even though discharge volumes were not measured directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sediment dynamics of a small watershed in the Northern Apennines was assessed. • The watershed is affected by rill-interrill and calanchi erosion. • A morphometrical characterisation of the basin was performed using a DEM. • A suspended sediments were assessed using a laser diffraction technique. • SSC and SMD were related to the available rainfall data. The volumes and dynamics of suspended sediments drained from a watershed are often unknown, especially in small creeks and tributaries where continuous discharge measurements are seldom available. The objective of this study was to assess in a qualitative and quantitative way the sediment dynamics of a small ungauged watershed in the Northern Apennines, Italy. We analysed and correlated the sediment volume concentration and grain-size distribution of the suspended sediments with the precipitation pattern. The study area is a small ungauged watershed (0.15 km2) that is dominated by intensive soil erosion processes and related landforms. The basin is oriented East-West with the south-facing slopes characterized by badland erosion processes. The north-facing slopes are cultivated and dominated by rill-interrill erosion phenomena. An morphometrical characterization of the basin was performed using a high-resolution DTM with a 1 × 1 m resolution. Subsequently, the physical characteristics of the topsoil were investigated based on grain size laboratory analysis. A detailed NDVI analysis of the vegetation was performed using Sentinel-2A images. Finally, we assessed the suspended sediments at the outlet of the basin using a laser diffraction technique. The Suspended Sediment Volume Concentration (SSC) and the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the eroded sediments, provide insights into the morphogenetic processes and the sediment transport dynamics of the basin. The measurements were conducted in autumn 2018 after an intense precipitation period and in spring 2019 after a dry phase. The results show a direct relationship between precipitation and SSC with a delay of about 2 h after the most intense precipitation events. Moreover, we reveal that the SMD values are inversely related to the precipitation due to turbidity effects. The SSC and SMD measurements allow for a detailed assessment of the dynamics between precipitation and suspended sediment load even though discharge volumes were not measured directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodic removal of deposited sediment in Alpine artificial reservoirs can be carried out through the flushing technique, in which the bottom outlets of the dam are opened to let water flow through the gates, eroding, re-suspending and transporting the sediment downstream. However, this reservoir sediment management strategy normally generates marked variation both in the flow rate and in the Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in the river reaches downstream of the dam and may produce negative effects on the riverine ecosystems and biotic communities, especially on fish. In particular, the alteration of river hydraulic parameters (i.e., water depth and flow velocity) combined with excessive turbidity values (i.e., high SSC values) may lead to a possible worsening of habitat suitability for fish, increasing animal stress. The existing known literature provides useful tools to model the effects of the varied river hydraulic characteristics and the increased fine sediment load, but separately. Due to the simultaneous increase of river flow and SSC, it would instead be advisable to combine these two parameters to obtain a comprehensive and representative fish habitat modelling during flushing events. Therefore, the present work aims to propose an innovative methodology for the European grayling (Thymallus thymallus, L. 1758) habitat modelling during sediment removal from an artificial reservoir, in order to minimize the ecological effects while optimizing reservoir sediment management. With the aim of generalizing our results, we considered two river reaches with different morphologies located in South Tyrol (NE Italy), respectively 0.8 km and 18 km downstream the Rio di Pusteria reservoir, two life stages of our model organism, grayling, a typical rheophilic freshwater fish species inhabiting the studied river, and three possible volumes of flushed sediment. Results showed that habitat suitability for spawning and juvenile grayling tended to decrease with increasing flow and SSC for each of the fish life stage considered. However, interestingly, it was preferable to increase the water outflow from the dam to reduce the flushing duration when considering high volumes of trapped sediment. [Display omitted] • Combining classic approach of habitat modelling with turbidity effects on grayling. • A novel habitat modelling approach for sediment flushing from Alpine reservoirs. • Improved flushing operations to minimize fish habitat alterations. • Comparison of: different river morphologies, grayling life stages, sediment volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, Radio Frequency Identification technology has been applied to track both underwater and subaerial displacement of pebbles along an artificial coarse beach at Marina di Pisa, Italy. Several preliminary laboratory tests have been performed to adapt the RFID technique for underwater use, which has been the primary impediment to this promising approach to the study of coarse sediment transport and movement. Tests showed the reliability of low frequencies for this kind of work, since they enable good signal transmission and reception through water. Passive ABS plastic transponders were inserted into about 100 pebbles and released onto the beach in March, 2009. A CORE-125 reader was chosen as the operating antenna to continuously transmit low frequency (125kHz) signals. An acoustic signal toned whenever a pebble was detected while the unambiguous identification code of the pebble is shown immediately on the screen of a laptop connected to the reader. The positions of the pebbles were recorded with a total station. After two months (May, 2009), 74 marked pebbles were retrieved, 77% of the total. The positions of the retrieved pebbles were also recorded with the total station, thus allowing calculation of the coarse sediment transport tendency. About 60% of the recovered pebbles (44 out of 74) were found on the upper shoreface. The analysis of the marked pebble trajectories revealed a divergent transport movement in the northernmost sector of the beach. This movement was probably triggered by an irregularity of the