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The issue of the ecclesiastical history of the secondary lands of the Bohemian Crown continues to offer a number of topics for possible research. One of them is the relationship of King John of Luxembourg to the ecclesiastical institutions in Upper Lusatia, which he gradually brought into his immediate possession. He was thus able to fully develop his donating activities there. The aim of this paper is, based on sources of a diplomatic nature, to analyse and interpret the monarch’s policy towards the various ecclesiastical institutions in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the complicated relations between medieval towns and the ruling elites in what is now Belgium and the Netherlands. It is illustrated by the uprising that broke out against the local elected bishop John III of Bavaria in Liège and was bloodily suppressed. Even though John succeeded in controlling Liège by force, he abandoned the town and its surrounding area when he was offered a very uncertain possibility of governing elsewhere a few years later. This is thus one of many examples in which there is no proper settlement of relations between the ruler and the town in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jan of Rabštejn († approx. 1450), the father of Chancellor Prokop († probably 1470), the humanist Jan (1437–1473) and three other Rabštejn brothers, is identified in the literature with Ješek Rabštejn, who was a member of the town council in Žatec multiple times between 1402 and 1414. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical examination of this repeatedly stated yet never confirmed hypothesis. The author places the examined matter in the broader context of research on the settlement of the nobility in Bohemian towns in the late Middle Ages, observes the genesis of the current interpretation and, based on an analysis of relevant sources, reaches the conclusion that the nobleman Jan of Rabštejn and the Žatec burgher Ješek Rabštejn were very probably two different people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with auxiliary verb constructions in Romance, in particular with those that exhibit two auxiliary verbs 'have' and 'be' which alternate, in many Italo-Romance varieties, within one and the same paradigm. It is argued that such an intra-paradigmatic distribution represents a special kind of grammaticalization, traditionally referred to as morphologization. Two aspects are discussed. First, a morphological approach to such 'mixed paradigms' is advocated, the main claim being that in order to explain the distribution of the two auxiliaries within the paradigm, one has to make essential reference to paradigmatic structure rather than to the intrinsic featural composition of the auxiliaries (along the lines of paradigmatic approaches reviewed in Blevins 2016). Second, it is shown that these mixed systems, although they often represent "delicate transitional stages" (Loporcaro 2014: 56, n. 8), also display interesting diachronic convergence typical of various stem alternation patterns, famously referred to as morphomes (cf. Maiden 2018). The paper draws on a dataset that is currently being put together in order to become, in the future, a large database of mixed perfective auxiliation systems. Some space is thus devoted to the description of the main parameters of this project, called 'MIXPAR'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to take seriously one of the main claims of the final part of Proust's In Search of Lost Time, where the hero-narrator announces his intention to give his work a form that usually remains invisible, namely the form of time. Our question will therefore be what structure this form has and how it permeates the whole novel. Starting from the hypothesis that the Proustian conception of time can be metaphorically described as a constellation, I will try to show that this constellation can be understood as a connection of two forms of temporality that are clearly present in the book: (1) the simultaneous qualitative time of 'the hour' on the one hand, and (2) the successive temporality, with its related destructive effects, on the other. If those aspects of time are considered together, the reader is confronted with a more complex idea of time as a changing constellation of relations. In the main part of the paper, I will try to show that this conception admits to thinking of time regained not only as rediscovery of the solipsistic time of the hero-narrator but also as time shared on a deeper level with others. And since the notion of joint attention is, at least I suppose, necessary for the constitution of genuine intersubjective time, I will try to show that at the central place of the novel, namely the Venice episode, Proust is concerned precisely with the question of the emergence of time from a singular moment of shared attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some aspects of past and present debates concerning the English terms used to collectively refer to members of Indigenous peoples in the United States, and relates them to the Czech controversy about the capitalization of the "i" in the Czech word "indián" (Indian). The paper follows the history of referring to the Native population, arguing that the inability to find a term in the language of the dominant Anglophone culture that is not controversial reflects the deeply problematic relationship of that culture to the cultures it has colonized and whose identity it has damaged. In this context, it is interesting to ask whether the Czech dispute over the capital "I" in the word "Indián" is a purely orthographic matter, or whether it points to more complex, albeit unre- flected, issues of colonization and cultural oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper defends the opinion that the term "Indián" should be written with a capital initial letter in the Czech language, despite the latest edition of the Czech Spelling Rules, which classify this term among anthropological names like "běloch" (white person) or "černoch" (black person) etc., which use a lowercase initial letter in Czech. The author criticizes this classification, as well as the incorrect reasoning behind it, arguing that "Indian" is a demonym designating the first inhabitants of the continent. Although the term originated from a historical error -- confusing America with India -- it has been widely recognized and used in the Czech lands. The paper suggests that the romanticizing term "Indian" should be reserved only for popular scientific discourse aimed at the general public. However, in academic contexts, the term Indians should be replaced by the term "Původní obyvatel/é Ameriky" (Native peoples of America). