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Highlights: [•] Mitochondrial disorders are common, genetically-heterogeneous diseases characterised by multisystem involvement. [•] Endocrine dysfunction in mitochondrial disease is not uncommon. [•] This is predominantly restricted to disease of the endocrine pancreas leading to diabetes mellitus. [•] We review the common endocrine disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. [•] Optimal strategies for supporting and managing patients are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Serum markers for aneuploidy screening are influenced by maternal characteristics. • Adjustments are needed before marker measurements can be used for risk estimation. • Appropriate adjustments will improve the accuracy of multiple marker screening. • New adjustment factors were generated for race, smoking, and insulin-dependent diabetes. The concentrations of maternal serum markers for aneuploidy screening are influenced by maternal characteristics such as race, smoking, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Accurate risk estimation requires adjustment of initial values for these characteristics. This study aims to update and validate adjustment factors for race, smoking, and IDDM. The study included singleton pregnancies that received multiple marker screening in Ontario, Canada between January 2012, and December 2018, and had their information collected in the Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario. Serum markers assessed included first trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), free β and total human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), placental growth factor (PlGF) and αlpha-fetoprotein (AFP); second trimester AFP, unconjugated estriol (uE3), total hCG and inhibin A. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the differences in the median multiple of the median (MoM) of serum markers between study and reference groups. New adjustment factors were generated by dividing the median MoM of a particular race, individuals who smoke tobacco, or have IDDM by those of the reference groups. The study included 624,789 pregnancies. There were statistically significant differences in serum marker concentrations among pregnant individuals who were Black, Asian, or First Nations compared to a White group, those who smoked compared to Non-smoking individuals, and those with IDDM compared to Non-IDDM group. New adjustment factors for race, smoking, and IDDM were validated by comparing median MoM of serum markers corrected using the current adjustment factors and new adjustment factors generated in this study. The adjustment factors generated in this study can adjust the effects of race, smoking, and IDDM on serum markers more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]