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In recent years, there has been a growing demand for electrical vehicles, which are more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than their traditional counterpart. One of the crucial aspects of electrical systems is energy storage. A promising option for energy storage is Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density, longer life cycles, and faster charging when compared to other batteries. The disadvantage of employing LIBs is that they are more difficult to maintain because they are more prone to failure, and they are greatly dependent on the system's thermal behavior, which has led to an emphasis in research on battery thermal management systems (BTMSs). The BTMS aims to address this issue by limiting the temperature fluctuation of the battery cells to maintain the average temperature within recommended limits throughout the charging and discharging processes. There has been a continuous interest in nanofluids and phase change materials (PCMs) because of their unique properties and their potential thermal application as a cooling medium for high-density batteries. Recent studies have aimed to use different active and passive methods with varying materials and cooling system geometries to achieve the highest possible thermal performance. The current review aims to outline the recent studies on thermal management systems for LIBs. Three main sections have been presented in this paper. The first section reviewed studies on nanofluids in different BTMSs, the other one highlighted techniques adopted to overcome the low thermal conductivity drawback in PCMs for BTMs, and the last one focuses on the effects of combining both cooling approaches. We believe that the present review paper provides useful information that could be a significant step toward developing high-performance BTMS. • A summary of the most recent research on BTMS of LIBs. • Nanofluids and PCM-based BTMS attract significant interest in LIBs. • PCM with carbon additives enhance LIB pack temperature uniformity. • Incorporation of fins has demonstrated effectiveness in improving BTMS performance. • Metal foams with PCMs enhance BTMS performance via improved thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel design of an efficient air-cooling system for improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries. • It is revealed that the average Nusselt numbers (Nu) are an increasing function of Reynolds numbers (Re). • The cells, which receive fresh cold external flow cause a substantial reduction in the cell surface temperature. • Increasing Re also reduces the cooling pack outlet temperature, which leads to the improved life of the batteries. Modern society depends on energy storage systems like Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Li-ion battery cells are delicate to changes in temperature. Extreme environmental conditions affect their life cycle and performance. Therefore, effective cell temperature management is a must for secure and dependable battery operation. Additionally, the high production costs of electric cars must be countered by the adaptability of the battery pack design for modern electric vehicles. As the chemical reactions generate more heat and raise the battery's temperature, it may cause the battery to explode and cause fires in the workplace. To address this issue, the present work attempts to numerically study a novel design of an efficient air-cooling system for improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries by reducing the operational temperatures under a different coolant flow rate. The main output of the presented study is the analysis of a novel design of an efficient air-cooling system for lithium-ion batteries. The study aims to reduce the operational temperatures of the batteries under different coolant flow rates to improve their performance and service life. The numerical simulations are carried out using a finite volume-based computing tool with the K-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model. The analysis is performed for various pertinent parametric ranges, including the spacing between the batteries, Reynolds numbers, and average Nusselt numbers. The results indicate that increasing air inlet velocity (Re) substantially reduces the average air temperature of the cooling pack and temperature difference (ΔT) of the battery cells, and the cooling pack's average heat transfer rate (Nu) increases monotonically as the Re increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The quantity of heat generation that induce TR in lithium-ion batteries is lower than in other overheating strategies. • The trigger time of thermal runaway decreases with the increasing current density. • The series tab connection will accelerate the thermal runaway of the adjacent battery. • The parallel tab connection will induce thermal runaway propagation to all parallel-connected batteries. Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries is the main safety obstacle to the further development of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric energy storage systems (EESSs). Understanding the mechanism of TR propagation is one of the primary ways to improve the thermal safety of the lithium-ion battery. In this paper, an electro-thermal model coupled with the lumped thermal runaway model is applied to investigate the TR behaviors induced by tab overheating and the TR propagation in a battery module with different tab connection methods. The electro-thermal model is used to calculate the heat generation at tabs and the cell body during the normal charge/discharge process, and the lumped thermal runaway model is applied to calculate the TR behavior and TR propagation in the battery module. The results exhibit that the TR behavior and TR propagation are influenced by different aspects (C-rates, insulator, and tab connection modes) in the battery module. The largest quantity of heat generation is at 3C-rate, about 0.98 kJ, because of the heat accumulation in the battery. Besides, the quantity of heat generation that induce TR in lithium-ion batteries in this paper is lower than that from the reference, which means that tab overheating is more dangerous than other heating strategies for triggering the thermal runaway of batteries. The trigger time of TR decreases with the increasing C-rate and the tab connection modes mitigate the TR propagation in the battery module at a low C-rate because of the increasing heat dissipation rate, while the TR propagation is accelerated in the battery module at a high C-rate. At low C-rate conditions, the parallel tab connection exhibits a more significant effect on mitigating the TR behavior, and the effect of mitigation decreases with the increasing C-rate. At high C-rate conditions, the series tab connection accelerates the TR propagation to the adjacent battery, while the parallel tab connection speeds up the TR propagation of all the connected batteries. This work is important for understanding the TR propagation mechanism and improving the thermal safety of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries in EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]