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the appropriateness of using the word Indian in the Czech language and gives reasons why it is correct to spell it using a capital letter. The second part of the paper deals with the naming of the various Native American ethnic groups in Czech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a Czech translation of the introductory chapter of Lost Illusions. Russian Policies towards Bulgaria in 1877–1887 (1988) by the Czech historian Karel Durman, who lived in exile in Uppsala, Sweden, since 1980. The translation is preceded by a commentary written by the translator, which introduces the reader to the most important moments in Durman’s life and work and the historical background of the text and its contemporary reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historie Otazky Problemmy is the property of Charles University Prague, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on Arthur Danto's approach to literature. One of the leading philosophers of art in the analytical philosophical tradition, Danto published on art ontology, defining art and art historicity as well as serving as an art critic for the magazine The Nation in the late phase of his career. The essence of Danto's philosophy thus lies in the visual arts, and it seems he was not interested in literature from a philosophical point of view. However, following Garry L. Hagberg, I show that Danto was not only a keen reader but also reflected on literature, its specificity, and its role. In the first part of the paper, I scrutinize what -- in Danto's view -- is a literary work of art, and I compare his position to the view of New Criticism. In the second part, I explore the often neglected dimension of Danto's philosophy of art, i.e., the spectator's emotional response to an artwork. I argue that Danto draws on works of literature to illustrate the nature of this response for the reason that they provide the basis for a deeper understanding in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the standardization process of the regnal name of the new King Charles III in Czech. It documents the fact that leading Czech internet media at first referred to the new king in the original form, Charles III, but very soon began to call him Karel III, using the Czech form of the English name Charles. The paper places this process into the broader context of translating foreign personal names into Czech and investigates whether European Monarchs are usually referred to by their original names or a translated form of their names in contemporary written Czech (as evidenced by the SYN corpus series). The central focus of the paper lies in the hour-by-hour detailed reconstruction of how it happened that the Czech internet media ceased quite suddenly to call the new king Charles III, beginning to call him Karel III. The paper proceeds to discuss this process in the context of language standardization theories, showing that although authorities (linguists, predominantly from the Czech Language Institute) explicitly refused to recommend ("from above") either the original, or a translated variant of the name, internet media representatives interpreted their statements in favour of the translated version and started to call the new king Karel III in Czech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the forms of official and unofficial negotiation, using the rescue of the Staré Hrady castle, renovated between 1949 and 1993, as a case in point. The paper first outlines the earlier history and current situation of this monument, then the cultural and legal context, the actors and, lastly, the history of the rescue itself. It then proceeds to examine the final phase of the rescue to provide an illustrative example of a castle renovation project that was financially and ideologically supported by the regime and where the rescue went hand in hand with its cultural use, which served as an argument for the renovation in the first place. The paper discusses the forms of communication formally required for the official negotiation related to this project, as well as the informal level of the negotiation, which existed outside the written sources. It concludes that both of these negotiation levels were equally important for the preservation of the Staré Hrady castle: they were used as dictated by the situation and ultimately aimed at achieving the same goal: to preserve a cultural monument whose restoration had been considered impossible and pointless a little more than two decades earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper draws on environmental history and applies this concept to the issue of air pollution in the Most region in the 1960s. Combustion processes had caused the air in the region to be polluted by both solid and gaseous substances, released into the air in varying amounts. What options did society have to respond to this newly recognised problem in a region that had long been used for industrial production? The paper tries to