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The concept of three-dimensional sustainable development requires every country to increase economic growth by using natural resources rationally by considering environmental and social quality as a determinant of public welfare. In Indonesia, there has not been a balance between the three dimensions, for example, DKI Jakarta Province has high economic growth and Human Development Index (HDI), but Environmental Quality Index (EQI) is the worst. Whereas Papua and West Papua have good environmental quality but are not supported by good HDI. Efforts in sustainable development are planned that integrate environmental, social, and economic aspects in development strategies. Therefore, this study used the BPS Statistics-Indonesia data for analyzing the causality between economy, environment, and human development in 33 provinces of Indonesia, from 2013 to 2017. By using the simultaneous equation of the panel data (2SLS) method, it results show that there is a positive simultaneous relationship between HDI, economic growth, and environmental quality. The Variables that influence economic growth are HDI and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Variables that influence environmental quality are economic growth, HDI, FDI, and population, while in human development are economic growth, EQI, and poverty. Human development has a big contribution to the implementation of sustainable development in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic growth of the country mainly depends on transportation sector. In this connection petro-diesel consumption has been increased due to wide development of transportation sector. With increase in petro-diesel products there is a serious threat on the reserves of petroleum products (fossil fuels) and pollution levels of environment. This has been thrown a great challenge in front of the researchers working in this domain. To reduce the afore said problems as the petro-diesel products are exhaustive in nature, there is a necessity to find suitable alternative fuel in place of petro-diesel products. Further to reduce the intensity of pollutant levels in the environment also a suitable substitute to be selected. Both these qualities are found in majority of bio diesels. Bio diesel properties are closure to diesel fuel. But the NOx emissions produced with biodiesel are more compared to diesel fuel. Hence, a suitable modification for the existing engine to be carried out to enhance combustion phenomenon and to reduce pollutant levels. In the present work the experiments are conducted with suitable bio diesel, piston geometry and EGR design. With these the investigations are conducted out on four stroke single cylinder water cooled, computerized test rig of CI diesel engine. The performance and emission characteristics are investigated. The results are correlated with base engine and found fruitful, which are presented in the full text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the mathematical model associated to an economic growth process with logistic population, CES utility function and delay. We have that the model is described by dynamical system of differential functions equations have the steady state. This steady state exhibits the Hopf bifurcation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates economic growth models with non-smooth production functions. The non-smoothness of a production function can be caused, for example, by structural changes in the economy of a region (or a country). Another possible reason is the self-adjustment property of the model, which implies that estimated parameters of the production function may change after the econometric analysis conducted for statistical data augmented with data of new periods. Application of the Pontryagin maximum principle leads to analysis of the Hamiltonian system that includes derivatives of the production function, therefore, the smoothness property of the production function is important for this application. The paper proposes the technique that makes the production function differentiable and, under some additional assumptions, does not affect the qualitative behavior of optimal solutions. Theoretical results are supported by the numerical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development of socio-economic systems at various levels is now a major research topic. The relevance of this topic lies in the scale and importance of the tasks, included in the process of ensuring the sustainability of the economic systems development. One of the most important components of socio-economic systems the sustainable development is to ensure its economic security. The process of ensuring the economic security of the region is in maintaining a stable functioning of the territory, with the constant improvement of the socio-economic situation. The main parameters of the development of the socio-economic system affect the process of achieving economic security in the region. These parameters must be determined and predicted to adjust the functioning of the socio-economic system of the region. To simulate the level and dynamics of GRP indicators, capital per employee, as well as the optimal investment plan, we used the model of economic growth of R. Solow. The considered model combines classical constructions of the theory of economic growth and modern methods for analyzing the theory of optimal control, in particular, generalizing the Pontryagin maximum principle for problems with an infinite planning horizon. Investments in fixed capital are the control parameter in the model, which allows ensuring the growth of output through the production function. Thus, the use of modification