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This study focuses on the performance of the elastic–viscous–plastic (EVP) dynamical solver within the sea ice model, CICE v6.5.1. The study has been conducted in two steps. First, the standard EVP solver was extracted from CICE for experiments with refactored versions, which are used for performance testing. Second, one refactored version was integrated and tested in the full CICE model to demonstrate that the new algorithms do not significantly impact the physical results. The study reveals two dominant bottlenecks, namely (1) the number of Message Parsing Interface (MPI) and Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) synchronization points required for halo exchanges during each time step combined with the irregular domain of active sea ice points and (2) the lack of single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) code generation. The standard EVP solver has been refactored based on two generic patterns. The first pattern exposes how general finite differences on masked multi-dimensional arrays can be expressed in order to produce significantly better code generation by changing the memory access pattern from random access to direct access. The second pattern takes an alternative approach to handle static grid properties. The measured single-core performance improvement is more than a factor of 5 compared to the standard implementation. The refactored implementation of strong scales on the Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors series node until the available bandwidth of the node is used. For the Intel® Xeon® CPU Max series, there is sufficient bandwidth to allow the strong scaling to continue for all the cores on the node, resulting in a single-node improvement factor of 35 over the standard implementation. This study also demonstrates improved performance on GPU processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the performance of CICE and its Elastic-Viscous-Plastic (EVP) dynamical solver. The study has been conducted in two steps. First, the standard EVP solver has been extracted from CICE for experiments with refactored versions of it. Secondly, one refactored version was integrated and tested as part of the full model. Two dominant bottlenecks were revealed. The first is the number of MPI and OpenMP synchronization points required for halo exchanges during each time-step combined with the irregular domain of active sea ice points. The second is the lack of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) code generation. The study refactors the standard EVP solver based on two generic patterns. The first pattern exposes how general finite-differences on masked multi-dimensional arrays can be expressed in order to produce significantly better code generation. The primary change is that the memory access pattern is changed from random access to direct access. The second pattern exposes an alternative approach to handle static grid properties. The measured single core improvement is increased by more than a factor of five compared to the standard implementation. The refactored implementation strong scales on the Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processor Series node until the available bandwidth of the node is used. For the Intel® Xeon® CPU Max Series Series there is sufficient bandwidth to allow the strong scaling to continue for all the cores on the node resulting in a single node improvement factor of 35 over the standard implementation. This study also show improved performance on GPU processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]