provide an answer by tracing the evolution of environmental legislation and the reactions of the media and authorities at all levels. It proposes three hypotheses, namely, (1) that the state chose to focus on economic and industrial development rather than environmental protection, (2) that it tried to centralize control of technological solutions to the air pollution problem, and (3) that it attempted to control public discourse and awareness of air quality and the factors that affected it. The results arrived at are as follows: the state did indeed choose to prioritise industrial development over environmental protection, although it had attempted to take several (mainly legislative) measures to mitigate pollution. The hypothesis that there was an attempt to centralise technological solutions to the problem and to control them was not borne out; instead, the choice of solutions (if any) was left to companies. Control of the flow of information on air pollution was minimal during the 1960s, and only changed after 1968 with what is known as Czechoslovak normalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Czech immigrants in America played an important role in the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia after World War I, and even today more than one million Americans claim Czech ancestry. Czech Americans understandably kept a close eye on the young democracy in the centre of Europe during the interwar period. Their reflections are recorded primarily within regional periodicals, which, although being available at least to some extent, are still not sufficiently reflected in the academic literature. Generally, the most researched period is the “peak” of the Czechoslovak immigrant community’s activity in the US around World War I, but there are large gaps elsewhere, especially in the interwar period. The paper attempts to compare the views of Czech immigrants in America on the stock market crash in New York in the autumn of 1929. It focuses specifically on Czech periodicals published in three locations — Chicago, Nebraska, and Texas. The comparison of these three perspectives provides the opportunity to explore the perspective of Czech Americans in urban and rural areas in three different states across the United States. It also focuses on periodicals from a period that researchers have so far shown little interest in. Additionally, comparing these three locations allows for an examination of social, religious, demographic, and other differences, as the Czech immigrant community in the US has never been homogeneous, although it is often presented as such. The paper thus aims to provide a fresh perspective on one of the key moments of interwar history through the eyes of the Czech immigrant community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the two most widely used universalist approaches that attempt to present a unified account of the Spanish subjunctive. Both Vesterinen's and Ruiz Campillo's concepts are based on principles of cognitive linguistics and represent two largely contradictory ways to define a unified principle for the use of a particular verbal form: from an abstract principle to usage and from concrete linguistic manifestations to the search for an underlying function. This paper contrasts the two theories and points out their strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that an uncontroversial universalist theory describing all uses of the Spanish subjunctive has not yet been developed in linguistics; rather both theories are a tool to illustrate how complex and difficult it is to analyse the phenomenon of mood choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the ideological link between Czech and German historiography during the First Czechoslovak Republic. The general subject is exemplified by the case of Josef Pekař and Josef Pfitzner, who were high-profile representatives of the field at that time. The study also articulates the hidden presumptions behind both historiansʼ concepts of history, thus presenting a platform on which a nationally oriented exposition of the epoch can be surpassed and new research questions on the First Republic can be opened up within a broader framework. This case study on the history of historiography focuses on the First Czechoslovak Republic period, which seems to be dominated by national tensions between the Czech and German elements within the population. A preliminary review of the issue indicates that these conflicts are most in evidence, so the text focuses mostly on one specific area which was de facto shared by both groups — the concept of history. During the first half of the 20th century Josef Pekař and Josef Pfitzner were the leading Czech and German figures in the field of historiography. With their institutional importance and intellectual productivity they helped to create the key driving forces behind historiography in the First Republic. It is their work that created a space in which both fields (Czech and German historiography) can be seen in some kind of unity and understood as a product of the given situation. Hence the ensuing national and ethnic conflicts can be shown to be the outcome of more deeply shared and unarticulated preconditions. The study of selected parts of the work of both historians employs the now quite widespread concept of Volksgeschichte , which offers an analytical tool to extract the “background” ideas behind the conception of the nation or the state, which are of quite key importance for an understanding of the various (at first glance) contradictory and conflicting ideas. These conflicts are actually often based on shared assumptions. The exposition centres around debates on the “meaning” of (Czech) history, which moulded historiography for decades. These specific attempts to articulate the “meaning” and significance of history best demonstrate what was behind reflections