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Discusses the economy in the United States as of October 12, 1991. How the economy affects Republicans as an election issue; Efforts by President George Bush to diffuse the perception that the recovery will be slow in coming; Debate over various pro-growth packages to stimulate the economy.

The article focuses on the slow economic recovery of several European Union (EU) countries in 2016. Topics covered include the budget deficits of most countries now under control, the long-term challenges facing the EU, such as the risks posed by the Brexit, and how the tackling of labour- and product-market rigidities can help lift the gross domestic product (GDP) of the euro zone over the next decade.

The article discusses Great Britain's Labour's party pre-budget report from the chancellor of the exchequer Alistair Darling. The larger than expected shrinking of the economy during the year 2009 is contrasted with the expectations of economic expansion by over one percent in 2010. Darling's raising of the value added tax to help pay for public services is discussed.

The article focuses on the economic recovery of the U.S. economy after the 2008 financial crises. Factors to the economy's development include the declining rate of unemployment, the decrease in prices for fuel and energy products and the decline in inflation and interest rates. The article also cites the importance of productivity growth for the country's continuous economic recovery.

The article discusses how relative peace has been good for Northern Ireland's economy. Belfast, like Dublin, has been transformed over the past 15 years. Overall Northern Ireland has changed sharply for the better--just like the republic. The big difference is that the primary agent of change in Northern Ireland has been not economics but peace. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) declared a ceasefire in 1994, after a 25-year campaign in which some 3,000 people were killed. In elections in 2003, the Catholic, nationalist vote shifted from the moderate Social and Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) to Sinn Fein, led by Gerry Adams. The Protestant, Unionist vote also moved, from the Ulster Unionists to the harder-line, anti-agreement, Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), led by Ian Paisley. This polarisation towards the extremes helps to explain the failure of the latest attempt to reach agreement on restoration of devolved government. But there are grounds for optimism, even for hoping for a total disarmament of the IRA. Northern Ireland in the 1990s still grew faster than any other region in Britain. Growth has slowed in recent years, but unemployment is down.

The article introduces a special section which examines how an economic boom has transformed Ireland, and asks whether it can last. Fifteen years ago Ireland was deemed an economic failure, a country that after years of mismanagement was suffering from high unemployment, slow growth, high inflation, heavy taxation and towering public debts. Yet within a few years it had become a rare example of a developed country with a growth record to match East Asia's, as well as enviably low unemployment and inflation, a low tax burden and a tiny public debt. That transformation has made the Irish republic, with just over four million people, a place of great interest around the globe. Many rich countries would love to achieve a similar change of image. Thanks partly to the Irish diaspora, created by a century and a half of emigration, the country has far more influence than its small population might suggest. Peace in Northern Ireland has helped to boost the economy of the whole island.

The article discusses links between Japan's economic recovery and China's economic boom. The deflationary pressures felt in America in recent years may have been largely benign, reflecting increased global competition; but Japan's dose of deflation has been the nastier sort, caused by a collapse in demand when its late-1980s bubble burst. Deflation and economic stagnation caused Japan's nominal GDP to shrink by 4% in the five years to 2002. During the same period America's GDP expanded by 26%. Now, at last, Japan's economy seems to be reviving. In the year to the second quarter of 2004, real GDP grew by 4.2%, almost as fast as in the United States, and nominal GDP rose by 1.4%. But will this upturn prove any more sustainable than the two previous recoveries in the past decade, both of which soon fizzled out? China's boom has played a big role in Japan's recovery. Last year Japan's exports to China rose by 68%, accounting for two-thirds of its total export growth and one-quarter of its real GDP growth. If the increase in capital spending by exporters is added in as well, then China accounted for somewhere between one-third and one-half of Japan's GDP growth. On present trends, China (including Hong Kong) will overtake America as Japan's biggest export market some time next year. But could a hard landing in China drag Japan down too? The gloomy view, offered by Andy Xie, Morgan Stanley's economist in Hong Kong, is that it would cut short Japan's revival. However, Peter Morgan, an economist at HSBC, argues that most of Japan's exports to China are associated with Japanese firms shifting their production to China to cut costs, so the trade figures exaggerate Japan's true exposure to Chinese demand.

