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This article focuses on two aspects of Isaac Bashevis Singer's life and work from 1923 to 1935. First, it outlines his early career in Warsaw, focusing on his essays and tracing his efforts to establish a literary career independent from that of his older brother, Israel Joshua. Second, it considers Singer's emigration from Warsaw, with a focus on his brother's efforts to get him out, as found in personal correspondence. Along the way, I expose gaps between Singer's memoirs and details found in letters, especially relating to historical circumstances leading him to obtain a tourist visa to the United States in 1935. The article delineates a tension between Singer's establishment of a position within Yiddish literature in Warsaw distinct from his brother's, and the need to leave the city in order to survive, adding Israel Joshua's own voice to the testimony from this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the European Union alone, there are currently approximately 5.5 million migrants with an irregular immigration status. Despite its promise of universality, international human rights law does not protect migrants, particularly those in irregular situations, to the same extent as it protects citizens. This paper examines state policies towards irregular migration and approaches to issues faced by irregular migrants, from No Borders to solidarity, arguing that to effectively address these pressing concerns, it is necessary to look beyond the law and the concept of human rights and to challenge the notion of the border. Hannah Arendt's nexus between rights and political membership expressed in the concept of the 'right to have rights' is considered in relation to today's undocumented migrants. Different manifestations of migrant activism are also analysed, demonstrating that undocumented migrants have a voice and have been using it to contest the state-dependent notions of citizenship and membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statues of the Virgin Mary have been embarking on various types of movement and migration for centuries. They are the fixed points around which religious activities are carried out in communities in Spain and Latin America and play significant roles in the personal and social lives of their devotees. Until recently, however, scholarship has largely overlooked the potential richness of what religious material cultures can tell us about religious transformation in Latin America. This paper therefore offers a theoretical and methodological advance by way of a ground-up, 'material' approach to understanding religious change through the religious statues themselves. It utilises the statue of the Virgen de la Regla in Chipiona, Spain as a node on a map from which to trace the lines of movement from Spain into Cuba where a replica of the same Virgin, another nodal point, is worshipped as both Virgin Mary and Santeria Orisha Yemayá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2020 EU Pact on Migration and Asylum introduced a series of legal texts aimed at reforming the existing EU asylum policy. Following years of challenging negotiations, an agreement on the Pact was reached in December 2023 with all the texts published in the Official Journal of the EU in May 2024. This article critically discusses some provisions of three key texts within the Pact: the Asylum Procedures Regulation (APR), the Crisis Regulation, and the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR). The aim is to uncover the strategic employment of derogations and exceptions to compensate external border states for their heightened responsibilities, particularly in situations of migratory pressure. The article also explores the impact of newly introduced concepts and measures, such as the 'non-entry' fiction and the concept of 'adequate capacity' in border procedures, as well as derogatory provisions in 'crisis' and 'instrumentalisation' situations. It highlights how the agreed instruments, under the guise of presenting derogations as a form of 'solidarity', compromise the rights of asylum seekers and fail to effectively address the increased responsibility of states at the external borders. It further argues that these measures deviate from the goal of harmonisation within the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The paper concludes by emphasising that the promise of achieving a fair and balanced asylum system in the EU remains unfulfilled, with an overreliance on derogations overshadowing genuine progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the role of global migration and the nature of national borders within the co-constitution of class and race. We begin with Marx's critique of the value-form – a critique that rests upon a distinction between the 'essence' of social reality and its immediate appearances. The paper elaborates how Marx's understanding of the emergence of a society based upon generalised commodity production leads to a certain conception of the 'political state' and citizenship – and thus borders and national belonging. This reveals the distinctive territorial forms of capitalism vis-à-vis those found in pre-capitalist societies, and moves us away from transhistorical conceptions of borders and the nation-state. In the second half, the paper turns to look at what this conception of borders and migration might mean concretely for how we think about the co-constitution of race and class today. Here the focus is on three crucial aspects of the contemporary world market: (1) the relationship between the cross-border movements of labour and processes of class formation, (2) migration and the determination of the value of labour-power, and (3) coercive and unfree labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper departs from a deductive premise seeking to apply the theory of "collectivised system of refugee responsibility" to the EU-Egypt migration arrangements. In its basic form, the theory proffers the funding and oversight of the wealthy North to assert protection, and integration of refugees in southern countries. At face value, the design and structure of the EU-Egypt migration arrangements appear to reflect this formula: EU funding in return for Egyptian principled accommodation of refugees. A profounder analysis of these deals, nevertheless, discerns the emergence of an alternative linguistic and legal discourse that priorities security and control over the humanitarian cause. Practice, as well, demonstrates that neither the EU is willing to undertake any refugees' oversight roles, nor Egypt is vying for EU