over history and what has to be presumed for any particular “meaning” to make sense. However, this exposition of the work of Josef Pekař and Josef Pfitzner is not just about them alone, but rather about the opening up of broader questions leading to an interpretation of the history of Czech-German coexistence in the Czechoslovak First Republic as such. Hence the study raises numerous questions to which answers still need to be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the use of ethnicity as a strategic tool in the politicization of the Mexican diaspora in the United States of America in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Referring to the example of the 1969 founding manifesto entitled "The Spiritual Plan of Aztlán" (El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán), it pays attention to the ways in which a section of the Mexican diaspora in the United States -- Chicanos -- came to identify themselves with the indigenous peoples of the United States and Mexico in the construction of their new collective identity. The text further examines the symbols of the Aztlán and the Bronze Race, the meanings attributed to them, and the question of authorship. In doing so, it draws on the interpretive frameworks of S. Hall, B. Anderson, R. Barthes and M. Castells. It concludes that the manifesto represents a highly selective, strategic narrative which mirrors both the Chicano movement's claims for recognition in the US and the ways the Mexican diaspora interpreted its past to serve its current and future goals between the 1960s and early 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Untranslatability, the word and the thing, appear frequently in the texts of the first period of Czech functional structuralism, from 1926 to 1948. According to the particular dynamic and systematic perspective observed by the authors of the Prague Circle, any text is always and in any case untranslatable, because it is impossible to transpose the set of functional interactions and correlations in which the original was imbricated. Indeed, untranslatability, in one way or another, has historically always haunted any theory of translation. During the classical period and also the during linguistic paradigm of the second half of the 20th century, the fact of essential inter- or intralinguistic untranslatability was either denied or tragically experienced as an irreparable loss. After the so-called cultural turn in translation studies, a shift occurred whereby untranslatability has come to be considered as a zone of emergence of creativity and generation of innovations. In this paper, I will focus on two articles written by V. Procházka and P. Eisner in order to examine how they can enrich the current conceptions of translation and evolution of literary systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deer dance (Danza del Venado) is a central ritual of the Yaqui tribe inhabiting parts of Mexico and the USA. Dating back to pre-Columbian times, this dance symbolizes man's connection with nature, represented here by a dancer in the form of a deer. The choreography of the dance, the sounds and the costumes refer to the life and hunting of this animal. Despite the geopolitical divide, the Yaqui retain strong cultural ties, particularly during the annual Easter (Pascoa) celebrations. A key moment in these celebrations is the presentation of the deer dance. Originally purely ceremonial, this ritual has gradually been integrated into Mexican folklore and has become an important representative of the State of Sonora within the Baile Folklórico dance system. Along with other dances, it is now seen as a part of Mexico's living cultural heritage. However, its inclusion in the Baile Folklórico system raises questions about the authenticity of the representation of Yaqui customs. This paper will focus on the historical development of the deer dance and its current role within the Yaqui community and broader Mexican society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of bilingual and multilingual legal dictionaries in translation and legal communication is changing as the availability of various online resources increases. It turns out that most legal dictionaries published in the EU do not meet the standards of an ideal legal dictionary, in which linguistic data are supplemented with relevant law-related information. Furthermore, there is a strong disparity in terms of availability between dictionaries of major European languages and those of languages of limited diffusion. In the Czech context, bibliographic data indicate that a massive wave of legal lexicographic activity culminated around the year 2000. Since then, the trend has been dropping sharply. The authorship of the dictionaries, among which major European languages and Latin predominate, is almost exclusively in the hands of Czech authors. The decline of paper dictionaries does not seem to be fully compensated by online dictionaries for the time being. Yet the potential of electronic platforms for legal lexicography is considerable in terms of capacity, userfriendliness, accessibility and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical association data is a valuable resource in psycholinguistics, providing researchers with empirical insights into which words are perceived as 'belonging together'. One of the largest such datasets for English, the University of South Florida Free Association Norms database, is available freely online. The raw data format however requires some technical steps to tap into the potential it offers for network science, which can present a barrier for some researchers. This paper introduces a userfriendly command-line tool, fan_xplorr, that addresses this issue by providing linguists with access to the data. With the proposed tool, researchers can interactively display portions of the semantic network dataset