The article discusses U.S. government spending and the outlook for more taxes. President George W. Bush has cut taxes three times and increased public spending--not just on foreign wars and "homeland security", but also on domestic matters. The outcome is that the federal government has swung sharply into deficit. A year or two of higher government spending in the early part of Mr Bush's presidency--when economic growth slowed sharply, a stockmarket bubble burst, and America faced unprecedented and confidence-sapping security threats--may well have been for the good. Yet, even as evidence grows that there is a reasonable chance of economic recovery, the long-term prospects for the budget look as bleak as ever. A report by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) shows that rising health-care costs and an ageing population mean that federal "entitlement" programmes will claim a much higher share of the country's economic output over the coming decades. The White House claims that the budget it is preparing for the 2005 fiscal year will be "committed to fiscal restraint". In "Restoring Fiscal Sanity", a report to be published on January 13th by the Brookings Institution, three options are offered. The" smaller government" path emphasises cuts in "corporate welfare", the devolution of responsibilities to the states, and deep cuts in entitlements. The "larger government" path emphasises tax increases as the main route to sustainability. The "better government" path argues that the government can be more effective without absorbing a larger share of GDP. The problem with this path is the difficulty of measuring the effectiveness of various government programmes, and of dealing with resistance to cutting them. Given such resistance, it is more likely that higher taxes will play the largest part in plugging the deficit. The question, then, is whether the process of plugging begins sooner or later.

Since America's stockmarket bubble burst in 2000, "The Economist" has argued that America faced several years of sluggish growth, if not a deep recession, as the economy worked off the excesses that built up in the late 1990s. Yet the economy has come roaring back. Some argue that America's brisk rebound, despite all that it has suffered, proves how flexible and resilient its economy is. But there are still big risks ahead. The main reason why the economy has held up better than expected is that it has enjoyed the biggest fiscal and monetary stimulus in decades. Thanks partly to tax cuts, it has swung from a structural surplus to a deficit. Historically low interest rates sparked a boom in mortgage refinancing. Long-term interest rates have risen, and as a result mortgage refinancing has fallen. Business investment is picking up, but ample spare capacity will continue to discourage new spending. But the main reason for doubting that the U.S. is back on a path of strong, sustainable growth is that it has failed to eliminate the excesses of its previous boom.

Focuses on economic conditions in the United States as of June 14, 2003. An increasing number of economists on Wall Street and politicians in Washington, D.C. seem to think the U.S. economy is set to recover. John Snow, U.S. treasury secretary, suggested that the economy could be growing by around 4% by the end of 2003, more than double its current rate. All the big stock market indices have risen dramatically. Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan and other central bankers have become increasingly concerned about the risk of deflation, and are determined to ward it off. With its economy still swimming in spare capacity, the rate of inflation continues to decline. Add together loose financial conditions and a fiscal boost, and it is hard to imagine that the economy will not improve at all. A trickier question is whether any rebound will last.

Discusses the reasons why Norman Lamont, chancellor of the exchequer, believes the British economy will rebound in 1992. Consumer spending; Disposable income; Household savings; Depressed housing market; Drop in money-supply growth; High level of consumer debt; Outlook.

Presents argument that if the British government can keep a tight grip on its public-spending plans, there might be room for tax cuts before the next election, due by spring 1997. Current state of the British economy; Reason for which the Conservative government is not receiving credit for the economic recovery; Views of the chancellor of the Exchequer of the British government, Kenneth Clarke regarding the influence of tax cut on the economy.

The article states that clear signs of economic recovery in the states of California and Massachusetts have not provoked citizen optimism, rather reactions of skepticism and disbelief abound. The article also presents factors, which might have contributed to these perceptions. Across North America, the story is much the same. Unemployment in Massachusetts (5.9%) is now a hair below the national average. Last winter low interest rates set off a mad scramble among house-buyers in the plush Boston suburbs.

The article considers whether Europe is poised for a substantial economic recovery and the factors, which might make such an event possible. While others sprint or jog the information superhighway, Europe is slithering. By any measure-miles of fiber-optic cable laid, numbers of television channels available or computers in homes-Europe lags behind the U.S. It fares even worse on such qualitative matters as the inventiveness of its software firms and its ability to produce entertainment that foreigners want to watch.

The article focuses on the rate of post-Olympic Games tourism in Great Britain in 2013 and discusses why tourism has not benefited the British economy as planned. Topics include the amount the British government spent on preparation for the 2012 Olympic Games, the monthly tourism deficit in 2013, and the economic recovery within Great Britain.

The article discusses governments' efforts to prop up their nations' economies. In the author's view strong economic recovery and continued government stimulus measures are mutually incompatible. If economies around the world are to recover from a global financial crisis, the author maintains, then governments need to start winding down their stimulus initiatives.

The article states that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is forecasting that all the big industrial economies will recover by the end of 1993. All economists are blushing about their recent forecasting failures and the International Monetary Fund is no exception. Only robust expansion in America can prevent a further slowdown in the industrial world as a whole. The IMF reckons that America's GDP will expand by 3.2% this year and next, and argues that a short-term fiscal stimulus is unnecessary. The good news is that inflation in many industrial economies is close to its lowest for 30 years Price stability. If the IMF'S forecasts for 1994 prove correct, then 14 of the 21 industrial economies it monitors will have inflation rates of around 3% or less.