funding. To the contrary, Egypt's generous funding of EU commercial interests and ruthless crackdown on refugees represent Egypt's basic offerings to appease the EU and garner its political support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the nineteenth-century gold rush era, Chinese gold miners arrived spontaneously in California and, later, were invited in to work the Otago goldfields in New Zealand. This article considers how the initial arrival of Chinese in those areas was represented in two major newspapers of the time, the Daily Alta California and the Otago Witness. Both newspapers initially favored Chinese immigration, due to the economic benefits that accrued and the generally tolerant outlook of the newspapers' editors. The structure of the papers' coverage differed, however, reflecting the differing historical circumstances of California and Otago. Both papers gave little space to reporting Chinese in their own voices. The newspapers editors played the crucial role in shaping each newspaper's coverage over time. The editor of the Witness remained at the helm of his newspaper throughout the survey period and his newspaper consequently did not waver in its support of the Chinese. The editor of the Alta, by contrast, died toward the end of the survey period and his newspaper subsequently descended into racist, anti-Chinese rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third decade of Albanian migration to Greece signalled a historical change in the human geography of Greece’s largest migrant group. The impact of the economic recession and the visa-free regime for Albanians entering the European Union shaped a new fluid reality for Albanian irregular migration. This paper explores the impact of the socio-economic transformation processes on the migrants’ legal status vis-à-vis irregular status and integration dynamics. The emerging mobility strategies are conceptualized as a migrants’ agency that overcome socio-economic barriers or policy restrictions and navigate them. This paper goes beyond the legality-irregularity dichotomy, suggesting it is the multidimensional ‘in-between’ space of semi-irregular status where apparently ‘irregular’ Albanians interact with various forms of agency. Our aim is to explore how the irregular/legal nexus developed within the Balkan in the specific context of Greece. The empirical analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 94 Albanians and 13 stakeholders in Greece and Albania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the war against Ukraine, the European Union Temporary Protection Directive, establishing a new migration status of temporary protection, was activated for the first time. The substance of the minimum requirement for providing healthcare services in the Directive appears unclear but is supposed to correspond to human rights standards. This article analyses the standards established in the European Social Charter (revised), recognising several health-related rights. The paper clarifies the material scope of health-related rights and analyses to what extent the Charter applies to persons enjoying temporary protection. The application of health-related rights in the Charter varies depending on citizenship, whether refugee status was additionally sought, and whether a person is seen as a resident or regular worker. The study indicates ambiguity in the position of this group and how the European Social Rights Committee may include it in the scope of protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past ten years, the language of crisis has become increasingly common in discourse about migration governance at the European Union (EU) level, and policy responses have been oriented by an emergency rationale that prioritizes short-term solutions over long-term planning. EU migration and asylum law incorporates several crisis response mechanisms, and the addition of a new set of instruments has recently been proposed. This paper offers a critical legal mapping of what counts as a "crisis" in EU migration and asylum law, and the mechanisms for responding to such crises. It exemplifies a complex system in which the tension between the imperative to address threats purportedly arising from unwanted migration is intricately intertwined with the necessity of granting Member States flexibility to respond to contingencies without compromising the integrity of the common EU asylum and migration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is one of few African countries that is home to three distinct Chinese communities: multi-generational Chinese South African, Taiwanese South African, and newer migrants from mainland China. The presence of ethnic Chinese in South Africa from three distinct eras of migration provides an opportunity to: (1) observe the diversity as well as the ebbs and flows of current Chinese migration to South Africa; (2) examine shifts in Chinese (and South African) identity and their understandings of Chineseness over time; and (3) explore the possibilities of contemporary pan-Chinese community formation. This paper describes the three distinct communities; provides a detailed update on the economic, socio-cultural, and political developments within the newer Chinese migrant communities in South Africa; explores migration ebbs and flows; describes local identity formations; and attempts to identify shifts in Chinese state views on ethnic Chinese in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking from, and critiquing, both the scholarship on the Indian "middle class" as well as the scholarship on the 'labour aristocracy', this paper argues for the reformulation of the Indian "middle class" as a labour aristocracy or worker elite. We define the distinctive characteristics that set the Indian worker elite apart from the broader working class and highlight, through the case studies of international migration, patterns in urban living spaces and domestic service employment, the stark differences between the worker elite and the poor working masses in India, and the exploitative relationship that exists between the two. The analysis points to the semi-periphery being the locus of the largest inequalities in the capitalist world-system today, where the bourgeoisie and the worker elite both gain tremendously from the exploitation inherent to capitalism. Resultingly, the task at hand in India and the semi-periphery broadly remains to organize the poor, marginalised working masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early modernists have explored a range of mobile practices taking place in cities: from religious and civic