in the form of interactive network graphs. The design of the tool enables linguists to access the dataset without advanced technical skills and promotes exploration within the dataset for psycholinguistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses corpus data to analyse spoken expressions and discourse markers in Czech, applying these findings to corpus-based exercises for learners of Czech as a foreign language. The analytical section highlights the usefulness of parallel corpus in identifying suitable translation equivalents for prevalent Czech spoken vocabulary in English, French, and Polish as native languages from the learner's perspective. The methodology outlines the process of finding appropriate translation equivalents in film subtitles, considering both meaning and spoken register. The pedagogical section introduces three corpus-based exercises designed to improve conversational skills, featuring authentic texts that familiarise learners with spoken vocabulary. This research builds on previous studies of the English language that did not use parallel corpora to identify translation equivalents in learners' native languages -- an essential factor for understanding a foreign language. In addition, tailor-made corpus-based exercises can be seamlessly integrated into everyday classroom activities to enhance language awareness among non-native speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the instantiation of variables in schemas within the Relational Morphology theory. On the basis of an approach to word-formation from concept to form, the article argues that for the question of what lexemes are retrieved from the lexicon to instantiate the variables in schemas in order to achieve the required meaning of the resulting word within the generative role of schemas, it is important to distinguish different functions of word-formation, namely those that provide mere variations on existing lexemes in contrast to the function of word-formation that provides names for concepts in the extra-linguistic world. In the first case, the variables in schemas are instantiated with lexemes on which we perform the variation, whereas, in the second case, the lexemes result from prior mental processing of the concept to be named. The paper thus also provides the description of the process of conceptualization within the naming function of word-formation and demonstrates the principles of conceptualization on various examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrastive reduplication (CR) (e.g., milk-milk or soy milk) has emerged as a notable linguistic phenomenon in both spoken and written English, drawing attention across various linguistic dimensions, including morphology, semantics, and pragmatics. However, the phonology and prosody aspects of CR remain relatively unexplored. This paper represents a summary of an MA thesis (Petrechová, 2022) addressing this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of approximately 200 spoken excerpts of CR. The CR corpus encompasses diverse sources such as literature, radio, movies, and TV series, with manually curated spoken examples. The analysis investigates the overall intonation patterns of CR constructions, with special attention given to acoustic properties, including contrastive features in terms of intonation, overall duration of elements, and measurements such as F1 and F2 of stressed vowels. The investigation aims to shed light on the nuanced interplay of prosody and phonology in expressing contrast within CR constructions. The study also analyses the interconnection of acoustic and prosodic features of CR and other observed variables, such as the speaker’s gender, CR pragmatic functions, and the position of CR in a sentence. The study provides evidence that the first element of CR tends to be more prominent and stressed, and that the intonation pattern of CR depends on the overall intonation pattern of the whole clause in which CR occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to examine the functional and formal features of the construction here’s hoping. Our analysis is informed by the frameworks of construction grammar (Fried, 2010, 2013), grammaticalization (Fried, 2009; Himmelmann, 2004), subjectification (Company, 2006) and impersonalization (Siewierska, 2008). The construction seems to have developed a novel subjectified function, i.e. to express the speaker’s positive expectation while retaining a degree of tentativeness and distance. The data for the analysis was excerpted from the corpus English Web 2021 (enTenTen21). The internal and external features of the construction (e.g. the (non-)deictic function of here, fixedness, syntactic isolation, initial position) together with the overall expansion of the semantic and pragmatic context and the gradual host-class expansion suggest that the process of grammaticalization/subjectification is currently under way (cf. Fried, 2010; Company, 2006). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fighting between Czechoslovak legionaries and Red Army soldiers in Penza in May 1918 generated and continues to generate various historical narratives, especially about alleged war crimes. How did legionary and communist sources interpret the outcome of the fighting and what losses were attributed to the defenders of the city in general and the 1st Czecho-slovak Revolutionary Regiment in particular? This paper analyses the number of deaths, cites various historical sources, and critically examines the myth of prisoner executions, arguing that the numbers and the account of the events in contemporary literature are likely distorted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the regimental music bands of the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia. It focuses mainly on their tasks, functions and importance. Attention is also paid to the fact that the legionary