of the Solow model will allow to predict the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators for the subjects in the short and long term, as well as to assess the potential of the regions to ensure sustainable proportional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring economic security is a priority for the development of both regional socio-economic system and the economy of the state as a whole. Maintaining the safe development of the economy is due to two components that form a generalized structure of the concept of economic security: ensuring the prerequisites for economic growth and improving the quality of life in the region. In this paper we review the methodological framework and assess the economic stability of the region to external threats. At the heart of the process of forming the region's resistance to external threats are its components, among which we evaluate the financial, industrial and labor components. This approach allows us to quantify the formed internal immunity of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which reflects the economic stability of the region. Indicators are included in the integral indicator with a certain weight. In this embodiment of testing, all the weighting factors of indicators balanced with each other. The result of approbation of the method is a quantitative integrated assessment of the level of internal immunity of the region. We define the concept of internal immunity of the region as ensuring the stability of the functioning and continuous development of the economic system at the expense of the reserve of financial, industrial, labor and other resources formed in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income inequality is a matter of concern for any society and an interesting discussion topic, particularly for developing countries, since high-income inequality could be detrimental to economic growth. In Malaysia, upper-income earners are classified as the T20 group. This study analyzes the demographic profile of members of the T20 group living in urban areas in Malaysia. The upper-income distribution is described using the Pareto model, and a robust and efficient estimator called the probability integral transform statistic estimator is utilized to estimate the shape parameter of this model. Thereafter, a Gini index and Lorenz curve are derived to analyze the severity of income inequality among T20 group members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the principles to achieve national energy independence and resilience is to maximize the use of new and renewable energy (NRE) by taking into account the economic level and mastery of technology. The economic level is not only seen from the energy price point of view, but also must be seen from its impact on the environment, economic activity growth and employment. Mastery of technology and industry can guarantee the continuity of the use and development of NRE independently and sustainably. The contribution of NRE in national energy need is targeted as much as 23% in 2025, and 31.2% in 2050 (NEGP, 2017). In 2015 the contribution of NRE in national energy consumtion was only 5%, and in 2018 increased to around 12% (MEMR, 2018), the potential for renewable energy in Indonesia is quite high but its utilization is still not very significant, there are still limited research on it both by research institution as well as academia, it is presumably due to various challenges and obstacles both technical and non-technical. Result of this study analysis show that there is a need for comprehensive NRE roadmap supported by reliable regulations. Beside it, the implementation of energy independence requires involvement of quadruple helix collaboration, i.e. Academia; Business; Government; and Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop the new raw materials for cultivation of Flammulina velutipes and the resource utilization of bamboo debris, the mycelial growth, fruiting body growth and economic benefits of F. velutipes was studied in 9 types of bamboo shavings replacement medium culture formulas (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) and the cottonseed husk formula cultivated for F. velutipes in local as a control (CK). Results shown that the hyphae of F. velutipes in treatment C, D, E, F and G were the strongest, and in treatment A, B, H and CK were stronger, and in treatment I was weaker. The mycelial growth speed of formula A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I were better than that of CK. Average bag yield of fresh mushrooms of formulas G was the highest, 0.33 kg / bag, respectively, with a biological efficiency of more than 80%The average yield of treatment F was the highest, followed by treatment E. According to various indicators, the formula suitable for the growth of F. velutipes was G (64% bamboo debris, 16% cottonseed hull, 8% sawdust, 10% bran, 1% white sugar and 1% plaster). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important economic controversies among monetary authorities, policy makers and economists is "The relationship between inflation and economic growth". The empirical and theoretical evidences provide three types of relationship between inflation and economic growth - negative, positive and none. Although the relationship between inflation and economic growth has been widely examined and investigated over the years, still this is a burning issue which hinders the economic growth of a country. In this paper, it is proposed to investigate the relationship between Economic growth and Inflation in India during the period 1980-2016 using various cointegration techniques and correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]