rituals to the multisensory experience of traversing streets and squares. Research has also shown the pivotal role played by cities as hubs where people came and went, ideas circulated, and goods passed through. Yet mobility did not just "take place" in cities. In presenting a new collection of articles on the subject, this paper suggests that urban spaces were more than just a stage for the streams of trade and migration. Rather, mobility had a transformative effect on cities: it assigned new meaning to urban locations, altered the ways in which space was ordered, and often refashioned the built environment itself. In addition, the paper argues that the relationship between movement and urban spaces was reciprocal: by channelling the flow of people through spaces of control and reception, cities shaped mobility as much as mobility shaped cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social problem of "leftover men" among the most marginalized members of China's rural migrant population has become widely known, but how these rural migrants themselves talk about and make sense of their failures to secure a marriage partner is relatively less understood. Answering this question may also shed light on how socioeconomic marginalization makes an impact on rural migrant men's masculine identity. This paper is a longitudinal study of a cohort of unmarried rural migrant men born in the 1980s. This study shows that the emotional experience of cohort members is marked by a mixture of persistent feelings of loneliness, bitterness, and dissatisfaction with the status quo of their lives, and a quiet yearning for the possibility – however remote – of "finding someone" in the future. The paper also points to "masculine grievance" as a useful concept for understanding how unmarried migrant men rationalize their emotional hardships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marketing of world literature today is marked by the larger migration of literary culture to Web 2.0. This has gone hand in hand with a reconsignment of influence of orthodox authorities, from established reviewing organs to awards, to the amateur readers congregating on social media platforms, first and foremost on Goodreads, the world's largest online community for circulating literary recommendations and socialization. The present paper traces this reconsignment of influence by examining the engagement of the Goodreads community with the works that were awarded the Booker Prize or the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction between 2015 and 2019, looking at reader reviews as well as the discussions ensuing from those reviews. As such, the reconsignment of influence is concluded to be regulated by the algorithmic rules of Goodreads and its proprietary platform, Amazon.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it will display an ever-increasing phenomenon of Member States' infringements of EU migration and asylum law as an instance of the violation of the principle of solidarity and discuss the reasons behind it. It will be suggested that EU inter-state solidarity is just as much about respecting EU law, as it is about helping each other, as the latter cannot subsist without the former. Second, the paper will consider whether the existing mechanisms of reducing the number of violations are sufficient and discuss the new mechanisms that are being developed—particularly the rule of law conditionality and other conditionality instruments. When addressing the reasons behind the frequent violations, the text will identify two groups of reasons, the first group being applicable to the whole of EU law, and the second one specifically to EU migration and asylum law. In this context, Member States' violations will be construed as the process of political withdrawal or retrenchment from certain parts of the commonly adopted EU migration and asylum law. This will be explained by relying on the notion of "spillback" or disintegration (as opposed to further European integration based on the neofunctionalist concept of "spillover" effect into more policy areas) and on the concepts of "exit" and "voice" conceived by Albert Hirschman and developed further by Joseph Weiler in his seminal work "The Transformation of Europe". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary contract migration represents the predominant form of legal migration policy in Asia. With its rationale of the filling of jobs and provision of income-generating opportunities, it is linked to the migration--development nexus debate. This paper focuses on the impact of migrants' agency as development actors within a transnational sphere. The mainstream migration--development nexus debate and policy prescriptions imagine diaspora groups as the ideal conduit for grassroots-driven development initiatives. While 'diaspora group-led' initiatives assume long-term, if not permanent, migration, temporary migration creates a dynamic that is fundamentally distinct. Temporality of migration, as mandated by bilateral agreements and promoted by global institutions in Asia, shapes migrant agency and migrants' development aspirations in essentially different ways, but temporary contract migrants are nevertheless constructed as the 'agents of development' at the macro level of politics and policies, while receiving limited research attention. This paper analyses temporality, migrant agency and the migration-development nexus debate in relation to female domestic workers who epitomise the feminisation of migration and constitute the largest number of newly hired migrants in many key source countries in Southeast Asia. This introduces a gender dimension to our discussion of temporary migration in its link to migrants' developmental agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most amphibians have a complex life cycle with an aquatic larval and an adult (semi-) terrestrial stage. However, studies concerning spatial behaviour and orientation mainly focus on either the aquatic larvae or the adult animals on land. Consequently, behavioural changes that happen during metamorphosis and the consequences for emigration and population distribution are less understood. This paper aims to summarize the knowledge concerning specific topics of early amphibian life history stages and proposes several testable hypotheses within the following fields of research: larval and juvenile orientation, influences of environmental and genetic factors on juvenile emigration, their habitat choice later in life as well as population biology. I argue that studying larval and juvenile amphibian spatial behaviour is an