bands combined elements of Russian and Austro-Hungarian military music. The text addresses the question of which cultural influence ultimately prevailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to provide details on the Czechoslovak Scouting organisation in exile during the Second World War, especially in relation to what is known as the Czechoslovak Foreign Action. The purpose of the text is to point out the role that Junák (the organization of Scouts and Guides in the Czech Republic) was supposed to play from the point of view of the government in exile and which was also constructed by its leading figures. In doing so, it also reveals some elements of the survival strategy pursued by the official Czechoslovak Scouting Organisation during the war years as well as certain features of post-war Scouting in Czechoslovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was not seen as having contributed to the building of the state, not even during the existence of the Habsburg monarchy. This was probably due to its unfavourable outcome for Austria. However, it had major significance for subsequent pan-European developments. Moreover, the image of this war has been purposefully misinterpreted within the anti-Austrian myth. This paper aims to unpack the contemporary image of this war based on the testimonies of participants involved, as captured in their memoirs, and to compare it with the image of the war promoted during the First Czechoslovak Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistica Pragensia (Charles University Prague, Faculty of Arts) is the property of Charles University Prague, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the principles of inquiry-based education and on a curatorial approach to working with sources. It presents two practical examples of how materials, such as those from the collection of the Museum of the Working Class Movement, can be used. The paper explores not only the benefits, but also the limitations of the collection given the needs of school teaching. Finally, the potential of the collection is discussed from the point of view of different approaches to interpreting the period in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time the world has campaigned against child labour, both with local and global efforts. These initiatives however tend to ignore contextual forces such as, specific socio-cultural contexts and societal interpretation of child labour. Scholarship on this subject uncovers several circumstances, reasons, consequences, processes, and challenges of child labour among different communities in Africa. Extant literature also reveals information regarding the complexities of sociocultural dimension in examining child labour practices. Building on the already existing evidence, this paper uncovers sociocultural complexity in explaining child labour practices among semi nomadic pastoral Wataturu communities in Igunga. The paper exploits various information collected through library and archival research, participant observation, and oral interviews to demonstrate how sociocultural set up of Wataturu challenges the mainstream approach to the claimed child labour practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the brilliant Czech logician and philosopher of language Pavel Tichý (1936-1994) who, after emigrating to New Zealand in 1970 and spending half his life there as a political refugee, committed suicide shortly before returning to his alma mater, Charles University in Prague, as Chair of the Department of Logic in the Faculty of Arts. After tracing a biographical profile of the Czech logician, the paper explains some of the central ideas of Tichý's highly original theory, called Transparent Intensional Logic, while locating it in the wider context of the analytic philosophy of language. The paper concludes by highlighting the role played by Tichý's intensional theory in advancing various disciplines, including artificial intelligence, with the aim of shedding light on the significant contributions of the Czech logician, who has yet to gain due recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanderbeg is the main constitutive figure in the collective memory of Arbereshs in particular and of Albanians in general. As such he also is the main figure in the history of Albanians that inspired many artistic and scholarly works in different disciplines including oral tradition, history, literature, ethnology, etc. The main aim of this paper, as indicated in the title, is to see how songs on Scanderbeg could be acertained as an expression of collective memory, longing, and belonging up to the present times. In order to comprehend better this process authors will give information on who was Scanderbeg, who were Arbëresh and how did they establish and maintained awareness on their distinctive cultural and ethnic identity. What was the role of Scanderbeg in this process? Beside this the role of folk songs and historical data on remembering Scanderbeg and in constructing Arbwresh/Albanian national identity will be juxstaposed. As a tool will be used three folk songs collected by Arbëresh intellectual Jeronim De Rada, which are related to two main events of Scanderbeg's life, namely marriage and death, and these will be compared with historical data as found for same events in the Harry Hodgkinson's historical book about Scanderbeg. This juxtaposition will be analysed in the context of Anthony D. Smith's concept on ethno-symbolism in order to enlighten the initiation of Arbëresh/Albanian ethnic identity. The final attempt of this paper will be to theorize on how historical facts, transformed in both oral tradition and scholar interpretations, are used in shaping collective memory-(ies) that forge identity-ies of groups in different temporal and spatial levels, i.e. local, regional, ethnic and national, in which case construction