submerged breakwater fronting the shoreline. The southern sector is characterised by chaotic pathways related to the formation and evolution of beach cusps. This outcome highlights and confirms the importance of a complete definition of the beach system, with no separation between the underwater and the subaerial portion of the shore when it comes to sediment transport and movement. This successful application of RFID technology to the underwater environment provides a chance to broaden understanding of a topic in need of further study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Various transformation mechanisms can generate turbidity currents from subaqueous debris flows. Different transformation mechanisms have been described and interpreted in the past from laboratory experiments and from deposits, but the two approaches have not generally been linked. This has made the genetic interpretation and comparison of deposits difficult. In this paper a generic classification scheme of debrite–turbidite couplets is proposed based on transformation mechanisms inferred from laboratory experiments. Five different flow types (called A–E herein) and their resulting deposits are detailed, but they are all part of a continuous spectrum, and a mixture of types is likely to be found in the field. Type A flows are strong, dense debris flows that undergo little transformation. Their deposit will be a debrite overlain by a thin turbidite, which is separated from it by a clear grain size break. Type B flows are weaker and can develop waves at the debris flow-turbidity current interface. The deposit will be a debrite with a wavy top overlain by a turbidite that is thicker than for type A flows. For type C flows, the interfacial waves will grow so much that the debris flow disintegrates into separate parts. The deposit will consist of debrite lenses encased in a turbidite. Type D flows will undergo even more mixing than type C flows so that the debrite parts will be mixed. Their deposit will be a turbidite with laterally varying areas of debrite characteristics near the bed. Type E flows will be so transformed that the debris flow character has disappeared and the flow is a turbidity current with high sediment concentration. The deposit will be largely turbiditic. The flow types and deposits will be illustrated with some examples from two field areas: the Polish Carpathians and the French Maritime Alps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The alteration of sediment transport regime represents one of the key factors controlling the response of fluvial systems to human impacts. Additional research efforts are required to define sound cause-effect relationships between the human pressures and the morphodynamic responses of sediment-starved gravel-bed rivers. This work deals with the evolution of the Parma River, a large Italian gravel-bed river affected over the last 160 year by multiple anthropogenic disturbances (i.e., land-use changes, in-channel mining and, more recently, the construction of a detention basin), which strongly limited the sediment availability to the high-plain portion of its course. The data collected allowed us to reconstruct the history of the impacts, the river morphological evolutionary trajectory, the sedimentological characteristics of the bed, and to estimate, leveraging a morphological approach, the variation in coarse sediment regime over the most recent period. After the cessation of intense in-channel mining in 1990s, the study sector located upstream from the detention basin shifted from a degrading (i.e., narrowing and incising) to a recovery phase, characterized by a mean coarse transport of 15,000–31,000 m3yr−1. These results demonstrate that the in-channel mining was the most impactful historical pressure acting on the river, and that a channel preserving some natural characteristics and passing from a condition of sediment-starvation to one of increasing sediment availability can recover an active morphodynamics within a short time period. The downstream sector was greatly affected by the reduction of sediment transfer that occurred in the 2000s caused by the construction of a detention basin. Its degradation continued over the most recent period and the coarse transport is currently very low (up to about 3000 m3yr−1 4 km downstream from the basin). This sector is characterized at the present by a morphodynamics defined as "slack", a condition induced by the complete evacuation of the mobile channel sediments, leading to extremely low bed material mobility and transport, and, consequently, to morphological degradation up to the achievement of a new quasi-equilibrium. We hypothesized that such an extreme state of alteration is relatively limited in space, affecting a gravel-bed river only at the reach scale in response to multiple overlapped impacts or because of an extremely severe perturbation (i.e., reduction) of the sediment availability and dynamics. • Human-induced sediment starvation causes alteration of gravel-bed river morphodynamics. • High armouring and low bed material load characterize a sediment-starved channel. • Increasing sediment availability can lead to a recovery of channel morphodynamics. • Multiple overlapped impacts can induce extreme morphodynamic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The hydrologic regime of the Tiber River basin in central Italy has been impacted considerably in the last decades by intensive anthropic activities, and hydraulic works in particular (e.g. hydropower reservoirs, land use modification). In the Tiber River the wash load, in particular, plays an important role in sediment transport, and the knowledge of this hydrological variable is very important for the evaluation of medium–long-term dynamic of shoreline, and the evaluation of reservoir landfill. The Ripetta flow gauge, located in downtown Rome, has been continuously monitoring the daily discharge for decades, while daily sediment load measurements are available only for short terms. In this research, the yearly sediment rate is simulated using a simple stochastic model based on the evaluation of sediment rating curves. The sediment rating curve, i.e. the average relation between discharge and suspended sediment concentration for a specific location, is estimated using a power law model. The fitting curve, obtained by regression analysis, lacks the physical characterization of the phenomenon, often represented by the empirical evidences of erosion severity and the erosional power of river. Model results provide useful insights on the impact of recent hydraulic works on the sediment transport regime. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]