understudied field of research, however, could considerably improve our understanding of amphibian ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper critically analyses the European Union legislation on smuggling of migrants. According to the author's opinion, the EU legislature and the majority of the European countries have confused this specific crime, regulated by international law in the Palermo Convention, with the offence of facilitating irregular immigration. This undue overlap between different types of crime generates multiple and complex problems. In first place, the paper studies the elements of smuggling of migrants in international law. In second place, it examines the reasons why is not convenient to conceive this crime and the offence of facilitating irregular immigration as functional equivalents. Finally, the paper proposes to clearly differentiate the elements of both crimes and their respective scopes of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly accepted that non-hypocrisy is a condition of blaming, and that it is a moral condition. This paper proposes an alternative, epistemic, view of blaming: knowledge is necessary for blaming, and with the added condition that knowledge provides a (motivating) reason for action – sufficient. First it is argued that knowing that the action of a blamee is wrong is necessary for blaming. Second, it is shown that the phenomenon of hypocritical blaming extends to circumstances not involving moral judgment (such as sports). Third, it is claimed that expressions of intentions such as (1) "A is wrong and I intend to do it" are infelicitous as they stand. The similarities between such expressions and hypocritical blaming recommend a unified account of their infelicity. Finally, it is argued that only the epistemic view of blaming provides accounts for both moral and non-moral blaming, and for the related phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the legislative proposals presented as the New Pact on Migration and Asylum on 23 September 2020, the European Commission sought to overcome the political impasse in reform efforts of the Common European Asylum System. A key element of this legislative package is the broader use of border procedures. The rationale is that by 'keeping' certain asylum seekers at the borders or in transit zones, return policies would become more effective. This paper undertakes a legal assessment of the proposed border procedures in light of legal obligations arising from the Human Rights to liberty and freedom movement. It argues that the qualification of asylum seekers' entry as unauthorised seemingly pushes into a gap in human rights law, allowing for detention and area-based restrictions. However, a reconstruction of the applicable human rights standards shows that the blanket use of such measures is in fact unlawful, such that the proposal will have to be amended in that regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberal societies typically prefer relatives and spouses of their members over other prospective immigrants seeking admission. Giving this preferential treatment to only certain categories of relationships requires justification. In this paper, I provide a defense of a category-based system for "unification admissions," non-members seeking admission for the purpose of living in the same society with members on a stable basis, that is compatible with liberalism and, in particular, does not violate the requirement of liberal neutrality. This defense does not commit liberal theorists to the traditional state sovereignty view on immigration, according to which societies have wide latitude to exclude immigrants as they see fit, and shows that, contra Ferracioli, societies are not required to treat relatives, spouses, friends, and creative partners of their members on a par in matters of immigration policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore the research literature relating to the guardianship of unaccompanied minors seeking asylum. In particular, we seek to find out what type of dilemmas have been identified by research concerning the guardianship of unaccompanied minors, and the focus that the literature has therefore taken. A comprehensive search of identified databases was conducted. Ultimately, 38 publications were selected for analysis. The review was qualitative and inductive. The results of the review suggest that research has identified and focused on challenges in the form of diverging policy such as gaps and inconsistencies in guardianship institutions, as well as challenges in balancing different objectives concerning the guardianship role, such as conflicting interest in the guardianship assignment or between different actors involved in protecting the child's interest. The conclusion is that different configurations of guardianship institutions, as well as the identified challenges for practice, appear to be related to the welfare state model. Therefore, future research concerning guardianship for unaccompanied minors needs to move beyond legal sources and policy documents by focusing on empirically informed research on the relationship between child care/protection, principles of assessing the best interest of the child and the welfare state systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

References to the Bible in European politics rarely are the subject of research by biblical scholars. Claims about Christianity and about themes and stories from the Bible, which have made a remarkable appearance in political discourse recently, especially in discussions of migration, have therefore gone unnoticed in our discipline. This paper wants to put this topic on the map by exploring three cases, from the Netherlands, Norway, and Germany, where politicians make an argument against accepting migrants, by appealing to neighbourly love and the story of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25–37). We ask whether the Bible appears here in its 'liberal' form, which scholars have shown to be a prevalent form of the Bible in US and UK politics, or whether we are seeing the development of a different political Bible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic mobility and accompanying migration have become increasingly evident as manifestations of globalization and internationalization of education worldwide. This paper aims to provide some insights into intercultural communication in academia by comparing experiences of students and academics who partake in academic mobility or/and academic migration. It seeks to reflect on how differences in cultural patterns impact on the integrational experiences and outcomes of academic learning and everyday interactions. Two contrasting cultural patterns of collectivism and individualism are explored, as they are displayed in intercultural interactions among migrants and hosting societies. To expose this contrast effectively, this paper focuses on the Russian-speaking mobile academics and compares their intercultural experiences in academia of two countries--Italy and Australia. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-two academic migrants or/and mobile academics on their experiences, views and perceptions of intercultural integration in two diverse settings. This paper explores diverse aspects of intercultural dialogue and compares perceptions of intercultural integration and feelings of wellbeing. It analyses evolving empirical manifestations of cosmopolitanism in everyday intercultural interactions and argues that postmodern cosmopolitan milieu facilitates intercultural integration and enables knowledge transfer and creation of shared cultural meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized criminal actors increasingly diversify criminal portfolios, streamline illicit supply chains, and expand social networks in a process referred to as convergence. The frame is simultaneously used by State actors to justify the criminalization of certain populations, including irregular migrants. Relying on ethnographic and quantitative research with Central American migrants in Mexico, this paper argues that the supposed threat posed by convergence grossly overstates the relationship between organized criminal activities and migrants' own experiences. There are spaces and times when migrants do interact with organized criminal actors to facilitate their transits. These interactions, though, do not point to convergence. Rather, they demonstrate the brief but fundamental encounters of migrants with criminal/ized actors in Mexico. I refer to these instances as fusion points to elucidate the ways that Central American migrants advance their journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networks have been identified as a significant explanatory factor of migration. Apart from their role in prospective migrants’ decision-making with regards to both the decision to migrate and the choice of destination country, networks (co-ethnics as well as employers, recruitment agents, etc.) may assist in overcoming structural constraints as well as facilitate migrants’ settlement. In the case of Georgian migration, networks rooted in the early 1990s and the repatriation of Pontic Greeks play a vital role in Greece’s emergence as one of the main destinations for Georgian migrants. This paper examines the role of social networks in Georgian migration to Greece based on interviews with Georgian migrants in Greece, returned migrants in Georgia, and relevant stakeholders in both countries. The interviews were conducted in 2013–2014 under the auspices of the IRMA research project funded by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented which discusses various articles on migration, globalization and transnational movements contained in the issue highlighting an increasingly important role of religious place-making in the gender and ethnic dynamics of contemporary cities.

Many discussions of the moral dimensions of borders emphasize how those borders foster and sustain a national community. In this paper, I discuss three distinct sorts of goods that might be best preserved in the presence of state borders. The first of these is decolonization; I argue that undermining colonial structures might require political institutions with the right to refuse unwanted outsiders. The second of these is social solidarity; we might find that the inability to exclude outsiders could reduce the willingness of insiders to voluntarily comply with political institutions. The final of these is risk and insurance; the border sustains the ability of a political society to internalize the costs and benefits of political decisions about social welfare. All three of these, I suggest, are important additions to our collective discussions about migration, since none of these goods depend upon our attaching any ethical value to nationality itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to further the immigrant-link literature by applying, for the first time, gravity models to Malaysia. Specifically the paper seeks to quantify the impact upon Malaysia's bilateral trade flows of ASEAN and non-ASEAN skilled immigration, and to identify the underlying mechanisms underpinning this relationship. The results indicate that skilled immigration positively affects both the imports and exports of Malaysia. Immigrant-link is stronger between Malaysia and ASEAN countries than to non-ASEAN countries. The magnitude of the elasticity with respect to trade is larger for imports than for exports. Skilled immigrants' demand for native products outweighs the business-links formed between Malaysian trading partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates Burmese migrants of Chinese descent, particularly those living in Japan. Many migrants' fathers or grandfathers originally migrated to Burma/Myanmar due to political turbulence back in China. Studies on overseas Chinese often focus on migration to countries such as Japan, the US, Indonesia, or Burma/Myanmar. Little research has thus far considered families who later embark on a secondary migration to Japan. I traced the family histories of two Sino-Burmese leaders of the Burmese community in Japan. Based on interviews and fieldwork in Japan and Burma/Myanmar between 2016 and 2018, I explored what it means to be a Chinese minority living in Burma/Myanmar. Such people faced a glass ceiling due to ethnic discrimination linked to political instability. Roots in China, nativity in Burma/Myanmar, and migration to Japan and the US tend to create multiple identities. After migrating to Japan, they claimed Burmese identity and used their Japan connections and identity to organize Burmese pro-democracy actions. One ran a sushi restaurant after further migration to the US. 摘要: 本文主要考察移民到日本的缅甸华人后裔。缅甸华人后裔的先辈是因中国的动乱而选择离乡背井。华侨华人研究多数都是关注在华人直接移民到其他国家，比如日本，美国，印尼和缅甸等等。可是考察华人再移民到日本的研究是非常罕见的。 笔者追随两位在日缅甸华人领导的家族史。在 2016 至 2018 年期间，笔者透过在日本和缅甸实地调查与访问，了解到缅甸华人因政变面临种族歧视等问题而选择再移民。其实这些看似缅甸土生土长的缅甸人，其实原来是华人后裔，选择再次移民到日本和美国，从中产生多重的身份认同。移民到日本后，他们以缅甸人的身份与认同在日本社会组织缅甸民主战线。另外一位选择再次移民到美国经营日本寿司店。