process and selectivity are quite prominent. The method used here is comparison of different literature resources (historical, literature, ethnographies) and interpreting them in different theoretical frameworks such as ethnosymbolism, collective memory and constructivis national building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to understand how communities hold onto memories through ballads and folk songs, especially when they relate to social issues, and will use a Portuguese narrative song based on a true event to examine this and other related matters. On 13 September 1914, a boy and girl from different socio-economic classes enacted a suicide pact because their families disapproved of their love. The violent death of these youngsters imprinted a strong impression on the small Portuguese community where it happened. The case was perpetuated in the narrative song, 'José Pina e Maribela', that spread throughout the years to various regions where it was collected. Based on fifteen versions of this song, this paper analyses how and what facts of the event were kept by the collective memory of the community and identifies the narrative invariance of the song and the variants that occur in these versions. The paper also refers to the appropriation of 'José Pina e Maribela' by some regional entities, creating a constructed memory as a touristic product, as opposed to the natural process of transmission of traditional literature, which accepts variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to describe the principles for building the onemillionword DIA1900 Corpus consisting of Czech texts published between 1851 and 1900, designed to be both balanced and representative. There are two main goals determining the methods of corpus building and the decision to develop new tools tailored to the special needs of 19th century Czech: 1) to present the variability of Czech in the 2nd half of the 19th century (including spelling, morphology, wordformation) and 2) to link the detected variants to the appropriate lemmas. The paper presents the phases of the processing of the texts, including transcription, manual pre-annotation, as well as the construction of a large morphological dictionary and the selection of a suitable set of paradigms. Further sections are focused on annotation and morphological tagging and manual disambiguation. The objective was to create a gold standard, intended for use in the automatic annotation both of the DIA1900 corpus and the planned corpus of Czech texts of the years 1800-1850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses lexical borrowings from German into Czech. It is a continuation of our previous paper dealing with German-Czech language contact in Central Europe (Zeman, 2021). Due to the longstanding coexistence of the Czech and German/Austrian ethnic identities, many German/Austrian loan-words became domesticated in Czech. A significant language contact area in Central Europe is that based on the former centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From this contact area, a notable territory emerged in Vienna, particularly affected by the influence of Czech on German. Although there has been a high degree of ethnic mixing at various stages in history, there was never any real harm done to the essence of either of the two languages. A fascinating aspect is the parallel changes in pronunciation in both languages, for example, in vowel sounds and diphthongs. Today it is generally accepted that, to make these sound changes, both languages had to develop similar internal expectations and that these developed in parallel. The objective is to offer a brief description of morphological adaptation of German loan words in the south Moravian variety. The paper concludes that the morphological structures of diminution in the east Moravian variety are more differentiated than those of German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of Czech neologisms usually focus on neologisms found in standard texts or in a collaborative online dictionary including mostly expressive words, invented words and the like. The paper attempts to bridge the gap by focusing on less formal and standard, yet fully authentic texts, i.e., user reviews in the Czech-Slovak film database. Based on 2,006 novel lexical units found on the website, it is shown that while neologisms are mostly found among lexical words, some are also found among grammatical, supposedly closed-class words. It is illustrated that derivation by suffixes and prefixoids as well as compounding are the most productive processes, yielding some surprisingly productive types of new words. Finally, the paper focuses on three prominent patterns found among the neologisms (X-árna, V-ačka, and homo-N) and points out their relevance, thus illustrating that studies of neologisms do not need to be trivially descriptive and classificatory but can point towards more general issues, both theoretical and methodological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper traces the genesis and development of post-Stalinist Marxist eschatology, particularly in relation to its tendency to capture and describe aspects of extra-sensory, metaphysical and parapsychological experience. With its subject defined this way, the paper seeks to chart a continuity between the reformist period of “post-Stalinist” philosophy and the period of Czechoslovak normalization. It aims to highlight some lesser-known aspects of 20th-century Marxist utopianism within the broader context of the intellectual history of Marxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the clash between State Security (Státní bezpečnost) and political dissent during Czechoslovak normalisation, or rather one of its aspects: the expert knowledge that both sides used in the conflict. While State Security was making an effort to improve in the field of psychology