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Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

HIGHLIGHTS Timber smuggling in the Hyrcanian forest is highly affected by administrative and economic drivers. Integration of the forests' different stakeholders' knowledge can highlight key drivers of timber smuggling. Economic and livelihood factors play as important a role as administrative and legal factors in timber smuggling. Using Indigenous people and local communities' knowledge is essential in forest management and conservation. Cross-impact analysis can help understanding key affective and effective factors in nature conservation. SUMMARY The Hyrcanian forest in Northern Iran has faced increased incidents of timber smuggling over the last decade caused by multiple interwoven factors. The study analysed factors affecting timber smuggling in order to identify the most appropriate strategies to combat this problem. The views of a range of stakeholders were sought, including government and local communities. Analysis reveled 16 key classes of factors affecting timber smuggling amongst which, factors within administrative-political, economic-livelihood and law-legal dimensions were shown to be the most effective. Executive weaknesses, supervision weaknesses, and planning weaknesses within the administrative-political dimension, higher demand for timber, market boom and increase in wood prices, and dependency of local communities' livelihood on forests within the economic-livelihood dimension, and legal limitations within the law-legal dimension, were found to be the most important key factors affecting timber smuggling. Forest conservation can mitigate the situation by reducing the negative effects of the identified factors. La forêt Hyrcanienne en Iran du nord a fait face à des incidences croissantes de contrebande de bois au cours de la dernière décennie, causée par des facteurs multiples et entremêlés. L'étude a analysé les facteurs affectant la contrebande de bois, afin d'identifier les stratégies les plus appropriées pour combattre ce problème. Les points de vue d'un éventail de parties prenantes ont été recherchées, gouvernement et communautés locales inclus. L'analyse a révélé 16 classes-clé de facteurs influençant la contrebande de bois, parmi lesquels les facteurs compris dans les dimensions politiques-administratives, économiques-revenus et loi-légalité se sont révélés être les plus efficaces. Les faiblesses de l'exécutif et de la supervision, ainsi que celles de la planification dans la dimension administrative-politique, une demande croissante de bois, l'explosion du marché et l'augmentation du prix du bois, la dépendance des communautés locales aux forêts pour leur subsistance dans la dimension économique-revenus et les limites légales dans la dimension loi-légalité se sont révélées être les facteurs-clé les plus importants affectant la contrebande du bois. La conservation forestière peut atténuer la situation en réduisant les effets négatifs des facteurs identifiés. El bosque de Hircania en el norte de Irán se ha enfrentado en la última década a un aumento de casos de contrabando de madera causado por múltiples factores interconectados. El estudio analizó los factores que afectan al contrabando de madera con el fin de identificar las estrategias más adecuadas para combatir este problema. Se recabó la opinión de diversas partes interesadas, entre ellas el Gobierno y las comunidades locales. El análisis reveló 16 clases clave de factores que afectan al contrabando de madera, entre los cuales las dimensiones administrativo-política, económico-social y jurídico-legal resultaron ser los más eficaces. Las debilidades en aspectos ejecutivos, de supervisión y de planificación dentro de la dimensión político-administrativa, la mayor demanda de madera, el auge del mercado y el aumento de los precios de la madera, y la dependencia de los medios de vida de las comunidades locales de los bosques dentro de la dimensión económico-social, y las limitaciones legales dentro de la dimensión jurídico-legal, resultaron ser los factores clave más importantes que afectan al contrabando de madera. La conservación de los bosques puede mitigar la situación reduciendo los efectos negativos de los factores identificados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIGHLIGHTS Socioeconomic factors such as income and education influence community Willingness to Pay (WTP) for forest conservation. Contingent valuation and choice experiments are the primary economic valuation methods applied, reflecting public preferences and support for conservation initiatives. Tropical forests in developing countries exhibit higher WTP values than other regions, underscoring their critical ecological and socioeconomic roles in global conservation efforts. Integrating remote sensing data and ecosystem service modelling has enhanced valuation accuracy. However, disparities in valuation approaches and data limitations persist, indicating a need for standardized methodologies and better data integration. Economic valuation of forest conservation is crucial for informed decision-making and effective policy design. SUMMARY Forest conservation is vital for biodiversity, climate regulation and livelihoods. However, valuing its economic