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infamously, Rawls assumed a democratic society to be "a complete and closed social system," in that "entry into it is only by birth and exit from it is only by death." Since the beginning of the present millennium, however, debates about the ethical issues related to immigration have been prominent. In this context, these methodological departure points seem long outdated, if not simply biased. This paper will rework Rawls's theory of migration for application to the case of provisional immigrants by reworking its theoretical underpinnings. I will argue that once his assumptions are adjusted, Rawlsian notions of 'stability' in conjunction with his idea of a 'society understood as a fair system of cooperation' justify inclusive membership regimes. In other words, Rawlsian domestic justice requires inclusive membership regimes for provisional immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to mainstream media and political discourse, human smugglers are among the cruellest figures of our time, individuals who prey on migrants' need for assistance. Motivated by the circulation of this pejorative view in media and political discourse, I carried out ethnographic research with Syrian refugees and smugglers in Turkey, Greece, Jordan, and Lebanon with the ultimate goal of documenting what being a smuggler entails for the very actors of this unfolding drama. Fieldwork showed me how human smuggling was rooted in patterns of cooperation and support. And yet, most if not all my interlocutors, including the "smugglers" themselves, spoke of smuggling in negative terms. What I argue in this paper is that the smuggler, a category functional to the security apparatus, is not only manufactured within law enforcement circles and mainstream media, but even by those very people who are discriminated or targeted by states' migration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2015–2016, 201 children were held in detention in the Toronto Immigration Holding Centre (Canada Border Services Agency, 2017). There may have been even more held across Canada, but these figures are unavailable. Child detention is illegal under international law and causes serious mental, physical, and emotional health complications. In this article we discuss Canada's detention of children drawing upon scholarship in the areas of (a) human rights and the law; (b) children's health and health equity; and (c) the political economy of the welfare state. The paper provides alternatives to Canadian practices by describing child detention best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic fabric of the Tanzanian society is a product of several internal and external factors; migration and colonialism being two of the most impactful milestones. Providing for a significant transnational movement of people and cultures; migration and colonialism have played a key role in shaping the inter-ethnic relations in Tanzania. This paper addresses how present day youth reiterate historically rooted expressions of ethnicity; dynamics of boundary drawings; and processes of negotiating ethnic differences. By focusing on the South Asian communities in Tanzania, I argue that, community centres provide a basis for reinstating ethnic boundaries between African and non-African youth in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of Rachel's inconsolable weeping for her lost children in Jer. 31:15 presents a specific kind of response to a cultural trauma. As this paper argues, understanding this response is enriched both by analyzing the extra-textual literary strategy of the passage itself and by engaging in an intertextual reading of the ancient text with a contemporary artistic response to trauma. By means of an allusion to Genesis 37, Jer. 31:15 makes a case both for the continued existence of the people of Israel and for the legitimacy of experiencing the exile as a metaphorical death. What Jer. 31:15 accomplishes textually for a sixth century BCE Judean audience, the Witness Blanket accomplishes in a visual medium for threatened Canadian native cultures. Both texts stage a protest against the threat to the continued existence of culture by asserting the persistent potency of its cultural symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the focus on age 18 as an exclusionary point in law for migrant young people, particularly unaccompanied migrants, with insecure legal status. Initially meant to provide a protective category of "childhood" in law, focus on age 18 creates a sharp transition point in law for young people. This chronological concept of age does not match up with the reality of lives of many young people who step into adulthood without being able to live in a self-supporting manner. Law recognises the constraints and provides some respite for British national children who are in care; however, non-UK migrant and/or asylum-seeking young people in this situation are immediately at risk of losing their liberty. We suggest that non-British migrant young people aged 18–21 should be treated as a youth category in a manner similar to that used for British young people in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, over a million Iranian asylum seekers transited through Turkey on their way west, most moving through irregular migration channels. While much has been made of Turkey's evolving role in more recent refugee crises, this literature neglects the importance of the 1980s Iranian refugee migrations in shaping the global refugee system. By connecting the story of the international human rights movement to the Ankara office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), this paper emphasizes the role of non-state actors. Based on research in the archives of the UNHCR, this paper argues that the UNHCR and Amnesty International used human rights as a tool to pressure Turkey to open its doors to Iranian refugees in the early 1980s, and that this tactic backfired when the West closed its own doors on refugees later in the decade. The result was the increased forcible return of refugees by Turkish authorities to Iran and newly restrictive asylum policies, which would shape refugee migrations through Turkey for decades. For millions of refugees, Turkey has served as transit hub on their journey west; in the 1980s, human rights hypocrisy made it a cul-de-sac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines is one of the top migrant sending countries and is often lauded as a model migrant country due to its skilled migrant labor force, high remittance rates and forward-thinking government policies. However, it is often criticized for its policies of exploitative labor migrant export, its dependency to migrant remittances, and its failure to offer migrant protection. In recent