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The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of obesity and/or undernutrition and evaluate diet and activity patterns among schoolchildren from an ethnically diverse low income urban population. A cross-sectional survey of 498 children aged 9-12 y from 24 schools in low income multiethnic neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada was undertaken. Height, weight, dietary intake, physical activity record, and lifestyle and demographic characteristics were measured. There was no evidence of undernutrition because linear growth was appropriate for age, but 39.4% of children were overweight (>85th percentile NHANES II). Dietary fat intake was higher in children from single-parent families (P < 0.001) and those with mothers born in Canada. Intake of vitamins A, C, iron and folate was directly related to income sufficiency. Children who did more physical activity had significantly higher intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc and fiber but were not heavier. Dietary intake was systematically underreported among overweight children, i.e., their reported intakes did not meet calculated energy needs. This underreporting makes it difficult to attribute the accumulated energy imbalance to either energy intake or expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effect of maternal psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disease, schizophrenia, unspecified psychiatric disorder, and comorbid conditions) and odds of preterm birth.Methods: The Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008), an observational cohort with 12 centers from across the United States included 223,394 singleton pregnancies with clinical data obtained from electronic medical records and maternal diagnoses of psychiatric disorders from maternal discharge summaries. Length of gestation was based on the best clinical estimate and categorized as birth less than 39, less than 37, less than 34, and less than 28 weeks' gestation. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals of birth were estimated by logistic regression with generalized estimating equations.Results: Any maternal psychiatric disorder was associated with odds of birth less than 39 weeks' gestation (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval = 1.28-1.37), less than 37 weeks' gestation (OR = 1.45, 1.38-1.52), less than 34 weeks' gestation (OR = 1.47, 1.35-1.59), and less than 28 weeks' gestation (OR = 1.57, 1.36-1.82). Specifically, odds of birth less than 37 weeks' gestation were associated with maternal depression (OR = 1.31, 1.23-1.40), anxiety disorder (OR = 1.68, 1.41-2.01), depression with anxiety disorder (OR = 2.31, 1.93-2.78), bipolar disease (OR = 1.54, 1.22-1.94), bipolar disease with depression and/or anxiety disorder (OR = 1.70, 1.30-2.22), and unspecified psychiatric disorder (OR = 1.52, 1.41-1.64).Conclusions: Maternal psychiatric disorders, especially comorbid psychiatric conditions, were associated with increased likelihood of preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because there are few proven smoking cessation approaches for young adults, it is critical to consider the potential of e-cigarettes as an option. Evidence from 2012 to 2013 in the United States (U.S.) suggested that current e-cigarette use was associated with a higher probability of daily smoking and a lower probability of quitting among young adults. This study examines the associations between e-cigarette use frequency and cigarette smoking in more recent data. Data on e-cigarette use were available for 32,656 current smokers and 9,565 past-year quitters ages 18-34 in the 2016-2018 U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Participants were categorized as "daily", "non-daily", "former", or "never" e-cigarette users. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated to test the associations between e-cigarette use and each of daily smoking and past-year cessation. With e-cigarette never-users as the reference: 1) daily e-cigarette users were 30% (95%CI 0.61-0.79) less likely to be daily smokers; non-daily and former e-cigarette users were 8% (95%CI 1.02-1.15) and 16% (95%CI 1.11-1.21) more likely to be daily smokers, respectively; 2) daily e-cigarette users were 54% (95%CI 1.38-1.73) more likely to have quit in the past year; non-daily and former e-cigarette users were 50% (95%CI 0.42-0.59) and 21% (95%CI 0.73-0.86) less likely to have quit in the past year, respectively. The findings suggest that non-daily e-cigarette use was associated with greater frequency of smoking and less quitting whereas daily e-cigarette use was associated with a lower frequency of smoking and more quitting among young adults in 2016-18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis users who mix tobacco with cannabis are exposed to nicotine in the tobacco. We identified characteristics of young adult cannabis users who mix and investigated whether mixing frequency is associated with nicotine dependence (ND).Methods: Data were collected in self-report questionnaires in 2017-20 from 788 young adults (44% male; mean (SD) age 30.6 (1.0) years) participating in a longitudinal investigation of the natural course of ND. Using multivariable logistic regression, we assessed whether any of 16 sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychosocial or other characteristics were associated with mixing among 313 past-year cannabis users. We also assessed whether mixing frequency was associated with ND among 289 past-year cannabis users who had ever smoked cigarettes controlling for age, sex, and other sources of nicotine (i.e., number of cigarettes smoked, other tobacco products, second-hand smoke exposure).Results: Of 788 participants, 40 % (n = 313) reported past-year cannabis use. Of these, 150 (48 %) reported mixing. Younger age, lower education and income, past-year cigarette use, use of other tobacco products and illicit drugs, poor coping skills and gambling were associated with mixing. Number of ICD-10 ND criteria endorsed was associated with mixing < weekly (b(95 % CI) = 0.3(0.02,0.7)) and weekly/daily (0.5(0.1,0.9)) after controlling for other sources of nicotine.Conclusion: Mixing is associated with ND and therefore may threaten tobacco control efforts by rendering quitting cigarette smoking more difficult among smokers who mix tobacco with cannabis. Mixing tobacco with cannabis should be considered as an additional source of nicotine exposure in studies of ND in young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]