benefits is challenging. This review assesses and synthesizes current methodologies and findings on the economic valuation of forest conservation, focusing on non-market benefits and diverse valuation approaches. The study was reviewed from 2018 to 2023 using Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and EconBiz, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Analyzing 37 articles, three themes were identified: Community and Socioeconomic Aspects (15 articles), Economic Valuation Techniques (16 articles), and Policy Implications (6 articles). Contingent valuation and choice modelling were found to be predominant, especially in tropical forests of developing countries, where higher WTP values than other regions highlight their importance in supporting conservation efforts. Though challenges such as data disparities and limitations persist, recent advancements, such as the use of remote sensing and ecosystem service modelling, have improved the precision of forest conservation valuations. Standardized methodologies and better data integration are required to improve the accuracy and comparability of economic valuations, ensuring more reliable data for policy-making and resource allocation in forest conservation. This review aids researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in enhancing forest conservation strategies through robust economic valuation. La conservation forestière est vitale pour la biodiversité, la régulation du climat et les revenus. Évaluer ses bénéfices économiques est toutefois un défi. Cette étude examine et synthétise les méthodologies et les découvertes actuelles dans l'évaluation économique de la conservation forestière, en se concentrant sur les bénéfices hors-marché et sur les diverses approches évaluatives. L'étude a été conduite de 2018 à 2023, en utilisant Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) et EconBiz, dans le cadre des Éléments de rapport préférés pour les examens systématiques et les méta-analyses (PRISMA). Trois thèmes ont été identifiés lors de l'analyse de 37 articles: aspects communautaires et socioéconomiques (15 articles), techniques d'évaluation économique (16 articles), et implications des politiques (6 articles). L'évaluation contingente et la modélisation de choix se sont trouvées être les prédominantes, particulièrement dans les forêts tropicales des pays en voie de développement, où les valeurs WTP plus élevées que dans d'autres régions soulignent leur importance dans le soutien des efforts de conservation. Bien que les défis comme la disparité des données et les limitations persistent, des avancées récentes, telles que l'utilisation des senseurs à distance et la modélisation du service d'écosystème, ont amélioré la précision de l'évaluation de la conservation forestière. Des méthodologies standardisées et une meilleure intégration des données sont nécessaires pour une amélioration de la précision et de la compatibilité des évaluations économiques, assurant des données plus fiables pour la création de politiques et pour l'allocation des ressources dans la conservation forestière. Cette étude aide les chercheurs, les créateurs de politiques et le personnel sur le terrain à fortifier les stratégies de conservation forestière grâce à une évaluation économique robuste. La conservación de los bosques es vital para la biodiversidad, la regulación del clima y los medios de vida. Sin embargo, valorar sus beneficios económicos es todo un reto. Esta revisión evalúa y sintetiza las metodologías y conclusiones actuales sobre la valoración económica de la conservación de los bosques, centrándose en los beneficios no comerciales y en los diversos enfoques de valoración. El estudio se revisó de 2018 a 2023 utilizando Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) y EconBiz, siguiendo el marco de los Elementos Preferidos para Preparación de Informes de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis (PRISMA, por sus siglas en inglés). Después de analizar 37 artículos se identificaron tres temas: Aspectos comunitarios y socioeconómicos (15 artículos), Técnicas de valoración económica (16 artículos) e Implicaciones políticas (6 artículos). La valoración contingente y los modelos de elección resultaron predominantes, especialmente en los bosques tropicales de los países en desarrollo, donde los valores de la disposición a pagar (WTP, por sus siglas en inglés), más elevados que en otras regiones, ponen de relieve su importancia para apoyar los esfuerzos de conservación. Aunque persisten problemas como las disparidades y limitaciones de los datos, los avances recientes, como el uso de la teledetección y la modelización de los servicios ecosistémicos, han mejorado la precisión de las valoraciones de la conservación forestal. Se necesitan metodologías estandarizadas y una mejor integración de datos para mejorar la precisión y comparabilidad de las valoraciones económicas, lo que garantizaría datos más fiables para la formulación de políticas y la asignación de recursos en la conservación de los bosques. Esta revisión ayuda a investigadores, responsables políticos y profesionales a mejorar las estrategias de conservación de los bosques mediante una rigurosa valoración económica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)