and also in its use of technology, especially during surveillance, the dissidents gradually acquired a perfect knowledge of the Czechoslovak legal system, which helped them to defend themselves, at least to some extent, against the harassment by the security apparatus. The paper discusses the approaches taken by both sides as well as how they actually worked in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how attachment theory was adapted and further developed in socialist Czechoslovakia. It analyses the scientific discussions and the influence of the theory on state care policies, especially in residential childcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an innovative approach to the analysis of fiction texts through the combined means of three points of view, viz. FSP, discourse subjects (DSs) and their cohesive chains, and cohesive ties. It explores the theme of metamorphosis of the characters as it appears in all the three examined aspects, and the influence the metamorphosis exerts on them. Three main problems are discussed in the paper. Firstly, it deals with unexpected tokens in the identity chains of the DSs undergoing the metamorphosis and the cohesive ties through which they are incorporated in these cohesive chains. Secondly, it addresses seeming abrupt switches between two thematic progressions which in fact form just one progression. Lastly, the paper discusses the function of the features detected in the texts in relation to the complexity of the idea of metamorphosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discourse regarding intentionality and interpretation in analytic philosophy of art, although ample and lively, has concerned itself almost exclusively with the literary medium. Starting from a paper published by Hans Maes, I discuss the complications that may arise in straightforwardly applying current intentionalist strategies to the realm of the contemporary visual arts. I first present a detailed account of the difference between hypothetical intentionalism and moderate actual intentionalism which will help to better understand the nature of Maes's arguments in his paper. I then argue that the characteristics which shape the approach of moderate actual intentionalism cannot be accommodated by certain contemporary visual artworks. I will demonstrate how in certain contemporary artworks, should a viewer be interested in accepting actual intentions within her interpretation, she will have to do so with an extreme intentionalist posture rather than a moderate actual one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper inquires into the phenomenon of repetition in the works of Franz Kafka and in what ways it might characterize his way of writing (and his understanding of writing). I begin by making a distinction between three different planes of repetition, or repetitiveness: (1) as a 'method' of production; (2) as a symptom of the characters' situations; and (3) as a representation technique. First, there are different versions of the same text, equivalent in terms of finality, but perhaps also a certain existential rhythm (as exemplified by Kafka's famous 'schedules'). I suggest that a comparative reading of Heinrich von Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas (1810) could provide an insight into this feature of 'productivity'. Second, repetitive characters' situations create certain patterns and beg the question of their complex reader effects. Finally, and in addition to 'classical' discursive repetitions, there are minor textual recurrences (as in his 'breakthrough' story, "The Judgment") and the question whether these can be related to an analogy in technical reproduction. Are they part of an experimental narrative method? Is there a 'sense' to repetition in Kafka and can these provisional distinctions help us understand it? How should their entanglement be described? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the strategies for adapting the specific Buddhist plot (the story of the two brothers travelling beyond the sea in search of a magical pearl) that has been recounted over the course of centuries in classical Korean literature. The objective of the article is to examine the adaptation of this plot through a comparative analysis of similar narratives, highlighting the distinctive features and changes determined by the various genres and philosophical ideas under the influence of which these texts were written, the purposes of creating these narratives, the target audience, etc. The comparison is based on three texts: Ten Stages of Tathagata Shakya's Practices (1328), Worin Sokpo (1459) and the vernacular fiction Story of Chyok Syongŭi (19th century). Furthermore, the article lists all relevant previous Buddhist manuscripts containing the plot of interest, provides a brief outline of Korean Buddhist literature tradition, and emphasizes literature as a universal medium connecting Confucian and Buddhist cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After losing the war in 1945, Japan was in ruins -- both physical and mental. Although it was gradually rebuilding itself economically since the late 1940s, the lost war, occupation, change of system and the upheaval of values caused mental trauma and identity crisis for many of its inhabitants. Motifs typically associated with Franz Kafka -- especially his existentialism, absurdity, avant-garde methods and dream imagery against the background of everyday reality, create an interesting parallel to this situation and seeped into the works of post-war authors. This paper focuses on two postwar authors, Shimao Toshio (1917-1986) and Ishikawa Jun (1899-1987), and examines how "kafkaesque" writing and reality of post-war Japan intertwine in "Everyday Life in a Dream" (Yume no naka de no nichijō, 1948) and "The Raptor" (Taka, 1953). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]