years, scholars and policy makers have suggested using human security as an approach to address the challenges of migration. By bringing the focus away from the state to becoming people-centered, human security aims to address the problems of statelessness, the lack of migrant protection, human rights, and offers long-term solutions to migration. Since the Philippines is highly dependent on migrant labor and is in the forefront of promoting migrant conditions in the international arena, some relevant questions can be raised: what are the role and benefits of using a human security approach for migrants? How does the Philippines attempt to secure human security for its migrants? Has the Philippines achieved human security for its migrants? This paper argues that as the Philippines grew more dependent on labor migration, human security for migrants is attempted by the state through an institutionalized set of policies and assumptions. The promise of migrant welfare and human security is premised on the following points: creating better policies and institutionalizing migrant state agencies, creating national laws together with bilateral and multilateral agreements on migration and in recent years, and the promotion of migration and development initiatives. While these attempts may hold promise, they suffer from limitations on implementation and sustainability. In the final analysis, human security can only be achieved by working towards a national dialogue on migration where stakeholders from the state, civil society organizations, and migrant groups participate in the national debate on the future of migration. Only by reaching a national dialogue on responsive and long-term policies that are grounded in human security can the country go beyond the view that migration and development policies are a catch-all panacea to the problems of migrant protection and long-term economic development in the homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I use Hagar as a type of the shifting modern figure of the migrant, refugee or 'resident alien' inside the national family. In a modern update of the productively anachronistic typologies attempted by the Church Fathers, I use the presence of the Egyptian slave in biblical-European foundations to trouble the unstable concept of Europe/Christendom founded on a (distant) Christian heritage. I also use what I'm calling the 'Hagaramic' to disturb bland invocations of the 'Abrahamic' on the contemporary political stage. What happens when we replace the spiritualised, fraternal/paternal figure of the Abrahamic with the Hagaramic: the immigrant mimic of the Abrahamic; the resident female Egyptian alien who is there before, and supports and enables, the 'true' family? How does my attempt to use this figure relate to earlier attempts (by thinkers like Sigmund Freud or Edward Said) to draw on strange old biblical figures to force European identities outside themselves? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the operations of Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals (ARCI). It argues that ARCI's project failed in ways that illuminate the politicized, symbolic operations of refugee relief and the difficulties of manipulating mid-twentieth century migration flows, particularly of Asians, ARCI's challenges included registering too many, poorly qualified refugees for assistance rather than a useful "leadership" class; the limited willingness of the Nationalist regime to accept even well-educated new residents into the struggling economy of its tightly controlled political base; dependence on the State Department for funding and the imposition of its priorities onto ARCI 's programs; and the preferences and capacities of arci registrants in forging their own paths. These problems illuminate the complicated, codependency of the "special relationship" between American "China hands" and the China Lobby and the Christian leader of the Nationalists, as well as the politicized and perhaps intractably irreconcilable messiness of managing refugee flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses that Italian Government has forwarded a comprehensive proposal of reform of the European Union External Action on Migration. It mentions the "Migration Compact", a non-paper describing the Italian proposals to develop an active strategy aimed at enhancing cooperation with African countries of origin and of transit.

Globalization has increased the mobility of labor, product of lower fertility rates and working age populations in developed nations that creates a demand for migrant workers to sustain national economic growth. According to the United Nations Population Fund in 2010, three percent of the world's population lived outside their country of origin. Migration is an important force in development and it also has become an important factor in social change processes. Perceived as a force that can contribute to development, migration has become a focus of state-level policy-making planning policies creating a growing interest in the political and economic consequences of migration for both receiving and sending communities. This paper offers an overview of the different factors that are leading to migration out of Oaxaca and Chiapas, and the consequences to local indigenous societies. The paper also presents viable existing alternatives to rural development that have been developed by local small-scale farmers that can help reduce the massive exodus of people and consequently destruction of communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of the Nigerian Pentecostal/charismatic missionaries and communities led by them has been fairly well documented with respect to some Western European countries. However, much less attention has been given to the ministry of Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal/charismatic churches in Central Europe. The present paper seeks to fill this lacuna by exploring the ministry of three Nigerian-initiated churches in Prague, the Czech Republic, namely 'The Mountain of Fire & Miracles Ministries', 'Covenant Parish Prague' of 'The Redeemed Christian Church of God', and 'The Holy Ghost End Time Ministries Intl.' The present article analyzes different strategies these churches use to move beyond their ethnic origin. On these particular case studies, it tests a thesis, suggested by the research done by various scholars with respect to the Nigerian Pentecostal immigration in Europe and, especially, Great Britain, which claims that Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal/charismatic churches in Europe fail to appeal to the population of non-Nigerian and non-Pentecostal/charismatic backgrounds. This contribution suggests taking a more complex approach to the phenomenon by considering aspects such as contextual knowledge/experience of the pastor, language politics, worldview, worship style, and outreach policy. It will be proposed that sheer numbers are not to be perceived as the main indicator of whether or not a specific church represents an active missionary force, but rather a multiplicity of factors should be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberals conceive of territorial rights as dependent on the legitimacy of the state, which is in turn understood in terms of the state's protection of individual rights and freedoms. Such justifications of territorial rights have difficulties in addressing the right to control immigration, which is therefore in need of additional justification. The paper considers Christopher Heath Wellman's liberal proposal for justifying the right to control immigration, which understands the right as derivative of a general right to freedom of association held collectively by the people of the state. The paper argues that state legitimacy and freedom of political association fail to connect in the way required to justify a right to control immigration. Wellman's argument conflates the state as an institution and the people as a political collective and elides the difference between territorial jurisdiction and associational freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many studies on urbanization, migration, and globalization in recent years. While the Scripture is often used in these studies, it is not common that Paul's letter to the Romans is the primary focus of discussion. But Rome was the largest urban center in the ancient world, with a multicultural society that is not unlike many cities today. This means that Romans is very relevant to our globalized and increasingly urban world. This paper will show that Romans provides important resources for urban mission practitioners. In particular, it will propose that Paul envisions a love-centered multicultural community of shalom that is called to fulfil the mission of God by living out the death and life of Jesus in a world of chaos. 近些年有很多关于城市化，移民和全球化方面的研究。虽然圣经经常在这些研究中被使用，但并不常见到以保罗写给罗马人的书信为讨论的主要焦点。但罗马是古代世界最大的城市中心，其多元文化社会与当今许多城市并无二致。这意味着罗马书与我们全球化和日益城市化的世界息息相关。本文将表明罗马书为城市宣教的实践者提供了重要资源。特别是，它将建议保罗设想一个以爱为中心和平的多元化文化群体，这个群体被呼召在混乱的世界活出耶稣的死亡和生命来实现上帝的使命。 En los últimos años se han realizado numerosos estudios sobre la urbanización, la migración y la globalización; y si bien con frecuencia se usa la Biblia en estos trabajos, no es común que la discusión se centre en la carta de Pablo a los romanos. Pero Roma era el centro urbano más grande del mundo antiguo y tenía una sociedad multicultural similar a la de muchas ciudades de hoy. Esto significa que la carta a los Romanos es muy pertinente para nuestro mundo globalizado y cada vez más urbano; este trabajo demostrará que Romanos proporciona recursos importantes para los que trabajan en la misión urbana. En particular, se propondrá que Pablo vislumbra una comunidad multicultural de Shalom centrada en el amor, llamada a cumplir la misión de Dios al vivir la vida y la muerte de Jesús en un mundo caótico. This article is in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This two-part Special Issue has examined the migration-sovereignty nexus in the context of intra-regional migration in Asia, with specific focus on Southeast Asia (‘Special Issue’). The sub-region represents the perfect laboratory for teasing out the complexities involved in (actual and rhetorical) attempts made by states to control and regulate migration in what has become a space characterised by increasing diversity of (collective and individual) actors operating at various levels. The diversity, complexity and breadth of migratory movements discussed in this Special Issue thus constitute one of the policy fields where the sovereignty norm clashes with the need to manage interdependence. The seven empirical studies in this Special Issue have examined current political, economic, social and legal dimensions of migration in Southeast Asia from an interdisciplinary perspective, linking the discussion of the migration-sovereignty nexus to ‘regional migration regimes’, ‘the transnational-national intersection’ and ‘grass-roots responses’. The common message that emerges from the papers in this issue—that state sovereignty in the area of migration is being challenged from multiple levels—leads us to argue for a future research agenda which would align the study of sovereignty more closely with governance studies as well as studies on norm diffusion. Such an agenda would contribute new insights into emerging forms of sovereignty beyond the confines of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a sustained investigation into ancient teichopolitics – the politics of constructing walls – and the question of whether the best city should be surrounded by walls. Plato's Laws adopts the Spartan view that walls have a negative effect on national character and argues that they should be 'left lying asleep and undisturbed in the ground' (Leg. 6.778d). Aristotle's Politics puts forward a series of objections to Plato and adopts the more pragmatic view that walls are necessary. Although both philosophers debate the status of walls and foreigners within the best city, they fail to draw the thoroughly modern connection between teichopolitics and immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of globalization, the international community has witnessed a rapid increase in the number of low-skilled workers migrating from developing countries to industrial countries. However, there remain competing approaches to the governance of lowskilled labor migration; that is, the economic theory and the rights-based approach. By utilizing the labor migration between Vietnam and Japan under the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP), this article reveals the limitations of these two approaches in governing the migration of low-skilled workers. Moreover, through examining the Memorandum of Cooperation on the Technical Intern Training Program signed by the Vietnamese and Japanese governments in 2017 and its contribution to the TITP, this article suggests that to regulate labor migration properly, it is essential to uphold the rights-based approach and consider labor migration as a transnational issue that should be addressed at the international level; that is, through the bilateral or multilateral instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]